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The European Academy of Sciences and Arts in the Baltic

Cover -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- I: First Peoples and the Making of Andean and Amazonian Space -- Myth of Inka Origin at Lake Titicaca, Bernabé Cobo -- The Myth of Tunupa, Oral Tradition -- Guaraní Creation Myth, Oral Tradition -- Verticality and Complementarity, John V. Murra -- Peopling the Empire, Pedro Cieza de León -- Workers in the Fields of the Inka, Mitimaes of Cochabamba -- Settlement and Landscape Transformation in the Amazonian Lowlands, Francisco Javier Eder -- II: States and Conquests in the Andes -- Conquest by the Inka, Pedro Cieza de León -- "Our Natives Were Well Governed," Mallkus of the Qaraqara-Charka Federations -- The Myth of the Chullpas and the Emergence of the Sun, Oral Tradition -- A Spanish Vision of the Conquest, Anonymous Author from Cuzco -- An Uru Vision of the Conquest, Daniel Moricio -- A Guaraní Vision of the Conquest, Oral Tradition -- III: The Rich Mountain -- Tales of Potosí, Bartolomé Arzáns de Orsúa y Vela -- Imperial Panoply in the Baroque City, Bartolomé Arzáns de Orsúa y Vela -- The Good Wife, Juan José Segovia -- Cacique Nobility and Heraldry, King Felipe IV of Spain -- Trade with Potosí, A Trader's Diary -- Mining and the Mita, Pedro Vicente Cañete y Domínguez -- New Worlds, Jesuit Worlds -- Echoes of the Missions, José Lorenzo Justiniano Noe Noco -- IV: From Indian Insurgency to Creole Independence -- Death to Bad Government, Anonymous Pasquinades -- The Siege of La Paz, Sebastián de Segurola -- An Unbearable Yoke, Tupaj Katari and Sebastián de Segurola -- The Specter of Justice, César Brie and Teatro de los Andes -- The Creole Cry of Freedom, Anonymous -- Debate over Spanish Sovereignty, Anonymous -- Guerrilla Patriots, José Santos Vargas -- Frontier Confrontations, Argentine Military Official -- Farewell, Juan Wallparimachi Mayta -- Inventing Bolivia, Simón Bolívar

It is a well known fact that informational exchange between Cuba and the Western world is poor and, to the extent that it exists, highly polemic. This characterization of non-communication unfortunately, also applies to the field of historical research. In Western Europe, at least, there is not much scholarly interest in pre-Revolutionary Cuban history. There is no framework for historical contact either. I would say that this neglect of Cuban history is regrettable not only from an academic point of view, but also because we cannot possibly understand the Cuban Revolution without a more thorough understanding of its historical roots. Apart from being regrettable, this is also unnecessary, as I found out in the course of my particular investigation, entitled The Cuban railways, 1830–1868. Infrastructure and economic decision-making in a Caribbean plantation-economy.

Are religion and spirituality in conflict? The prevailing opinion in today's world seems to be that they are. But a careful examination of ontological, epistemological, and teleological factors may lead to a surprising answer: there need not be a conflict if we clearly define our terms and understand the pivotal importance of metaphor in human thought. If science and spirituality (or religion) are carelessly defined with claims of absolute truth, and if the unsupportable assumption is made that reality consists only of matter-energy, a dramatic conflict will result between science and spirituality. But these logical flaws invalidate much of what we think we know in the fields of science and spirituality themselves. If we examine Kuhn's work on paradigms, the revelations of Quantum Mechanics, and consider the topic in the light of Process Philosophy and Transpersonal Process Philosophy, we will be prepared to evaluate the philosophical ideas that underpin the work of Goswami's "Science within Consciousness" and also the groundbreaking thought of Ken Wilber, Rupert Sheldrake, Owen Barfield, and Eric Weiss. We will discover that essentially all human thought depends upon metaphor, though usually not recognized as such. While necessary, metaphors must not be confused with absolute truth. Comprehension of the nature and proper role of metaphor will clarify our thinking about religion, spirituality, and many other essential matters. The egregious error that is fundamentalism in religion or science will be revealed and can then be avoided. The resulting dawn of understanding can lead us into a new meta paradigm that can eradicate almost all the supposed war between science and spirituality.

University of Maryland, Baltimore. Nursing. Ph.D. 2008 ; Background. The study of nursing political participation is important because nurses need to develop skills required to move nursing's political agenda's forward. Nursing is 2.9 million strong but lacks the voice to take charge of its destiny. Nursing has the potential to be a powerful force in setting the agenda for health care reform. The purpose for this study was to evaluate political participation of nurses across all levels of education, to determine how nurses define political participation, identify the factors that motivate/hinder activity, and establish the stage of political development for the sample. Methods. The study utilized a cross sectional mail survey design to measure political participation at the individual nurse's level. The sample was surveyed utilizing the 2004 modification of Hanley's (1983, 1987) Political Participation tool. Open-ended questions were added to the survey to obtain the meaning of political action, note the prompts for action, and if not active to suggest what could be done to increase participation. Through analysis of both the qualitative and quantitative data, the researcher was able to evaluate the sample's level of political development as identified by Cohen et al. (1996). Findings. Nurses possessing advanced degrees were more politically active with respect to campaigning activities. Participatory, involved, informed, voting and effecting changes were the major themes derived from the qualitative data. Multiple linear regression was utilized to identify factors contributing to political activity. Organizational membership, age, political attitudes, and family background variables were found to be significantly and independently associated with nurses' political activity. Analysis of the sample's stage of political development demonstrated that the sample is in the initial stages of political development. Conclusions. This study explored political participation of nurses across all levels of education with ...

Hitotsubashi University and Organization Science cosponsored a conf erence on Asian Research in Organizations, which was held on the Hitotsubashi campus on October 19–22, 1995. Thirty papers were invited for presentation, out of more than 70 that were originally proposed. The conference was run in a format designed to maximize feedback to authors as a way to speed up and intensify the developmental process of each paper. The objective of the conference was to identify and develop papers for a special issue of Organization Science featuring Asian Research in Organizations.