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This article provides information about one of the main functions of management. The answer to the most important question was received: «Why do people need motivation?» The main theoretical material on this topic is considered, which can help students and teachers become better acquainted with this problem. Also the concepts of motive and incentive are considered, which are directly related to motivation. Various points of view of scientists on this problem are presented. Different aspects of motivation are considered, which have strong influence and impact on the work of the entire production or the enterprise. The conclusion showed that this topic would always be relevant. A person should strive to achieve his goals and desires. The success of the whole team or the whole enterprise will always depend on the presence of motivation. Leaders have a responsibility to incentivize their employees if they are interested in the prosperity and development of their business.

This paper draws on insights from narrative gerontology, narrative psychology, and narrative therapy to discuss spirituality in relation to aging. Defining spirituality in terms of meaning-making, it considers the possibility of narrative foreclosure - i.e., one's life continues on (beyond retirement, for instance) yet, in one's mind, one's story has all but ended. It argues that coping with the changes and challenges of later life requires countering such foreclosure by developing a good, strong story. A process of story-work is then elaborated whereby older adults can be assisted in expanding, examining, transforming, and eventually transcending the stories by which they live.
Every person is born into life as a blank page -and every person leaves life a full book (Baldwin, 2005, p. ix).
Growing old is one of the ways the soul nudges itselfinto attention to the spiritual aspect of life (Moore, 1992, p. 214).

We analyse data collected from a survey of Northern Irish low-income households experiencing varying degrees of financial hardship and examine how debt affects health and health-related behaviours. Our results indicate that the subjective experience of feeling financially stressed has a robust relationship with most aspects of health, including ability to self-care, problems performing usual activities, pain problems and psychological health. In contrast, the size of the debt, the type of debt or the number of different lenders does not add any extra explanatory power. Additionally, our results indicate that the pathway from financial difficulties to worse health runs through worse diets and increased consumption of cigarettes and drugs. This research is timely as household debt burdens will soon surpass the high levels seen at the time of the financial crisis and the introduction of welfare reform in Northern Ireland will put additional strain on low-income households.

Theodor Adorno has often been portrayed as the prototypical example of the permanent exile, even though, after living fifteen years in Britain and the US, he returned to Germany in 1949 and spent the last twenty years of his life there. This article traces Adorno's reflections on his homecoming and analyses how his experiences of exile and return shaped his mature thought. Conceiving homecoming not simply as a return to one's origins but as a continuation of a radical experience of the foreign, it builds on the remarkable continuity of Adorno's theory of intellectual experience over time. The article also explores homecoming in relation to Adorno's thought on language and translation, an aspect that has been little studied in the existing literature, both in terms of the articulation of a philosophy of language where the foreign plays an important role, and in terms of how language and translation were directly connected with Adorno's return.

Richard Sennett can be interpreted as one of the more robust representatives of a current critique with regard to ethnic communities in urban areas, namely, that such ethnic enclaves are a proof of urban disintegration and failing citizenship. Firstly, I take issue with Sennett's assumption that there is an inherent tension between in-group solidarity and the ability to deal with members of perceived out-groups. Secondly, instead of simply cutting citizens off from the wider public sphere and leaving them politically ineffective, as Sennett argues, urban communities can be instrumental in a struggle for emancipation and equal rights. Thirdly, a sense of belonging is a basic aspect of human well-being. Urban villages or ethnic clusters are able to provide this. Therefore, as long as a local identity is not exclusive or the effect of involuntary segregation, ethno-cultural concentrations in the city are acceptable from the moral-political point of view.

Among the many parallels between Hannah Arendt and Cornelius Castoriadis is their shared interest in the kind of politics that is characteristic of the council movements, revolutionary moments and the political democracy of ancient Greece. This article seeks to elucidate how the two thinkers fill out and complement each other's thought, with special attention to political creation—an ambiguous theme in Arendt's thought. While critical of the notion of 'making' in the political field, Arendt also emphasizes the importance of building institutions. To take this seriously means that her analyses of the nature of politics must be modified and, in this respect, Castoriadis's understanding of politics as institution-building can serve as a guideline. However, Arendt's concept of 'plurality' in the public sphere represents a level of political analysis that is under-developed in the work of Castoriadis. Taken together, their thought highlights many important aspects of political creation in a radical sense.

Economic collapse in the former communist bloc saw the erosion of financial support and services for young children. Since 1998 even the poorer countries of the bloc have seen a return to economic growth. But have the benefits been felt by children? Drawing on administrative and household survey data, this article examines three aspects of government support for young children — maternity benefit, child allowances and preschool provision — in four countries in different parts of the region: Bulgaria, Albania, Moldova and Tajikistan. The article concludes that these services remain vastly inadequate. In some countries child allowances are well targeted towards poorer households, but are too small in size to have an impact. Preschool overwhelmingly benefits urban families and the better-off, while paid maternity leave is increasingly rare. Given what is known about the long-term impact of both early education and early childhood poverty, the findings are of considerable concern.

The renaissance of border studies during the past decade has been characterized by a crossing of disciplinary borders, bringing together geographers, political scientists, sociologists, anthropologists, historians, literary scholars, legal experts, along with border practitioners engaged in the practical aspects of boundary demarcation, delimitation and management. This growth in border studies runs contrary to much of the globalization discourse which was prevalent during the late 1980s and early 1990s, positing a new 'borderless' world, in which the barrier impact of borders became insignificant. The article points to the common use of terminology which can create a shared border discourse among a diverse group of scholars, such as boundary demarcation, the nature of frontiers, borderlands and transition zones, and the ways in which borders are crossed. The article also discusses the reclosing of borders which is taking place as a result of 9/11 as part of the stated war against global terror.

1. Physiology of Haemopoiesis -- 2. Mechanisms and Limitations of Fish Acid-Base Regulation -- 3. Physiological Investigations of Marlin -- 4. Fish Cardiology: Structural, Haemodynamic, Electromechanical and Metabolic Aspects -- 5. Control of Gill Blood Flow -- 6. Exercise -- 7. Gastro-intestinal Peptides in Fish -- 8. Gastro-intestinal Physiology: Rates of Food Processing in Fish -- 9. Filtration in the Perfused Hagfish Glomerulus -- 10. Physiological Methods in Fish Toxicology: Laboratory and Field Studies -- 11. Toxicity Testing Procedures.

Este artículo presenta una lectura psicoanalítica sobre la práctica en una institución de acogida para adolescentes en situación de amenaza o violación de derechos. Abordaremos, inicialmente, algunos aspectos de las políticas públicas en Brasil en relación con los adolescentes. Luego, nos serviremos de la forma como el psicoanálisis piensa la adolescencia para, al final, ilustrar la posibilidad de práctica del psicoanálisis con jóvenes en un amparo institucional, según lo definido por las Orientaciones técnicas (CNAS & CONANDA, 2009), cuyo objetivo es acoger adolescentes en situación de violación de derechos con vínculos familiares rotos o debilitados, con el propósito de una reintegración familiar o de ubicación en una familia sustituta. La acogida institucional propiciada a esta población resulta de una medida judicial de carácter excepcional y debe durar el menor tiempo posible; además, tiene como propósito asegurar a niños y adolescentes los derechos previstos en ley. ; This paper presents a psychoanalytic reading of the practice in an institution for adolescents who have been threatened or whose rights have been violated. We will approach, initially, some aspects of the public policies in Brazil in relation to adolescents. Then, we will use the way psychoanalysis thinks adolescence to, finally, illustrate the possibility of practice of psychoanalysis with young people under institutional protection, as defined by the Technical Orientations (CNAS & CONANDA, 2009) which aim at taking care of adolescents whose rights have been violated and their family bonds broken or weakened, in order to enable a family reintegration or to locate them in a foster family. The institutional care provided to this population is the result of a legal action of exceptional character and it should last as short time as possible. Additionally, it aims at protecting the rights established by law for children and adolescents. ; Cet article présente une lecture psychanalytique sur la pratique dans une institution pour adolescents nécessitant des mesures de protection parmenace ou violation de leurs droits. Tout d'abord, quelques aspects des politiques publiques au Brésil concernant les adolescents seront abordés. Ensuite, l'approche psychanalytique vis-à-vis de l'adolescence servira de base pour, finalement, illustrer la possibilité de pratique psychanalytique avec des jeunes placés en foyerinstitutionnel, suivant les guidestechniques (CNAS & CONANDA, 2009). L'objectif de ces centresest d'accueillir des adolescents vulnérables à cause de violation de droits ou de liens familiaux brisés ou fragilisés, afin de préparer leur réintégration dans leur famille ou de les placerdans une famille d'accueil. Les adolescents sont placés dans cette institution le moins de temps possible suite à une mesure judiciaire exceptionnelle, dont le but est de garantir le respect des droits des mineurs comme stipulé par la loi. ; Este artigo apresenta uma leitura psicanalítica sobre a prática em uma instituição de acolhimento para adolescentes em situação de ameaça ou violação de direitos. Abordaremos, inicialmente, alguns aspectos das políticas públicas no Brasil com relação aos adolescentes. Em seguida, vamos nos valer da forma como a psicanálise pensa a adolescência para, ao final, ilustrar a possibilidade de prática da psicanálise com jovens em um abrigo institucional, conforme definido pelas Orientações técnicas (CNAS & CONANDA, 2009), cujo objetivo é acolher adolescentes em situação de violação de direitos com vínculos familiares rompidos ou fragilizados, visando à reintegração familiar ou à colocação em família substituta. O acolhimento institucional propiciado a essa clientela resulta de uma medida judicial de caráter excepcional e deve durar o menor tempo possível; além disso, possui como propósito assegurar os direitos previstos em lei a crianças e adolescentes.

This book envisages a different form of our economies where care work and care-full relationships are central to social and cultural life. It sets out a feminist vision of a caring economy and asks what needs to change economically and ecologically in our conceptual approaches and our daily lives as we learn to care for each other and non-human others. Bringing together authors from 11 countries (also representing institutions from 8 countries), this edited collection sets out the challenges for gender aware economies based on an ethics of care for people and the environment in an original and engaging way. The book aims to break down the assumed inseparability of economic growth and social prosperity, and natural resource exploitation, while not romanticising social-material relations to nature. The authors explore diverse understandings of care through a range of analytical approaches, contexts and case studies and pays particular attention to the complicated nexus between re/productivity, nature, womanhood and care. It includes strong contributions on community economies, everyday practices of care, the politics of place and care of non-human others, as well as an engagement on concepts such as wealth, sustainability, food sovereignty, body politics, naturecultures and technoscience. Feminist Political Ecology and the Economics of Care is aimed at all those interested in what feminist theory and practice brings to today's major political economic and environmental debates around sustainability, alternatives to economic development and gender power relations.

The nine papers presented here set out to broaden the recent focus of archaeological evidence for medieval children and childhood and to offer new ways of exploring their lives and experiences. The everyday use of space and changes in the layout of buildings are examined, in order to reveal how these impacted upon the daily practices and tasks of household tasks relating to the upbringing of children. Aspects of work and play are explored: how, archaeologically, we can determine whether, and in what context, children played board and dice games? How we may gain insights into the medieval count.

Machine generated contents note:pt. ONECatholic Social Teaching --1.Turning Over the Right Rocks: Finding Legacies of Catholic Environmentalism /Christopher Hamlin --2.Ecology, Justice, and Peace: The Perspective of a Global Church /K.A. Turkson --3.Catholic Social Teaching and Ecology: Promise and Limits /Celia Deane-Drummond --4.From Assisi to Buenos Aires: The Cry of the Poor and the Cry of the Planet /Michael A. Perry --pt. TWOCry of the Earth --5.Extractive Industries, Destructive Industries: The Case of Honduras -- A Fragile Country and Devastated Ecology /Bishop Luis Alfonso Santos Villeda --6.Pan Amazon, Extractive Industries, and the Church /Peter Hughes --7.Planetary Boundaries: Africa's Vulnerabilities and Resilience /Peter Knox --pt. THREETheology --8.Fragile Earth, Fragile Africa: An African Eco-theology for Human and Cosmic Flourishing /Stan Chu Ilo --9.Between Exile and the New Jerusalem: Prophetic Mourning, Lament, and the Ecological Crisis /Daniel P. Castillo --9.Poor: An Endangered Species? /German Mahecha Clavijo --pt. FOUREthics --11.Fragile Ecosystems and the Pressures of Anthropogenia: Recovering a Theo-ethic of Relationality in Our Common Home /Edward Obi --12.Becoming Stewards of Creation: Ecological Virtue Ethics from the Perspective of Otherness /Rolando A. Tuazon --13.Christian Christmas Consumption: Ethical Considerations of the Environmental and Social Impacts of Holiday Spending /Christie Klimas --pt. FIVEPastoral Resources --14.Rooting the Church in African Soil and the Bethany Land Institute: A Theological Experiment /Emmanuel Katongole --15.Religious and Cultural Beliefs Related to Disaster Risk Reduction: The Case of Super Typhoon Haiyan /Agnes M. Brazal --16.Nurturing Communities, Sustaining Fragile Ecologies /Randy J.C. Odchigue --pt. SIXEschatology --17.Ecology and the Apocalypse /Daniel F. Pilario --18.Political Theology for Earthlings: Christian Messianism and the Ecological Ruins of Global Corporate Capitalism /Michael S. Northcott --19.Eschatological Perspective on Our Hope for a Sustainable World /Reynaldo D. Raluto.

In Animals as Biotechnology sociologist Richard Twine places the question of human/animal relations at the heart of sustainability and climate change debates. The book is shaped by the emergence of two contradictory trends within our approach to nonhuman animals: the biotechnological turn in animal sciences, which aims to increase the efficiency and profitability of meat and dairy production; and the emerging field of critical animal studies - mostly in the humanities and social sciences - which works to question the nature of our relations with other animals. The first part of the book focuse

Investigates how the fear of conventional and nuclear war relates to social values held; based on a survey of 183 Israeli and 400 German students, from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, the Free University of Berlin, and the University of Technology Chemnitz-Zwickau, conducted in the Summer of 1994.