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Based on a long-term analysis, this paper aims to observe how the temple of Our Lady of Pilar was progressively acquiring a national character. Under favorable circumstances to the flourishing of Marian cults, Pilar's tradition was adapting to the changing times. The open challenge by the Democratic six-year period in Spain (1868-1874) drove forward the national character of its temple. Furthermore, due to the commemoration of the Napoleon's siege of Zaragoza and the Rif War, the Pilar took a military and historical turn. Taking into account this process, we can understand the important role played by its temple during the Franco regime. ; Basándonos en un análisis en la longue durée, este trabajo pretende observar como el templo del Pilar fue adquiriendo progresivamente un carácter nacional. En una coyuntura particularmente favorable a los cultos marianos, el relato del Pilar fue adaptándose a los nuevos tiempos. El desafío abierto por el Sexenio democrático impulsó el carácter nacional de su templo. Asimismo, el Pilar fue adquiriendo una dimensión histórica y militar a través de su utilización durante la conmemoración de los Sitios y la Guerra del Rif. Sólo teniendo en cuenta este proceso se puede comprender el importante papel que desempeñó su templo durante el franquismo.

В статье рассматривается программно-целевой метод управления общественными финансами, а также нормативно-правовое обеспечение бюджетного законодательства Российской Федерации. Обозначены преимущества программного подхода к бюджетированию деятельности федеральных органов исполнительной власти и дополнительные требования, которые должны учитываться в отношении устойчивости бюджетной системы при использовании программно-целевого метода, который дает возможность создания прочной основы для системного повышения эффективности бюджетных расходов, а также концентрации на важнейших направлениях деятельности всех ресурсов государства. Основное внимание сосредоточено на государственных программах, целью которых является обеспечение сбалансированности и устойчивости бюджетной системы на долгосрочный период, а также повышение качества эффективности управления государственными финансами. ; In article the program and target method of control over public finance, and also standard providing the program budget of the Government of the Russian Federation in federal executive authorities is considered. Advantages of program approach to budgeting of activity of federal executive authorities and additional requirements to stability of the budgetary system regarding the guaranteed providing with financial resources of existing account obligations, transparent and competitive distribution of available means at application of a program and target method are designated. The main attention is concentrated on the state programs which purpose is ensuring long-term balance and stability of the budgetary system, and also improvement of quality of management efficiency by public finances.

This paper examines the both the conditions of Estonian migrant workers within the labour market of Estonia and Finland and the situation of Kyrgyz migrant workers within the Kyrgyz-Russian labour market. There are many parallels between these two cases. Kyrgyzstan is in the process of entering the Eurasian Union, of which Russia is already a member. Similarly, Estonia has entered the European Union (EU), of which Finland is a member state. The difference in average wages between the home and host country is significant in both cases. There is also a certain lack of employee "voice" in the home country workplaces, making "exit" an easier option and undermining "loyalty" to the home country. Moreover, domestic politics in both Estonia and Kyr-gyzstan tend to treat labour migrants as pragmatic agents seeking to maximise their own economic gains and downplay the social nature of labour migration. In doing this, governments are only encouraging their citizens to look for work outside of the country. The mechanism by which this occurs varies from country to country; much depends on the specific variations of each home country. The outcome, however, is the same: long-term plans to work abroad or emigrate on a permanent basis due to disillusionment with one's life prospects in the home country.

В современных условиях развития страны третий сектор экономики занимает существенную нишу во всестороннем развитии государства как центра экономических и социальных инноваций.Дискуссия о необходимости реформирования финансовых отношений некоммерческих организаций ведется давно. В статье рассмотрены принципы организации финансов некоммерческих организаций, их развитие в современных условиях, отношения некоммерческих организаций (НКО) с бюджетами разных уровней, особенности государственной поддержки социально ориентированных некоммерческих организаций. В статье проанализированы правовые основы создания и пополнения целевого капитала НКО, виды деятельности некоммерческих организаций, для которых возможно формирование целевого капитала, требования, предъявляемые к некоммерческим организациям собственникам целевого капитала. Определены основные направления использования целевого капитала. ; Viewed as the center of economic and social innovations, the «third sector» of the economy occupies a substantial niche in the current all-round development of the country.The need of reforming the financial relations of nonprofit organizations has been subject to a long-term discussion. The paper describes the principles of NPO finance organization, analyzes issues of the NPO development in the modern environment, NPO relationships with budgets of different levels as well as specifics of the government support of socially-oriented nonprofit organizations.The paper analyzes the legal basis for formation and replenishment of the NPO endowment, types of NPO activities allowing the endowment raising, requirements for nonprofit organizations as endowment owners. Along with that the principal areas of the endowment application are defined.

В статье рассматривается концепт «мягкая сила» в контексте его осмысления китайскими, японскими и южно-корейскими исследователями, сравнивается практическое использование инструментов «мягкой силы». Раскрываются особенности адаптации концепта в соответствии с социально-политическими и культурными особенностями государств. ; Globalization and economic interdependence, spread of technology, changes in the political sphere have led to increasing importance of a new form of power that is soft power. Scientists around the world have begun to explore this concept. Asian scientists aren't an exception. In my article, I examine soft power in the context of understanding of this concept by Chinese, Japanese and South Korean researchers. I also compare the practical use of the soft power tools and reveal the features of concept's adaptation in accordance with the socio-political and cultural characteristics of the states. I show Chinese, Japanese and S.-Korean scientists continue the conceptual framework defined by J. Nye and also complement his theory by adapting the concept in accordance with the needs of the states. The author points out those scientists suggest using a strategy of soft power, not only to achieve political goals, but also to achieve economic, trade and domestic purposes. Despite the fact that scientists believe that culture is a major component of soft power, in practice the culture is a long-term and not always an effective strategy

Although it is within their long-term interest, patients often fail to follow health care recommendations made by medical experts. This failure results in the widespread occurrence of preventable health problems and a significant increase in health care costs. Taking a new approach to confronting this issue, this paper examines whether the procedural justice model, which has been useful in explaining cooperation with legal and managerial authorities, can provide a basis for increasing patients' willingness to voluntarily adhere to health care recommendations. Three studies tested and supported this proposition. Study 1 experimentally manipulated physicians' procedural fairness or unfairness to explore its influence on patients' acceptance of doctors' recommendations. Study 2 used patients' reports about the fairness of their personal physicians and linked those evaluations to their willingness to follow their doctor's recommendations. Finally, study 3 explored the role of general procedural justice judgments in promoting willingness to accept health policies when they are advocated by private doctors and government health care authorities. The results of all three studies support the argument that when health care authorities use fair procedures, patients are more likely to accept their recommendations. Importantly, this procedural justice effect is distinct from, and in some cases stronger than, the influence of competence. Adapted from the source document.

Although Hesse had left the brief interregnum of so-called 'Hessian peculiarities' after the 2009 state elections and returned to a bloc-based black-yellow government of CDU and FDP, the legislative term was nevertheless turbulent. Roland Koch resigned after ten years of office as Prime Minister and Volker Bouffer followed him. The 2013 state elections coincided with the federal elections. State-specific aspects were consequently rather rare in the campaign. However, coalition issues are always particularly gripping in Hesse. Despite the fact that pre-electoral alliances were in line with the traditional patterns - red-green, black-yellow - the parties were open for other alternatives. On Election Day, the Christian Democrats came in first. The Social Democrats increased their vote share by seven percentage points after their disastrous 2009 result. The Greens received 11.1 percent, FDP and the Left Party just over five. Turnout was 73.2 percent, up by 12.2 percentage points - a direct result of the merger of the election dates. The outcome of the election gave none of the desired coalitions a majority, so there was a long period of exploratory talks. Ultimately, the Christian Democrats decided to offer the Greens coalition negotiations. These were concluded swiftly. In January 2014 Bouffer was confirmed in his office, now heading a black-green government. Adapted from the source document.

International audience ; For all the actors of this process, the Revolution epitomizes a moment of collective regeneration. But in Saint-Just's mind, putting an end to all injustices and to the depravity of the Ancien Régime through a national uprising would only pave the way for a long-term venture, the goal of which is to reveal to man his natural « sociality », lost and covered by centuries of political oppression and corruption. Even though humanity cannot recover its original purity, republican institutions must at least be conceived as a particularly effective means to educate the citizens so as to help them get as close as possible to this lost ideal. ; Pour tous les acteurs du processus, la Révolution représente en elle-même un moment de régénération collective. Mais dans l'esprit de Saint-Just, en mettant fin aux injustices et à la dépravation de l'Ancien Régime, le soulèvement de la nation n'a fait qu'ouvrir la voie à une entreprise de plus longue haleine, qui doit consister à révéler à l'homme sa « socialité » naturelle, perdue et recouverte par des siècles d'oppression et de corruption politique. Sans pouvoir rendre l'humanité à une pureté originelle définitivement perdue, les institutions républicaines doivent du moins être pensées comme les moyens privilégiés pour éduquer les citoyens de manière à les en rapprocher le plus possible.

Considering soil as an ecosystem, we build a simple bio-economic model with two interelated stocks. One is the soil organic matter, basis of several ecosystem services, and the other one is the stock of nutrients directly contributing to the plant's biomass elaboration. Humification process of the crops residues contributes to the SOM, while mineralisation process contributes to the stock of nutrients. The production function is a Linear Liebig with plateau. The economic part of the model relies on the long term profit maximisation in the context of private management. We retained two controls: the mineral fertilization adding to the stock of nutrients, and the rate of biomass given back to soil. By combining both controls, we identified management regimes and defined the set of stationaries states. Going beyong that standard step of analysis, we simulated optimal time path for differents initial conditions and different set of parameter values. We specifically focused on the role of the price of fertilizers relative to the price of the agricultural products. Results show that private management of soil natural capital drives to the quasi depeletion of SOM. As a consequence, there is a need for public incentives to promote ecosystems services non supported by market.

The Ecodesign and Labelling directives are key policy measures to increase energy efficiency in Europe. In view of the extension of Ecodesign and Labelling to further products as well as the revision of the current implementing directives, it is essential to evaluate the potential energy savings, takin g into account different paths of technological development and diffusion. Our study uses bottom - up modelling to evaluate the long - term saving potentials of Ecodesign and Label ling for residential appliances (including large appliances, cooking and ICT), lighting and air conditioning. The household end - uses that are affected by the legislation are implemented in the model in a disaggregated way. The model is designed as a vintage stock approach and based on the simulation of consumer activities as well as technological trajectories. We model the electricity demand of household end - uses in the EU - 27 by country and compare various scenarios. Our Reference Scenario reflects the electricity demand of household end - uses without any policy measures implemented after 2008. Our current Policy Scenario includes all implementing directives that are currently in force and assumes that the sensitivity of consumers to the total cost of ownership remains at the currently witnessed level. Finally, our LLCC Scenario explores the potential energy savings assuming that consumers choose the economically favourable options considering the total cost of ...

International audience ; For all the actors of this process, the Revolution epitomizes a moment of collective regeneration. But in Saint-Just's mind, putting an end to all injustices and to the depravity of the Ancien Régime through a national uprising would only pave the way for a long-term venture, the goal of which is to reveal to man his natural « sociality », lost and covered by centuries of political oppression and corruption. Even though humanity cannot recover its original purity, republican institutions must at least be conceived as a particularly effective means to educate the citizens so as to help them get as close as possible to this lost ideal. ; Pour tous les acteurs du processus, la Révolution représente en elle-même un moment de régénération collective. Mais dans l'esprit de Saint-Just, en mettant fin aux injustices et à la dépravation de l'Ancien Régime, le soulèvement de la nation n'a fait qu'ouvrir la voie à une entreprise de plus longue haleine, qui doit consister à révéler à l'homme sa « socialité » naturelle, perdue et recouverte par des siècles d'oppression et de corruption politique. Sans pouvoir rendre l'humanité à une pureté originelle définitivement perdue, les institutions républicaines doivent du moins être pensées comme les moyens privilégiés pour éduquer les citoyens de manière à les en rapprocher le plus possible.

In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa. L?irrigation avec des eaux usees et la sante: evaluer et attenuer les risques dans les pays a faible revenu. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Quebec, Canada: University of Quebec ; The volume and extent of urban wastewater generated by domestic, industrial and commercial water use has increased with population, urbanization, industrialization, improved living conditions and economic development. Most developing-country governments do not have sufficient resources to treat wastewater. Therefore, despite official restrictions and potential health implications, farmers in many developing countries use wastewater in diluted, untreated or partly treated forms with a large range of associated benefits. Aside from microbiological hazards, the practice can pose a variety of other potential risks: excessive and often imbalanced addition of nutrients to the soil; build-up of salts in the soils (depending on the source water, especially sodium salts); increased concentrations of metals and metalloids (particularly where industries are present) reaching phytotoxic levels over the long term; and accumulation of emerging contaminants, like residual pharmaceuticals. As these possible trade-offs of wastewater use vary significantly between sites and regions, it is necessary to carefully monitor wastewater quality, its sources and use for location-specific risk assessment and risk reduction.

This paper has the aim to point out the risks of reducing the EU competitiveness by analyzing the indicators of price and cost competitiveness, as well as the structural and technological aspects of competitiveness. The influence of the world crisis on the competitiveness and export performances of the EU is in the focus in order to show at what extent the global downturn may have aggravated previously existing needs for readjustment of the functioning of the Union. Not only that the crisis showed that the problems in the Union were not created recently, but also it demanded urgent needs of new improved policy in order to regain the competitiveness strength and performances. The reformulated strategy needs to be based on openness and innovation, with investment in research and development. Long-term expectations are to be made comprehensive structural changes in order to overcome structural differences between individual Member States and to increase the overall competitiveness. Additionally, trade barriers are needed between individual Member States to be removed and higher individual and aggregate rates of economic growth are to be achieved. It is clear that the effects of deep integration of the EU has not yet been achieved, and expected benefits may not be realized, if internal and external balance of the Union is not maintained.

Defining parenting, and good parenting in particular, is a complex task wrought with ambiguities. This creates problems in agreeing on a standard parenting capacity assessment, particularly in relation to strengths as opposed to weaknesses. To address this lack of consensus, the current study explored the convergence and divergence of different professional groups' opinions on good parenting. A mixed‐methods design was employed, with semi‐structured interviews and rating scales administered to 19 professionals with experience in parenting capacity assessments. Data were analyzed using a constructivist grounded theory. The findings suggest that, in general, professionals agree on main themes of good parenting, including (1) insight, (2) willingness and ability, (3) day‐to‐day versus complex/long‐term needs, (4) child's needs before own, (5) fostering attachment, and (6) consistency versus flexibility. Within these six categories, individual differences emerged. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.Keypoints
Describes the importance of parenting capacity Assessments and the variances in practitioner approaches
Adopts a strengths based approach as an adjunct to the traditional deficits based approach to Parenting capacity assessments
Contextualises the key decision making issues affecting assessors and decision makers in the judicial system
Provides a theoretical model on decision makers opinions regarding good parenting and outlines directions for the development of strengths based assessments as a contribution to child placement decisions

Basqueurban policies: the construction of new symbolism and the new image of Bilbao In the article, I analyze the process of the revitalization of Bilbao. Taken the success of the revitalization strategy and the profound change of Bilbao's image, which in less than a decade from a decaying postindustrial city transformed into a modern and innovative centre, Bilbaonian revitalization model is often used as a best practice for the planning and the execution of revitalization activities in postindustrial areas. The flagship investment of Bilbao's transformation was the restoration of Abandoibarra, the postindustrial centrally located city's waterfront. The most recognizable object located in this area is Guggenheim Museum, which soon after its building became a showcase of the city and the symbol of it's regeneration. From the very beginning the museum attracted international attention becoming a magnet for tourists. This is one of reasons, why the success of the Bilbaonian revitalization has commonly been known as the so‑called "Guggenheim effect". Even though the museum has become a symbol of modern Bilbao, the equating of the whole project with one emblematic building is unjustified. In fact, what stood behind the "Bilbao effect" and made it possible, was not one object as such, but the strategy that was based on long‑term planning and the cooperation between public and private organizations.