The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914
In: Foreign affairs, Band 92, Heft 2, S. 193-194
ISSN: 0015-7120
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In: Foreign affairs, Band 92, Heft 2, S. 193-194
ISSN: 0015-7120
In: International studies review, Band 15, Heft 2, S. 289-291
ISSN: 1521-9488
In: Ethnopolitics, Band 12, Heft 4, S. 418-421
ISSN: 1744-9057
In: Perspectives on politics: a political science public sphere, Band 11, Heft 3, S. 1002-1003
ISSN: 1537-5927
In: Journal of contemporary European studies, Band 21, Heft 1, S. 139-140
ISSN: 1478-2804
In: Journal of contemporary European studies, Band 21, Heft 1, S. 155-157
ISSN: 1478-2804
In: Journal of contemporary European studies, Band 21, Heft 1, S. 161-162
ISSN: 1478-2804
In: Cahiers du monde russe: Russie, Empire Russe, Union Soviétique, Etats Indépendants ; revue trimestrielle, Heft 53/4
ISSN: 1777-5388
In: Zeitschrift für europäisches Unternehmens- und Verbraucherrecht: euvr = Journal of European consumer and market law, Band 1, Heft 4, S. 223-227
ISSN: 2191-3420
In: International journal of refugee law
ISSN: 1464-3715
In: Journal of the International AIDS Society, Band 15, Heft S4, S. 1-1
ISSN: 1758-2652
Despite major advances in HIV therapy, the number of new HIV infections remains very high, even in high‐income countries where resurgence among men who have sex with men (MSM) has been witnessed. New prevention strategies have therefore to be assessed in order to curb the incidence of HIV infection. Recent studies have explored the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV prevention and have generally yielded encouraging results. ART has been used successfully to prevent mother‐to‐child transmission of HIV, HIV acquisition following occupational or sexual exposure to HIV (post‐exposure prophylaxis), and more recently, to reduce the risk of HIV transmission within a serodiscordant couple by treating the HIV‐positive partner (HPTN 052 study). Another possible use of ART in prevention is pre‐exposure prophylaxis, where ART is taken by an HIV‐seronegative individual before HIV exposure. This PrEP strategy has been validated in animal models and more recently assessed in clinical trials in humans. The results of six large efficacy trials of PrEP are now available, but results have been inconsistent. The use of tenofovir gel in women at higher risk in Sub‐Saharan Africa has shown efficacy when given before and after sex in the Caprisa 004 study (reduction of 39% of the incidence of HIV), whereas no efficacy was shown with daily use in the VOICE trial. Similarly, daily oral PrEP with tenofovir or tenofovir and emtricitabine has proved effective in the Iprex trial in MSM (reduction of 42% of HIV incidence), in the Partners PrEP study (reduction of 67 to 75% in HIV incidence) and in the TDF‐2 trial (reduction of 63% in HIV incidence), but not in the Fem‐PrEP or the VOICE trials in women. There are many potential explanations for these apparently conflicting results, such as the populations in which these strategies have been assessed, the differential pharmacokinetics of ART in the male and female genital tracts and most likely the high level of adherence which is required to confer protection against HIV acquisition. These results have also generated a lot of controversy about the implementation of PrEP. Some think that the data are good enough to rollout PrEP in key populations at higher risk. Others think more research is needed before PrEP is implemented because of concerns around safety, emerging resistance, cost and change in sexual behaviour that might offset the benefit of PrEP. Safety is indeed a major concern in healthy individuals. New studies are underway to address these issues and are assessing PrEP regimens in open‐label studies (Iprex‐OLE in MSM), intermittent PrEP regimens to try to improve adherence, new ART classes and new modalities of drug delivery. PrEP is therefore a promising biomedical intervention that might be used in the near future in addition to current prevention methods to prevent HIV infection and help control the spread of this infection.
In: Mémoire(s), identité(s), marginalité(s) dans le monde occidental contemporain: Cahiers du MIMMOC, Heft 8
ISSN: 1951-6789
In: A journal of church and state: JCS, Band 54, Heft 3, S. 463-465
ISSN: 2040-4867
In: Environmental politics, Band 21, Heft 3, S. 540-541
ISSN: 1743-8934
In: Informations sociales, Band 170, Heft 2, S. 37-37