Suchergebnisse

This paper explores the challenges faced by fiscal policy in the preservation of the Colombian Amazon. Some biases against public environmental expenditure are discussed; the financing arrangements for the state function of environmental protection in the region are examined. The authors argue that many of the fiscal tools used to that effect in Colombia generate perverse incentives for conservation purposes. In addition to the fact that environmental externalities go beyond the jurisdictions of local and departmental authorities, the potential effectiveness of Amazonian subnational governments in the realm of environmental policy is constrained by their relatively low fiscal capacity. The intervention of the national level of government, accompanied by international action, is viewed as particularly necessary in the case of the Amazon. ; Este artículo explora los retos encarados por la política fiscal en la preservación de la Amazonia colombiana. Se discuten algunos sesgos en contra del gasto público ambiental y se examinan las modalidades de financiación de la función estatal de protección del ambiente en la región. Los autores arguyen que muchas de las herramientas fiscales empleadas en Colombia para el efecto generan incentivos contrarios a los objetivos de conservación. Además de que las externalidades ambientales rebasan allí las jurisdicciones de las entidades territoriales, la eficacia potencial de los gobiernos subnacionales de la Amazonia en el ámbito de la política ambiental es constreñida por su relativamente baja capacidad fiscal. La intervención del nivel nacional de gobierno, acompañada de la acción internacional, es vista como necesaria en el caso de la Amazonia. ; Este artigo explora os desafios enfrentados pela política fiscal na preservação da Amazônia colombiana. São discutidos alguns vieses contra o gasto público ambiental e são examinadas as modalidades de financiamento da função estatal de proteção do ambiente na região. Os autores argumentam que muitas das ferramentas fiscais utilizadas na Colômbia para o efeito geram incentivos contrários aos objetivos de conservação. Além de que as externalidades ambientais ultrapassam ali as jurisdições das entidades territoriais, a eficácia potencial dos governos subnacionais da Amazônia, no âmbito da política ambiental, é constrangida por sua relativa baixa capacidade fiscal. A intervenção do governo nacional, acompanhada da ação internacional, é vista como necessária no caso da Amazônia.

Transport infrastructure elements are widespread and increasing in size and length in many countries, with the subsequent alteration of landscapes and wildlife communities. Nonetheless, their effects on habitat selection by raptors are still poorly understood. In this paper, we analyzed raptors ' foraging habitat selection in response to conventional roads and high capacity motorways at the landscape scale, and compared their effects with those of other variables, such as habitat structure, food availability, and presence of potential interspecific competitors. We also analyzed whether the raptors' response towards infrastructure depends on the spatial scale of observation, comparing the attraction or avoidance behavior of the species at the landscape scale with the response of individuals observed in the proximity of the infrastructure. Based on ecological hypotheses for foraging habitat selection, we built generalized linear mixed models, selected the best models according to Akaike Information Criterion and assessed variable importance by Akaike weights. At the community level, the traffic volume was the most relevant variable in the landscape for foraging habitat selection. Abundance, richness, and diversity values reached their maximum at medium traffic volumes and decreased at highest traffic volumes. Individual species showed different degrees of tolerance toward traffic, from higher abundance in areas with high traffic values to avoidance of it. Medium-sized opportunistic raptors increased their abundance near the traffic infrastructures, large scavenger raptors avoided areas with higher traffic values, and other species showed no direct response to traffic but to the presence of prey. Finally, our cross-scale analysis revealed that the effect of transport infrastructures on the behavior of some species might be detectable only at a broad scale. Also, food availability may attract raptor species to risky areas such as motorways ; AP was supported by a PhD grant of the Basque Government. This study forms part of the CENIT-OASIS Project funded by a consortium of companies supported by the Centro para el Desarrollo Tecnológico e Industrial of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (CENIT-2008 1016). The Comunidad de Madrid, together with the European Social Fund, supports the TEG research group through the REMEDINAL Research Network (S-2009/AMB/1783). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscrip

Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales. Maestría en Derecho ; Health is a physical and mental fullness of capacity. Is an essential element in achieving the UN Development As full of character and Access to the other rights and guarantees in various national and international systems. For people who do not have such a sphere of development for some congenital or acquired disease, the situation is: Even more poignant, since their health status implications The need for a structure for the Protection of Integral Health. No have such structure, SE genres Failure to fully enjoy the rest of the must queue Access Rights access the simple fact of being human. Therefore, since the risk of appearing radical, a person who has no air Access to the height of his powers, could not enjoy the rest of their human rights, it is possible to sin Health of little use to guarantee that the right to education or Political Freedoms since the patient will lose s ability to exercise their rights fully, like the rest of the population does. ; La salud es un estado físico y mental de plenitud de las capacidades. Es un elemento esencial para alcanzar un desarrollo pleno como persona y acceder al resto de los Derechos y Garantías consagrados en los diversos ordenamientos nacionales e internacionales. Para las personas que no cuentan con tal esfera de desarrollo por alguna enfermedad congénita o adquirida, la situación se torna aún más lacerante, ya que su condición de salud implica la necesidad de una estructura de protección a la salud integral. De no contar con dicha estructura, se genera la imposibilidad de disfrutar plenamente del resto de los derechos a que debe tener acceso por el simple hecho de ser humano. Por tanto, y a riesgo de aparecer radical, una persona que no cuenta con el acceso a la plenitud de sus facultades, no podrá disfrutar del resto de sus Derechos Humanos, es decir, sin salud de poco sirve que se garantice el derecho a la educación o a las libertades políticas puesto que el enfermo perderá la capacidad de ejercer esos derechos de manera plena, como lo hace el resto de la población.

Within the context of social resilience in social ecological systems (SES), this thesis looks at the role of litigation in addressing the vulnerability context and thereby enhancing the social resilience of the Il Chamus community who reside in the politically bounded social ecological system of the Baringo lowlands of Kenya. The Il Chamus, a Maa-speaking community settled at the banks of Lake Baringo, have over the years managed to sustain a livelihood based on irrigation, agro-pastoralism and fishing . They have shown remarkable resilience and ability to survive detrimental environmental dynamics and profound changes in their social and political conditions. The theoretical basis of this thesis is social resilience analysis within the framework of social ecological systems. It therefore looks into the processes of environmental change within the Il Chamus SES, identifying its environmental resources, vulnerability context and sources of its social resilience. The thesis includes a study of Il Chamus history and social organization and an ecological and social profile of Lake Baringo. It identifies the main factors driving the vulnerability context of the Il Chamus SES as the invasive plant Prosopis juliflora, ethnically instigated violence and political as well as economic marginalization by the state. As a study in political ecology, this thesis also looks at the political power dynamics inherent in the environmental governance of the Il Chamus SES. In this connection, litigation is presented as negotiating the unequal power relations between the state and the Il Chamus as well as among the Il Chamus and therefore mitigating the unfavourable outcomes of environmental governance. This study therefore locates the resilience building capacity of litigation in the process of environmental governance. A legal analysis of cases brought by the Il Chamus against the government is used to illustrate the role of litigation in resilience building. The thesis analyses the political and legal strategies of the Il Chamus and describes how they transform political interests into legally claimable rights that appropriate international legal concepts linked to indigenous identity. Finally, the thesis presents arguments showing that the use by the Il Chamus of litigation grounded on ethnic identity and social institutions has been instrumental in enhancing their social resilience.

This research was undertaken to better assess the role of mechanization in the future of smallholder farmers in Nepal. It addresses the knowledge gap about whether promoting mechanization that is often complementary to land can effectively support smallholders, particularly in the face of a growing nonfarm sector. Rising rural wages in Nepal have increasingly put pressures on smallholder farmers, who tend to operate labor-intensive farming. Agricultural mechanization through custom hiring of tractor services has recently been considered as an option to mitigate the impact of rising labor costs for smallholders. However, the benefit of agricultural mechanization may still be better captured by exploiting the economies of scale of medium to large farmers rather than smallholders. In the meantime, the Nepal agricultural sector still employs a disproportionate share of workers given its share in the economy, potentially depressing agricultural labor productivity. It is therefore an important policy question whether to (1) continue supporting smallholders through custom-hired tractor services or (2) encourage smallholders to rent their farms out to medium-size or larger farmers, while helping smallholders specialize in the nonfarm sector, where their labor productivity may be higher. Using samples from the Terai zone—one of the agroecological belts in Nepal, largely consisting of lowland plains— from the Nepal Living Standards Survey, we assess whether the benefits of hiring in tractor services are greater among medium to large farmers than among smallholders, and how these benefits may depend on smallholders' decision to remain in or leave farming. This study also contributes to the impact evaluation literature by showing that jointly assessing the effects of two treatments (whether to adopt custom-hired tractor services and continue farming, or to search for better options and specialize in off-farm activities) can lead to different implications than assessing them separately. Our analyses suggest that the government should continue to promote custom-hired tractor services not only for medium to large farmers but also for smallholders. If, over time, barriers to specializing in nonfarm activities are lowered and more smallholders start leaving farming, mechanization may no longer benefit the remaining smallholders. Support for mechanization can then be focused more on medium to large farmers, while types of support other than mechanization can be devised for the remaining smallholders. ; Non-PR ; IFPRI1; D Transforming Agriculture; Capacity Strengthening; DCA ; DSGD; SAO

The strengthening of governmental structures and an increase in economic activity between the 16th and the 18th centuries in Russia contributed to the formation of a system of roads and waterways. Water transport has some advantages over moving goods by land. The capacity of river and coastal vessels was greater than horse-drawn transports, which meant that the former was less costly. Certain topographical features, varied hydrological conditions in rivers, and diverse weather conditions required a flexible system of waterways as a means of communication. In a preindustrial landscape, the transport network was a compromise between the needs of the individual and the problems imposed by natural factors. The effectiveness of transportation systems depended on organisational and economic factors: governmental structures and communities could obviously provide a greater level of organisation than individuals. One of such communities was the monastery: the Spaso–Prilutsky monastery was a considerable force in the organisation of trade in Northern Russia. On the basis of materials from this institution, the author examines the ways in which natural phenomena shaped the monastery's transportation network and how the monastery maintained and developed this network. ; Рассмотрены особенности формирования в России XVI–XVII вв. системы основных сухопутных и водных путей сообщения. Показано, что водный транспорт имел преимущества перед сухопутными перевозками. Грузоподъемность речных и прибрежных морских судов в разы превышала возможности гужевого транспорта, что покрывало издержки на провоз товара такимспособом. Особенности прибрежного и донного рельефа, гидрологический режим рек, погодные условия требовали от человека создания гибкой системы использования водных ресурсов в качестве путей сообщения. В доиндустриальную эпоху ландшафт и условия функционирования транспортной сети были результатом компромисса между потребностями человека и возможностями, определяемыми природными факторами. Отмечено, что эффективность использования старых и новых транспортных систем зависела от наличия организационного и экономического потенциала, который был гораздо выше у различных сообществ и структур управления, чем у отдельно взятого человека. Одним из крупных организаторов торговли на Русском Севере был Спасо-Прилуцкий монастырь. В статье на основе материалов Спасо-Прилуцкого монастыря рассмотрены методы и механизмы взаимодействия с природой, которые использовал монастырь в ходе своей транспортной деятельности, методы создания и поддержки сети коммуникаций между различными районами своей экономической активности, способы транспортировки грузов, система управления и контроля за этим процессом.

The article is devoted to the viewpoints of the leaders of the French military mission (especially generals Niessel and Lavergne) on the key events of Russian history during March-August 1918, such as the conclusion of the Brest-Litovsk treaty, the possibility of cooperation with Soviet Russia, the revolt of the Czechoslovak Legion, and the necessity for an Allied intervention. The author comes to the conclusion that the officers' perception of key issues differed considerably: one part of the French military mission (represented by Nissel) felt hostility to the Bolsheviks, and the other part (represented by Lavergne) sympathised with Soviet power. Nevertheless, the leaders of the French military mission judged the Soviet regime by its military capacity and the ability to sustain military activity against the Central Powers. Referring to the reports of Generals Nissel and Lavergne, the author confirms the opinion that the members of the French military mission were not involved in the organisation of the Czechoslovak revolt in May 1918. This paper is based on documents from G. Clemenceau's collection, as well as from the Russian section of the General Staff's Second Bureau and of the French Military Mission in Russia, and the French Ministry of Defense Archive. ; В статье рассматривается взгляд руководителей французской военной миссии (преимущественно генералов Нисселя и Лаверня) на ключевые события российской истории марта-августа 1918 г.: заключение Брестского мира, возможности и перспективы сотрудничества с властью Советов, выступление чехословацкого корпуса, необходимость проведения союзнической интервенции. Автор приходит к выводу, что позицию сотрудников миссии отличало отсутствие единства мнений по вышеописанным ключевым вопросам: часть французского военного представительства (в лице Нисселя) была непримиримо настроена по отношению к большевикам, другая его часть (в лице Лаверня, а также французских социалистов) выражала сочувствие власти Советов. Тем не менее, руководство военной миссии оценивало советскую власть по критерию ее боеспособности и возможности продолжать военные действия против Центральных держав, что и обусловило единодушие миссии в необходимости интервенции. На основе рапортов Нисселя и Лаверня подтверждается точка зрения о том, что члены французской военной миссии были непричастны к организации чехословацкого выступления в мае 1918 г. Данное исследование основано на документах фондов Ж. Клемансо, русской секции Второго бюро и французской военной миссии в России Архива Министерства обороны Франции.

El artículo compara dos movilizaciones en la Argentina de entreguerras. Demuestra las diferencias en la comprensión del poder, en la relación de las masas con el poder y en las formas de incorporación de las masas a la política democrática que tenían los nacionalistas y la UCR. Sostiene que ambos grupos políticos apelaron a las emociones para movilizar a la población y se valieron de ellas para validar o impugnar la capacidad política de las masas. Dolor, respeto, sumisión, solemnidad, fue el registro emocional validado por los nacionalistas que impactaba directamente en las formas de participación política y por ende en la cultura política. Los radicales muestran un régimen emocional más heterogéneo que no descuidó el orden, que apeló en ocasiones a la violencia pero que incorporó también el entusiasmo, la exaltación y la alegría como emociones positivas y constitutivas de la experiencia política de las masas. Con las herramientas de la historia social y cultural, el artículo brinda una visión más comprensiva de las prácticas y de la cultura política en la argentina de los años treinta en particular y del período de entreguerras en general. ; The article compares two demonstrations during the interwar period in Argentina. It casts light over the differences in the ways nationalists and the UCR understood power, masses' relationship to power and the ways of bringing masses into democratic politics. Both political groups appealed to emotions to mobilize the population and manipulated them in order to validate or challenge masses' political capacity. Pain, respect, submission, solemnity, built up nationalists' valid emotional register; which directly impinged on the forms of political participation and therefore in the political culture. While radicals (UCR) showed a far more heterogeneous emotional regime that did not neglect order appealing to violence on occasions, but also building on enthusiasm, excitement and joy as positive and constitutive emotions of the political experience of the masses. Drawing on social and cultural history notions, this article offers a comprehensive view on Argentina's political practices and culture during the interwar period, with a special focus on the 1930s experience. ; Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

Since Michel Foucault aligned the 'power of sovereignty' with the 'disqualification of death' in his 1975 essay 'Society Must be Defended', death has been at the forefront of biopolitical and geopolitical debates. Through a contemporary lens Achille Mbembe, writing in 2003, stated that the expression of sovereignty ultimately resides 'in the capacity to dictate who may live and who may die.' Yet Mbembe's necropolitics also questions the sufficiency of biopower to account for the question of death and sovereignty in the twenty-first century. This themed issue in many ways extends Mbembe's challenge by taking up the complex, often contentious subject of death in present-day culture as it is thought, and as it operates, within and beyond biopolitics. In bringing together articles from scholars across the fields of politics, biomedicine, law, philosophy, and literature, this issue interrogates the conceptual status of death in biopolitical discourse by considering emerging post-biopolitical and post-human contexts. Foucault understood the status of death in 1975 as 'something to be hidden away.' With twenty-first century global conditions, death as a subject has become more visible, imbricated with, and paramount to ideas of the postcolony, necro-economics, the necropolitical, and ethical and legal debates surrounding the right-to-die. At the same time, new technologies of warfare in the 'War on Terror' have meant that death has acquired new forms, through modes of violence that often annihilate the body. Such forms of death challenge traditional ritualizations of death and render death increasingly invisible. The issue intervenes at the intersection of biopolitical and post-biopolitical fields of knowledge, entering current debates on critical social and political issues such as euthanasia, the death penalty, and contemporary geopolitics. A number of the essays collected in the volume examine new forms of geopolitical violence, reveal unacknowledged bioethical states of exception, and engage with new liminal states of death created by medical advances. These articles are brought into a transdisciplinary dialogue with studies that explore the way in which contemporary visual art and literature offer new ways of representing death and emerging biomedical phenomena. In doing so, the scholarship of this issue offers theoretical means to navigate contemporary conceptions of death at the juncture of biopolitical and post-biopolitical discourses.

This is volume 3 of a three-volume publication on Bangladesh's trade prospects. Bangladesh's ambition is to build on its very solid growth and poverty reduction achievements, and accelerate growth to become a middle income country by 2021, and share prosperity more widely amongst its citizens. This includes one of its greatest development challenges: to provide gainful employment to the over 2 million people that will join the labor force each year over the next decade. Moreover, only 54.1 million of its 94 million working age people are employed. Bangladesh needs to use its labor endowment even more intensively to increase growth and, in turn, to absorb the incoming labor. The Diagnostic Trade Integration Study identifies the following actions centered around four pillars to sustain and accelerate export growth: (1) breaking into new markets through a) better trade logistics to reduce delivery lags ; as world markets become more competitive and newer products demand shorter lead times, to generate new sources of competitiveness and thereby enable market diversification; and b) better exploitation of regional trading opportunities in nearby growing and dynamic markets, especially East and South Asia; (2) breaking into new products through a) more neutral and rational trade policy and taxation and bonded warehouse schemes; b) concerted efforts to spur domestic investment and attract foreign direct investment, to contribute to export promotion and diversification, including by easing the energy and land constraints; and c) strategic development and promotion of services trade; (3) improving worker and consumer welfare by a) improving skills and literacy; b) implementing labor and work safety guidelines; and c) making safety nets more effective in dealing with trade shocks; and (4) building a supportive environment, including a) sustaining sound macroeconomic fundamentals; and b) strengthening the institutional capacity for strategic policy making aimed at the objective of international competitiveness to help bring focus and coherence to the government's reform efforts. This third volume provides in-depth analysis of eight different manufacturing and services sectors of the Bangladeshi economy, which help to illustrate the thematic analysis of volume 2 and ground it in sector experiences. Besides pointing to cross-cutting themes, the analysis also highlights some specific issues and actions that could help relieve constraints to faster export growth in these sectors.

Geological heterogeneity enhances spreading of solutes and causes transport to be anomalous (i.e., non-Fickian), with much less mixing than suggested by dispersion. This implies that modeling transport requires adopting either stochastic approaches that model heterogeneity explicitly or effective transport formulations that acknowledge the effects of heterogeneity. A number of such formulations have been developed and tested as upscaled representations of enhanced spreading. However, their ability to represent mixing has not been formally tested, which is required for proper reproduction of chemical reactions and which motivates our work. We propose that, for an effective transport formulation to be considered a valid representation of transport through heterogeneous porous media (HPM), it should honor mean advection, mixing and spreading. It should also be flexible enough to be applicable to real problems. We test the capacity of the multi-rate mass transfer (MRMT) model to reproduce mixing observed in HPM, as represented by the classical multi-Gaussian log-permeability field with a Gaussian correlation pattern. Non-dispersive mixing comes from heterogeneity structures in the concentration fields that are not captured by macrodispersion. These fine structures limit mixing initially, but eventually enhance it. Numerical results show that, relative to HPM, MRMT models display a much stronger memory of initial conditions on mixing than on dispersion because of the sensitivity of the mixing state to the actual values of concentration. Because MRMT does not restitute the local concentration structures, it induces smaller non-dispersive mixing than HPM. However long-lived trapping in the immobile zones may sustain the deviation from dispersive mixing over much longer times. While spreading can be well captured by MRMT models, in general non-dispersive mixing cannot. © Author(s) 2016. ; The European Union is acknowledged for its funding through the Marie-Curie Fellowship PIEF-GA-2009-251710 and through the project FP7-ENERGY-2012-1-2STAGE TRUST (High-resolution monitoring, real time visualization and reliable modeling of highly controlled, intermediate and upscalable size pilot injection tests of underground storage of CO2). The ANR is acknowledged for its funding through its Project H2MNO4 under the No. ANR-12-MONU-0012-01. ; Peer reviewed

AbstractThis article critically examines the concept of 'accountability' as it is understood in two‐party systems and majoritarian democracy – namely the ability of voters to remove governments that violate their mandates or otherwise perform poorly. Voters' capacity to 'throw the rascals out' is one of the main normative appeals of two‐partism and the single‐member plurality (SMP) electoral system. However, this article uses a spatial model to show that in at least two types of situation voters are left in a bind when confronted with a mandate‐breaking governing party: (1) when both major parties undertake unexpected non‐centrist shifts in opposing directions after an election, leaving centrist voters with an unappealing choice; and (2) when a governing party that had won an election on a non‐centrist platform undertakes a post‐election shift to the centre, leaving its more radical supporters dissatisfied. In each case, voters have four imperfect options: punish the governing party by throwing the rascals out, but in doing so vote for a party that is ideologically more distant; abstain, and withdraw from the democratic process; vote for a minor party that has no hope of influencing government formation, but which might detach enough votes to allow the ideologically more distant major opposition party to win; and forgive the governing party its mandate‐breaking. All of these options represent accountability failures. The problems are illustrated with two case studies from two‐party systems: the United Kingdom in the mid‐1980s and New Zealand in the period 1984–1993. In both instances, many voters found it difficult to 'throw the rascals out' without harming their own interests in the process. The article concludes that accountability may sometimes be better achieved if voters can force a party to share power in coalition with another party in order to 'keep it honest' instead of removing it from government completely, as can happen in multi‐party systems based on proportional representation. Thus, although two‐partism based on plurality voting is normally regarded as superior to multi‐partism and proportional representation on the criterion of accountability, in some instances, the reverse can be true. The article therefore undermines a core normative argument advanced by supporters of majoritarian democracy and SMP.

Governments of developing countries have been targeting poverty alleviation and deprivation as their main goal and thus have been working for pro poor growth. It is observed that African countries need considerable amount of investment in order to help their economies to prosper. African countries can benefit from growth through foreign investment which is seen as an important source of capital flows. However, even if growth is important for an economy, it is not a good indicator of social development. Welfare can be worsen if growth attained by a country is not pro poor and can also result in an increase in inequality gap. In this regards, this study is based on the investigation on FDI and poverty alleviation or welfare maximization in selected Sub Saharan African countries. The present paper takes a different approach in analyzing the impact of FDI on poverty reduction. In the context of selected Sub Saharan African countries and over the period 1990-2010, a dynamic Panel vector error correction model is adopted. In effect the Vector autoregressive model or the vector error correction model is of great importance in showing the dynamic behavior of economic time series and for forecasting. Also, it often provides better forecasts and describes theory-based simultaneous equations models. Thus, given the endogeneity and causality issues, using such a model can prove to be highly beneficial. The main variables used are FDI net inflows and poverty headcount index. Other variables used in this study include the unemployment rate, inflation, openness, government debt and government expenditure, education level and GDP per capita. The results suggest that indeed FDI is an efficient tool in fighting poverty both in the short run and long run with the sample of countries considered. Moreover, the results favor a uni directional relationship between FDI and social welfare (poverty reduction) and a bi directional causality between FDI and economic welfare (Economic growth). According to this study, foreign investment is an important ingredient for both economic and social development for Sub Saharan African countries. Hence, the government should devise appropriate policies to attract such capital flows. These can be in terms of an improvement in institutional capacity and easier administrative procedures which would surely favor the entrance of foreign firms in the host countries.

A dos décadas del inicio de la reestructuración portuaria en México, que propició una creciente inversión privada en terminales, tecnología y gestión, con mejoras notables en la capacidad instalada y en la productividad de las operaciones, pero careció de una perspectiva de desarrollo portuario nacional, el Gobierno Federal ha planteado la necesidad de realizar ajustes al modelo actual, mediante el impulso de una política basada en la formación de sistemas portuarios en ambos litorales nacionales (Pacífico y Golfo de México) con enfoque en la complementariedad de los puertos para atender los distintos segmentos de mercado y regiones del país. En este sentido, el presente trabajo tiene por objeto aportar elementos empíricos y conceptuales para el análisis de los factores que afectan la complementariedad entre los principales puertos del Pacífico mexicano de carga contenerizada, basándose en los atributos de las redes de transporte, el tipo de infraestructura, las distancias, los costos de la cadena y la disponibilidad de servicios intermodales, a fin de contribuir a la planeación y desarrollo de políticas públicas enfocadas a consolidar un sistema de transporte mejor integrado logística, modal y territorialmente en México. ; Two decades from the beginning of the port restructuring in Mexico, which promoted a growing private investment in terminals, technology and management, with remarkable improvements in the installed capacity and productivity of the operations, but that lacked a national port development perspective, the Federal Government has posed the need to adjust the current model, through a policy based on the formation of port systems in both national coasts (Pacific and the Gulf of Mexico). It focuses on the ports'complementarity to deal with the different segments of market and regions of the country. In this context, this paper has as its objective to contribute with empirical and conceptual elements useful to analyze the factors that affect the complementarity a mong the main cargo container ports in the Mexican Pacific, based in the transport network attributes, the type of infrastructure, the distances, the chain's cost, and the intermodal services availability. The aim is to contribute to the planning and development of public policies to consolidate a better-integrated transport system in the logistics, modal and territorialaspects in Mexico ; Fil: Martner Peyrelongue, Carlos. ; Fil: García Ortega, M. Gabriela.

Includes bibliographical references ; This dissertation is a collection of studies on the economics of peace and security. Chapter one introduces the roles military spending and conic play in affecting economic growth, while also considering the causes of civil conflict. Chapter two investigates the relationship between military expenditure and economic growth, considering group heterogeneity and non-linearity. Using an exogenous growth model and dynamic panel approach, the results suggest military burden to have a negative effect on growth. Breaking the overall panel down into various sub-samples shows estimates that are remark-ably consistent with the full panel. These results provide strong support for the argument that military spending has an adverse effect on growth. There are, however, some intriguing results suggesting that for certain types of countries military burden has no negative growth effect. Chapter three deals with the transnational spatial spillover effects of conflict on neighbouring countries. It moves beyond using geographical dis-tance as a spillover measurement and allows for economic and political distances. The initial empirical results suggest that conflict has a strong negative spillover effect on directly contiguous countries growth, but no significant impacts were observed for non-contiguous countries. When economic and political factors are considered, this result remains, but the spillover effect is smaller. While the impact of conflict remains devastating, it is important to take other factors into account as studies using only geographical distance may be overestimating the impact on neighbours. The fourth chapter examines the determinants of civil war, using a zero-inflated modelling approach to deal with excess zeroes in the dependent variable. Traditional probit and logit models have limited capacity in dealing with this issue and can create misleading results, which is illustrated through replicating published work. A general greed-grievance model is then estimated giving further support to using zero-inflated models. While the standard probit models tend to emphasise opportunity variables, consistent in other studies, the zero inflated model gives supports both opportunity and grievance variables. In particular, ethnicity, democracy and inequality are found to play a significant role in civil war prevalence. Finally, chapter five summarises the findings of the dissertation, providing some policy recommendations, concluding remarks and discusses future research opportunities.