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Most analyses of the sociolinguistic aspects of immigration focus on contexts where a single language is official and widely used. In bilingual Catalonia, newly arriving immigrants find themselves in a situation where the administration seeks to treat Catalan as a fully functional public language while large sectors of the local population still treat it as a minority language not adequate to be spoken to strangers. Popular language practices and discourses often seem to suggest that Catalan serves to assert identity while Spanish serves for practical communicative purposes, thus contradicting the official narratives over language and integration. Thus, what we find is that immigrants are required to adjust to different, competing, often blatantly contradictory linguistic ideologies and practices. In this article, I will seek to describe these contradictions and historical changes together with their implications for the local political economy of intergroup relations. I begin with a brief theoretical grounding of the concepts uses. To this follows a historical account of educational language policies addressed to immigrants since the mid-1980s. A change in official discourses from language as national symbol to language as a means for social cohesion is documented. Language policies are contrasted with ethnographic data on linguistic practices in everyday life in various settings. To conclude, I reflect on the significance of these phenomena for a general understanding of the role of languages in the construction of social difference in contemporary societies.

I argue that Stephen Darwall's account of second-personal respect should be of special interest to feminists because it opens up space for the development of certain feminist resources. Specifically, Darwall's account leaves room for an experiential aspect of respect, and I suggest that abilities related to this aspect may vary along with social position. I then point out a potential parallel between the feminist critique of epistemology and a budding feminist critique of moral philosophy (specifically relating to respect).

First published in 1998, this volume offers some solutions to the inherent difficulties with moving from philosophical generalities to specific policies, by exploring how a bridge might be built between political philosophy and social policy analysis. In light of these findings, Steven R. Smith evaluates the relationship between the Centre-Left and the New Right, focusing on the way in which concepts of individual autonomy and equality are used by political philosophers and social policy makers. Smith explores post-1945 training, education, social security and community care policy within the United Kingdom.

While governments around the world struggle to maintain service levels amid fiscal crises, social innovators are improving social outcomes for citizens by changing the system from within. In Agents of Change, three cutting-edge thinkers and entrepreneurs present case studies of social innovation that have led to significant social change. Drawing on original empirical research in the United States, Canada, Japan, Germany, Denmark, and the Netherlands, they examine how ordinary people accomplishedextraordinary results.Sanderijn Cels, Jorrit de Jong, and Frans Nauta offer livel

Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of figures -- List of tables and transcripts -- Acknowledgements -- Abstract -- Chapter 1 Entering the World of Secondary Education in Italy -- Introduction -- Getting to Know Cittadina and Finding My Place in It -- Gatekeeping at the Three School Field Sites -- The Development of the Modern-Day Italian Secondary School System (1859-present) -- The Contemporary Tripartite Italian Education System -- Modern Challenges for Equitable Education in Italy -- Research Questions -- Overview of Chapters -- Notes -- Chapter 2 What Does an Analysis of Language Tell Us about School and Society? -- Why This Book? -- Language Ideologies and la questione della lingua -- What Does Language Use Have to Do with the Social Project of Education? -- Constructing the Self and Others in Academic Spaces -- Performing Academic Knowledge -- Collecting Data for a Linguistic Ethnography of Education -- Analyzing the Data for a Linguistic Ethnography of Education -- Notes -- Chapter 3 Social Personae and School Choice in Cittadina1 -- Introduction -- Representations of School Types Circulating via Social Media -- Student Narratives of School Choice -- Discussion -- Notes -- Chapter 4 Public Performances of Schooled Knowledge in Cittadina -- Introduction -- Data Presentation and Analysis -- Discussion -- Notes -- Chapter 5 Peer-to-Peer Performances of Expertise1 -- Introduction -- Ventriloquating "School Voice" in Language Play -- "Outside Voice" for School Topics -- Using "Non-standard" Language Features to Talk about Schoolwork -- Peer Commentary on the Surprise Performance of "Good Student" Persona -- Refusing to Accept Expert Positioning -- Discussion: Underlife, Communicative Repertoire, and Double-Voicing in Peer-to-Peer Performances of Expertise -- Notes.

One of the basic preconditions of successful regional politics and its effective implementation in a particular economic environment is knowledge of this environment - the region, its strengths and weaknesses, opportunities for development as well as threats. Regional politics should be regula- ted by a set of rules respecting the figures indicating the position of the region in the economy, its dimensions or obstacles to its development, its relationship to other regions and the possibility to be compared to other regions. Practical regional politics is expected to contribute to eliminating disparities among individual regions, above all by identifying the causes of the disparities and cho- osing appropriate means of elimination. The current theory of regional politics provides several ap- proaches to identifying, measuring and evaluating the causes of disparities, and diminishing them. In spite of that, the real social and economic development gives evidence that disparities continue to grow and result in a mismatch between the needs and the sources of development, especially in those regions of Slovakia that have been under-developed for a longer time. The paper highlights the problem of deepening regional disparities in Slovakia on the level of NUTS 3 resulting from the development of average nominal wage, which is a major indicator of social and economic develop- ment of regions and living standard of the population. The growing differences in average nominal wage lead to negative stimuli at work and in business, and aggravate the lagging behind of the region and have a negative impact on the other regions and politics of their development.

In this article, we present a case study investigating the socio-psychological aspects of grassroots participation in a Transition Town Movement (TTM) community initiative. We analyzed the first Italian Transition initiative: Monteveglio (Bologna), the central hub of the Italian TTM and a key link with the global Transition Network. A qualitative methodology was used to collect and analyze the data consisting of interviews with key informants and ethnographic notes. The results provide further evidence supporting the role of social representations, shared social identities, and collective efficacy beliefs in promoting, sustaining, and shaping activists' commitment. The movement seems to have great potential to inspire and engage citizens to tackle climate change at a community level. Grassroots engagement of local communities working together provides the vision and the material starting point for a viable pathway for the changes required. Attempting to ensure their future political relevance, the TTM adherents are striving to disseminate and materially consolidate inherently political and prefigurative movement frames – primarily community resilience and re-localization – within community socio-economic and political frameworks. However, cooperation with politics is perceived by most adherents as a frustrating and dissatisfying experience, and an attempted co-optation of the Transition initiative by institutions. It highlights a tension between the open and non-confrontational approach of the movement towards institutions and their practical experience. Corresponding to this tension, activists have to cope with conflicts, contradictions, and ambivalence of social representations about community action for sustainability, which threaten the sense of collective purpose, group cohesion and ultimately its survival. ; peerReviewed ; publishedVersion

Economic specialization of the peoples of Dagestan was conditioned by natural environment and it influenced the process of social differentiation of labor, thus, most peoples consider all kinds of work connected with agriculture and cattle breeding to be men's occupations, and household chores and most domestic crafts (spinning, production of carpets, palaces, woolen cloth, cotton and silk fabrics, linen, felting, bagging, making of woolen socks, stockings and outdoor woolen footwear) to be women's occupations. Men's crafts were sheepskin processing and metalwork. In the mountainous area, there was no strict gender differentiation of labor, as women's labor was used quite widely, and independence of women was conditioned by men's leaving for seasonal work. The traditional regulation of the gender differentiation of labor, adopted in the pre-revolutionary Dagestan society, has gradually lost its positions. During the Soviet period, the gender stratification of labor was leveled: women's labor was not limited to the household, but was widely used in enterprises. Accelerated transformation of economic specialization took place in the post-Soviet period. The boundaries between what men can do and what is not permissible for them have actually erased, and this process began in the 1990s - the time of total men's unemployment. Men began to explore new spheres and successfully realized their potential in the areas that had been considered exclusively women's occupations. Changes in economic specialization could not but affect the intra-family relations of the Dagestan people. In a traditional society, the head of the family was always the father as the breadwinner and provider of the family, but in the present circumstances the head of the family is the one whose share in the family budget is greater. Recently, there have been cardinal changes in the employment of the population and in the minds of the Dagestan peoples, and the changes have significantly affected the gender differentiation of labor and gender stratification.

A compelling firsthand investigation of how social media and big data have amplified the close relationship between privacy and inequality Online privacy is under constant attack by social media and big data technologies. But we cannot rely on individual actions to remedy this—it is a matter of social justice. Alice E. Marwick offers a new way of understanding how privacy is jeopardized, particularly for marginalized and disadvantaged communities—including immigrants, the poor, people of color, LGBTQ+ populations, and victims of online harassment. Marwick shows that few resources or regulations for preventing personal information from spreading on the internet. Through a new theory of "networked privacy," she reveals how current legal and technological frameworks are woefully inadequate in addressing issues of privacy—often by design. Drawing from interviews and focus groups encompassing a diverse group of Americans, Marwick shows that even heavy social media users care deeply about privacy and engage in extensive "privacy work" to protect it. But people are up against the violation machine of the modern internet. Safeguarding privacy must happen at the collective level

AbstractThe paper presents estimates of the economic dynamics of the Russian regions and regional growth quality indicators. To assess the quality of growth regional inclusive development index (RIDI) was used, based on the concept of inclusive sustainable growth. The index evaluates economic, social and environmental situation in the region. Comparison of the dynamics of GRP and RIDI showed that in the period 2001–2017, the economic growth of Russia and most Russian regions was accompanied by a downward change in RIDI. The interregional differentiation of RIDI andper capitaGRP indicators is further assessed. It is shown, that their dynamics are determined by various factors, therefore, in order to level the interregional differences between the RIDI and GRP, various regional policy instruments should be used.

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the effect of depth, seasonality and phytophysiognomies on the biochemical activity of soils in native Cerrado biome. Additionally, we listed which chemical parameters influence the activity of the microbiota and enzymatic activity in these environments. We selected eight sampling areas of Cerradão (Forest) and four areas of Cerrado (shrub land) and evaluated the chemical characteristics and biochemical activity. The depth, sampling site and seasonality directly affected soil metabolic activity. Microbial biomass carbon was influenced by interaction between soil depth and sampling site and the enzyme activity tends to be higher in the superficial layer of the soil. The analysis of redundancy showed strong influence of environmental variables (phosphorus and CTC) on the biological activity of the soil. Thus, the metabolic activity of microorganisms is highly influenced by intrinsic soil characteristics of each sampling site.