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The relationships between the European Union and developing countries in Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific (or ACP countries) have been called a model for North South development cooperation. The Lomé Conventions were the embodiment of this model. After 25 years, the European Union and the ACP group signed a new partnership agreement, the Cotonou Agreement. Given the disappointing results of the former conventions, this book investigates the innovations in the EU-ACP relationship. Authors from different backgrounds (including law, political science and economics) analyze the forces that gave rise to the new agreement as well as the negotiating process of the new agreement, and the negotiations that are taking place to produce the planned Economic Partnership Agreements (EPA) that are to replace the existing non-reciprocal trade preferences that are incompatible with WTO law. The potential benefits of EPAs are discussed, as is the alternative in the shape of an improved and general preferential system. The amended mechanism for aid delivery, the increased stress on political dialogue between the partners and the introduction of more civil society participation in the cooperation are extensively analyzed and discussed. The effects of the introduction of the Euro and the effect of the planned stimuli on Direct Foreign Investment in ACP economies make this volume very complete in coverage of the ACP-EU relations. Its relevance extends far beyond the ACP-EU relationship as it shows and discusses particular solutions for problems that occur in North South relations in general

In Antiquity the Greek philosopher, Aristotle, sustained that the purpose of the State is to be, within the possibilities, a society of equal human beings. Our days the democracy answers the need of different components of the society to express themselves in the means of respect towards equality. Democratic practices cannot be conceived outside the nation. The problem is if there exists the possibility for it to function on the supranational level. The reflections with respect to the multiculturalism and the new conceptions which is elaborated starting from the European construction, make actual the connection between nation and democracy. ; peer-reviewed

This accessible new textbook situates the European Union in a dramatically changed world order. Resisting a more traditional and abstract introduction to the institutions, structures and policy making processes of the EU, this innovative new text cuts through the jargon to demonstrate how hard the EU must work to retain its international influence. Taking into account the latest empirical developments, including the spread of war and violence in the East with Ukraine and the ongoing turbulent politics of North Africa and the Middle East, Richard Youngs - an expert in the field - introduces us to how the EU has been forced to act differently. The book is unique in offering an outside-in conceptual framework that inverts the way that the EU external action is studied and understood. It unpacks the different international challenges the EU has faced in recent years, including the weakening of global order, the need for more protective security, geo-economic competition, climate change and conflicts to its east and south. In each case the book examines how the EU has responded and how its core international identity has changed as a result, assessing whether the Union still retains strong global influence.This book is the ideal companion for students taking modules on the European Union's foreign policy, global politics, and for students of European Union Politics more broadly at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels.

The European Union as an area of freedom, security and justice has created a community which adheres to unified laws. In matters regulated by labour law (individual and collective) as well as social security law, the above aim may be met by introducing unified regulations, allowing for identical ways of resolving conflicts of labour law that arise in work relations where there is a cross national element present. In order to ensure legal stability within work relations, national regulations concerning international private labour law had to be replaced by unified conflicts of law norms. These norms are to be applied by both employees and employers of EU member states as well as applied in work relations situations where third parties are involved. EU private international law is a collection of international private labour law regulations issued by EU institutions, which unanimously and in a unifying fashion describe the legal situations of the parties to a work relationship, where there is a foreign element present, allowing for the application of foreign laws based on citizenship, residency, where the headquarters of one of the parties is located, where the work is carried out or where the action has taken place

The reality of recent decades proves that in a constantly changing world only those societies will enjoy political, economic and social benefits that were able to accumulate and make effective use of intellectual resources as well as innovation potential of the younger generation.Analysis of the available scientific material on the issue suggests that research of youth policy models and engagement of young people to participate in political processes in Ukraine and in the countries of the European Union is an important and multifaceted problem that attracts many foreign and local government officials as well as researchers.The documents of the United Nations play an important role in the proper functioning of youth organizations in the European Union. There the concept of international policy in the youth field is clearly demonstrated with the regular recurrent appearance of the analysis of state youth policy at the international and national levels.The key events that gave rise to the development of youth policy in the European Union began in 2001 when the European Commission adopted the White Paper «A new impetus for European Youth». In March 2005 European Pact was adopted. It addresses the concerns of young people and is part of the Lisbon strategy for growth and employment. The purpose of this document is to develop youth participation in education and training, social inclusion of young people in society. Later in 2007 in its Communication «Promoting full participation of young people in education, employment and society», the Commission focused on close communication in all areas in order to create conditions for the development of the youth sector. «Youth in Action» program is a well-known program adopted in 2006 for the period 2007-2013, the purpose of which is to promote active European cooperation in the field of youth policy and strengthen youth engagement.Currently, the EU 's new strategy on the prospects of development of youth field for the period 2010-2018 «Strategy for Youth: Investing and Empowering» was adopted on November 27, 2009. It is based on the results of a constructive dialogue in which approximately 40,000 young people have participated. The Strategy identifies two main objectives of European cooperation in youth policy until 2018: a) create more equal opportunities for youth in education and employment and b) encourage active citizenship and social integration.Several models of youth policy can be singled out in the EU. They are based on certain criteria, such as: democracy, national cultural traditions and regulatory support, etc.– Universalistic model (Western Europe and Scandinavia) – is the most democratic model, which is characterized by parity level of state control of youth organizations, while providing them a wide discretion. This model emerged as a result of reorientation of youth policy in the last 10-15 years. It is still accompanied by events and activities of the youth movement. What is specific to this model is that there is no Ministry of Youth Affairs in the government.– Community model (UK) – characterized by minimal state intervention in the activities of youth organizations, based on old traditions. Only a small number of youth organizations take active part in the state building process, among them are sports, cultural and charitable organizations. Implementation of youth policy is delegated from the state to civil society.– Protectionist model (Central Europe) – the state is trying to control and set the priority objectives for youth organizations. In such states youth is a social group that needs protection, support and promotion. The main purpose of youth organizations is to lay the foundations of civil society.– Centralized model (the Mediterranean) – the involvement of the third sector and youth agencies of the local government is weak in this model, that is why youth policy is centralized, concentrated at the national level. As one can see the European experience has shown that governments are seeking their own approach to youth policy.In general, many countries have accumulated considerable experience connected with the formation and implementation of youth policy. According to how this policy is planned and implemented one can distinguish neo-conservative and social democratic model of youth policy. The essence of the first is that the government provides social assistance to those categories and groups of young people who desperately need it. The second model – the social democratic – is used in most European countries. Under this model the state takes responsibility for solving the most complicated youth problems. Both the neo-conservative and social democratic models successfully solve youth problems as is proved by the situation in developed countries.So, one can say that the models of youth policy in the European Union countries are based on their experience of developing and realizing youth policy. As for Ukraine, a relatively young state, it should be noted that the models of state youth policy are still in the initial stages of development. However, the analysis and research of positive examples of youth policy successful implementation by the EU countries will enable Ukraine to develop its own model of youth policies that will certainly help to prevent strategic mistakes that can negatively affect the development of society. ; Статья посвящена исследованию моделей молодежной политики в странах Европейского Союза, становлению эффективных отношений между государством и молодежью, освещается вопрос привлечения молодого поколения к участию в политических процессах в странах Европейского Союза. ; Статтю присвячено дослідженню моделей молодіжної політики в країнах Європейського Союзу, становленню ефективних відносин між державою та молоддю, висвітлюється питання залучення молодого покоління до участі в політичних процесах у країнах Європейського Союзу.

This study analyses the dynamics of entrepreneurship in Portugal and other European Union countries from 2010 to 2014. We used the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) data collected through representative samples of the population of each country to analyze three main areas: entrepreneurial activity, entrepreneurial attitudes and entrepreneurial aspirations. Our results show that in 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013, the total early-entrepreneurship rate in Portugal was the same as the average in EU countries but in 2014 it was higher. However, this rise in entrepreneurial activity in Portugal in 2014 was mainly necessity-driven and not improvement driven. The results also show that despite the fact that Portugal was perceived to have poor opportunities for new business during this period, Portuguese people believe more strongly than people in other countries that they have the required knowledge and skills to start a business. In general, although entrepreneurial attitudes in Portugal are characterized by average entrepreneurial intentions, lower perceived opportunities, higher perceived capabilities to start a business, their fear of failure would prevent them from starting a business. These results are relevant with regard to rethinking the promotion of entrepreneurship in Portugal.

The process of evaluating a country's risk involves numerous intricate factors that must be examined and considered prior to determining the ultimate credit rating. This paper will examine the pertinent factors that are taken into account when assessing an EU member state's creditworthiness. Some of the most significant factors considered when generating a credit rating evaluation include GDP growth, GDP per capita, inflation, governmental debt, and past performance in paying financial obligations. Examining the role of credit rating agencies and their evaluations in the economy, with a particular emphasis on the EU market and regulatory structure as well as the financial crisis of 2007, is crucial for gaining a deeper comprehension of the research. The empirical part of the paper looks into the connection between factors within certain nations and the credit ratings they are given. The paper aims to ascertain the significance of these determinants in EU member states as well as any potential variations in the relative relevance of particular determinants. It will be investigated whether and to what degree determinants affect country credit ratings using the multiple regression analysis method. In the end, a determination on the significance and relationship of factors to the assignment of credit rating assessments will be made on the basis of the analysis performed. The analysis's anticipated outcomes ought to be significant from an economic standpoint. The coefficient of multiple determination will enable comparisons between each nation, enabling an evaluation of the results' representativeness.

With rising demand for international education in Europe, today more higher education systems have become active in attracting international students. Hence, players in the global higher education market are highlighting their advantages in the higher education marketplace to become more competitive. As Lithuania has an ambitious desire to double the number of international students by 2025, this exploratory study analyses the important factors that will help to better target international students and put emphasis on the challenges to be refined in national education policies. ; Aukštojo mokslo internacionalizavimas yra atsakas globalizacijos procesui, kuris per pastaruosius dešimtmečius tapo bene privalomas. Todėl tarptautinis studentų mobilumas Europos lygio aukštojo mokslo politikos diskurse yra pageidautina plėtra bei būtina sąlyga švietimo sistemoms bei atskiroms aukštojo mokslo institucijoms dalyvauti konkurencinėje kovoje. Suaktyvėjusi konkurencija pasireiškia pastangomis pritraukti tarptautinius studentus bei tyrėjus, studijų eksportu į kitas šalis, mokslo produktų komercija bei aukštųjų mokslo institucijų reitingavimu. Tačiau ekonominės ir politinės turbulencijos sąlygomis Europos Sąjungoje numatomas naujų tarptautinių studentų mobilumo krypčių formavimasis ir bendras tarptautinio išsilavinimo poreikio augimas. Šios prognozės drąsina iki šiol "netradicinėmis" vadintas šalis ieškoti atsakymo į klausimą, kokie veiksniai lemią tarptautinių studentų studijų pasirinkimą užsienio šalyje, siekiant pritraukti tarptautinius talentus. Lietuvos dalyvavimas Bolonijos procese atspindi iniciatyvą remti ir skatinti studentų tarptautinį mobilumą, kuris pastebimas nacionaliniuose dokumentuose, aukštojo mokslo institucijų strategijose. Siekis padvigubinti tarptautinių studentų skaičių ir paversti Lietuvos aukštąsias mokyklas tarptautinių mokslinių tyrimų centru, kuris aptinkamas valstybinių universitetų tinklo optimizavimo plano patvirtinime, kelia iššūkių formuojant tarptautinių studentų pritraukimo strategiją ir bendrą aukštojo mokslo tarptautinę politiką šalyje konkurencinėje kovoje su kitomis Europos Sąjungos šalimis. Nors per pastarąjį dešimtmetį Lietuvoje studentų mobilumo rodikliai gerėjo, vis dar jaučiamas nepakankamas atvykstančių tarptautinių studentų srautas. Todėl atsiranda būtinybė atidžiau pažvelgti į veiksnius, lemiančius tarptautinių studentų sprendimą studijuoti kitose Europos Sąjungos šalyse, įvertinti Lietuvos akademinį patrauklumą, kad būtų atskleistas ir viešinamas nacionalinės švietimo sistemos konkurencinis pranašumas. Pasitelkus teorinį traukiančių ir stumiančių veiksnių orientyrą, šiame darbe nustatomi veiksniai, lemiantys tarptautinių studentų pasirinkimą studijuoti Lietuvos universitetuose, atliktas šių veiksnių vertinimas, atsižvelgiant į Europos Sąjungos šalių kontekstą. Tyrimui įgyvendinti pasitelkiama ekspertų apklausa bei analitinės hierarchijos proceso analizė. Tarptautinių studentų pasirinkimą lemiančių veiksnių identifikavimas leidžia nacionalinio lygmens aukštojo mokslo politikos formuotojams bei aukštųjų mokslo institucijų administratoriams tobulinti veiklos pasiūlymus.

With rising demand for international education in Europe, today more higher education systems have become active in attracting international students. Hence, players in the global higher education market are highlighting their advantages in the higher education marketplace to become more competitive. As Lithuania has an ambitious desire to double the number of international students by 2025, this exploratory study analyses the important factors that will help to better target international students and put emphasis on the challenges to be refined in national education policies.

With rising demand for international education in Europe, today more higher education systems have become active in attracting international students. Hence, players in the global higher education market are highlighting their advantages in the higher education marketplace to become more competitive. As Lithuania has an ambitious desire to double the number of international students by 2025, this exploratory study analyses the important factors that will help to better target international students and put emphasis on the challenges to be refined in national education policies.

How does the law of the European Union affect health law and policy? At first sight, it seems limited. However, despite its restricted formal competence, the EU has recently become increasingly involved in the health field. Litigation based on EU law has resulted in a 'right to receive health care services' across national boundaries which may have huge practical implications for national health systems. The EU has promulgated legislation regulating clinical research, and the marketing of pharmaceuticals; patients' rights are affected by EU legislation on data protection and product liability; the qualifications of health care professionals are legally recognised across the EU; and the EU has acted to promote public health. This book explores the various impacts of measures of EU law on national health law and policy. Through elaboration of selected examples, the authors show that, within the EU, health law cannot be regarded as a purely national affair