Suchergebnisse

Одним з основних факторів впливу науково-технічного прогресу на всі сфери діяльності людини є розвиток і широке використання нових інформаційних технологій. Серед найбільш масових сфер, в яких інформаційні технології відіграють вирішальну роль, особливе місце займає сфера управління. Важливою складовою процесів управління і прийняття управлінських рішень є документообіг, автоматизація якого особливо актуальна для силового відомства держави, особливо в умовах воєнного конфлікту.У статті визначаються основні вимоги до автоматизованої системи (АС) діловодства та електронного документообігу для силового відомства на основі формування вимог для типової системи МО України.Пропонується варіант загальної схеми трирівневої АС документообігу для силового відомства, яка включає рівні: тактичний, оперативно-тактичний, стратегічний (для МО України) або місцевий, регіональний, вище (для МВС, МНС).Обов'язковою складом такий АС повинні бути такі структурні компоненти:1. Серверний комплекс ‑ структурний компонент, призначений для зберігання, обробки оперативних і аналітичних даних і надання відповідного рівня захищеного доступу до них користувачам. Компоненти серверного комплексу включають такі елементи забезпечення: системне програмне забезпечення, бази даних обраного типу; спеціальне програмне забезпечення.2. Мережевий шлюз ‑ структурний (програмно-апаратний) компонент серверного комплексу, призначений для сполучення комп'ютерних мереж, що працюють по різних протоколах обміну даних.3. Комутатор ‑ структурний компонент серверного комплексу, призначений для з'єднання декількох вузлів комп'ютерної мережі в межах одного сегмента мережі.4. Автоматизоване робоче місце підтримки кінцевих користувачів ‑ структурний компонент АС, призначений для забезпечення підтримки роботи кінцевих користувачів різних рівнів. Компоненти включають такі елементи забезпечення: операційна система, антивірусне програмне забезпечення.5. Автоматизоване робоче місце користувача ‑ структурний компонент АС, призначений для забезпечення інтерфейсу доступу через інформаційно-транспортну мережу силового відомства до певних інформаційних ресурсів (сервера сховища баз даних). ; Одним из основных факторов влияния научно-технического прогресса на все сферы деятельности человека является развитие и широкое использование новых информационных технологий. Среди наиболее массовых сфер, в которых информационные технологии играют решающую роль, особое место занимает сфера управления. Важной составляющей процессов управления и принятия управленческих решений является документооборот, автомтизация которого особенно актуальна для силового ведомства государства, особенно в условиях военного конфликта.В статье определяются основные требования к автоматизированной системе (АС) делопроизводства и электронного документооборота для силового ведомства на основе формирования требований для типовой системы МО Украины.Предлагается вариант общей схемы трехуровневой АС документооборота для силового ведомства, которая включает уровни: тактический, оперативно-тактический, стратегический (для МО Украины) или местный, региональный, выше (для МВД, МЧС).Обязательным составом такой АС должны быть следующие структурные компоненты:1. Серверный комплекс ‑ структурный компонент, предназначенный для хранения, обработки оперативных и аналитических данных и предоставления соответствующего уровня защищенного доступа к ним пользователям. Компоненты серверного комплекса включают следующие элементы обеспечения: системное программное обеспечение, базы данных выбранного типа; специальное программное обеспечение.2. Сетевой шлюз ‑ структурный (программно-аппаратный) компонент серверного комплекса, предназначенный для сопряжения компьютерных сетей, работающих по различным протоколам обмена данных.3. Коммутатор ‑ структурный компонент серверного комплекса, предназначенный для соединения нескольких узлов компьютерной сети в пределах одного сегмента сети.4. Автоматизированное рабочее место поддержки конечных пользователей ‑ структурный компонент АС, предназначенный для обеспечения поддержки работы конечных пользователей различных уровней. Компоненты включают следующие элементы обеспечения: операционная система, антивирусное программное обеспечение.5. Автоматизированное рабочее место пользователя ‑ структурный компонент АС, предназначенный для обеспечения интерфейса доступа через информационно-транспортную сеть силового ведомства к определенным информационным ресурсам (сервера хранилища баз данных). ійних ресурсів (сервера сховища баз даних). ; One of the main factors influencing scientific and technological progress on all spheres of human activity is the development and widespread use of new information technologies. Among the most widespread areas in which information technology plays a crucial role, a special place is occupied by management. An important component of the management and decision-making processes is document flow, the automation of which is particularly relevant for the power department of any state, especially in conditions of military conflict.The article defines the basic requirements for the automated system (AS) of office work and electronic document management for the power department based on the formation of requirements for a typical system of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine.In addition, the article proposes a version of the general three-level automated document management system for the security department, which includes the following levels: tactical, operational-tactical, strategic (for the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine) or local, regional, higher (for the MIA, MES).The following structural components should be an obligatory composition of such an AS:1. The server complex is a structural component designed to store, process operational and analytical data and provide the appropriate level of power access to users. The components of the server complex include the following elements of support: system software, databases of the selected type; special software.2. The network gateway is a structural (hardware-software) component of the server complex designed for interfacing computer networks operating under various data exchange protocols.3. The switch is a structural component of the server complex, designed to connect several nodes of a computer network within one network segment.4. Automated workplace of end-user support is a structural component of the AS, designed to support the work of end-users at various levels. Components include the following elements of support: operating system, antivirus software.5. The automated workplace of the user is a structural component of the AS, designed to provide the access interface through the information and transport network of the power department to certain information resources (database storage server).

Agri-Food is the largest manufacturing sector in the UK. It supports a food chain that generates over £108bn p.a., with 3.9m employees in a truly international industry and exports £20bn of UK manufactured goods. However, the global food chain is under pressure from population growth, climate change, political pressures affecting migration, population drift from rural to urban regions and the demographics of an aging global population. These challenges are recognised in the UK Industrial Strategy white paper and backed by significant investment via a Wave 2 Industrial Challenge Fund Investment ("Transforming Food Production: from Farm to Fork"). Robotics and Autonomous Systems (RAS) and associated digital technologies are now seen as enablers of this critical food chain transformation. To meet these challenges, this white paper reviews the state of the art in the application of RAS in Agri-Food production and explores research and innovation needs to ensure these technologies reach their full potential and deliver the necessary impacts in the Agri-Food sector. The opportunities for RAS range include; the development of field robots that can assist workers by carrying payloads and conduct agricultural operations such as crop and animal sensing, weeding and drilling; integration of autonomous systems technologies into existing farm operational equipment such as tractors; robotic systems to harvest crops and conduct complex dextrous operations; the use of collaborative and "human in the loop" robotic applications to augment worker productivity; advanced robotic applications, including the use of soft robotics, to drive productivity beyond the farm gate into the factory and retail environment; and increasing the levels of automation and reducing the reliance on human labour and skill sets, for example, in farming management, planning and decision making. RAS technology has the potential to transform food production and the UK has an opportunity to establish global leadership within the domain. However, there are particular barriers to overcome to secure this vision: 1. The UK RAS community with an interest in Agri-Food is small and highly dispersed. There is an urgent need to defragment and then expand the community. 2. The UK RAS community has no specific training paths or Centres for Doctoral Training to provide trained human resource capacity within Agri-Food. 3. While there has been substantial government investment in translational activities at high Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs), there is insufficient ongoing basic research in Agri-Food RAS at low TRLs to underpin onward innovation delivery for industry. 4. There is a concern that RAS for Agri-Food is not realising its full potential, as the projects being commissioned currently are too few and too small-scale. RAS challenges often involve the complex integration of multiple discrete technologies (e.g. navigation, safe operation, grasping and manipulation, perception). There is a need to further develop these discrete technologies but also to deliver large-scale industrial applications that resolve integration and interoperability issues. The UK community needs to undertake a few well-chosen large-scale and collaborative "moon shot" projects. 5. The successful delivery of RAS projects within Agri-Food requires close collaboration between the RAS community and with academic and industry practitioners. For example, the breeding of crops with novel phenotypes, such as fruits which are easy to see and pick by robots, may simplify and accelerate the application of RAS technologies. Therefore, there is an urgent need to seek new ways to create RAS and Agri-Food domain networks that can work collaboratively to address key challenges. This is especially important for Agri-Food since success in the sector requires highly complex cross-disciplinary activity. Furthermore, within UKRI many of the Research Councils and Innovate UK directly fund different aspects of Agri-Food, but as yet there is no coordinated and integrated Agri-Food research policy per se. Our vision is a new generation of smart, flexible, robust, compliant, interconnected robotic and autonomous systems working seamlessly alongside their human co-workers in farms and food factories. Teams of multi-modal, interoperable robotic systems will self-organise and coordinate their activities with the "human in the loop". Electric farm and factory robots with interchangeable tools, including low-tillage solutions, soft robotic grasping technologies and sensors, will support the sustainable intensification of agriculture, drive manufacturing productivity and underpin future food security. To deliver this vision the research and innovation needs include the development of robust robotic platforms, suited to agricultural environments, and improved capabilities for sensing and perception, planning and coordination, manipulation and grasping, learning and adaptation, interoperability between robots and existing machinery, and human-robot collaboration, including the key issues of safety and user acceptance. Technology adoption is likely to occur in measured steps. Most farmers and food producers will need technologies that can be introduced gradually, alongside and within their existing production systems. Thus, for the foreseeable future, humans and robots will frequently operate collaboratively to perform tasks, and that collaboration must be safe. There will be a transition period in which humans and robots work together as first simple and then more complex parts of work are conducted by robots, driving productivity and enabling human jobs to move up the value chain.

European integration processes have become an indispensable feature and direction of development of meat cattle breeding in Ukraine. To calculate the forecast value of gross production of livestock products, we have chosen a method based on the construction of mathematical statistical models. Forecast indicators of cattle livestock in agricultural enterprises of Ukraine are calculated by constructing a polynomial trend line, since the equation of this model has the highest correlation and determination coefficients (0.980051 and 0.9605 respectively), that is, it describes a number of dynamics most reliably. The polynomial trend model is described by the following equation: y = 35.134x2 – 1704.8x + 20748. According to the results of calculations in 2025, the achievement of the cattle population is projected at 2.243.7 thousand heads. The dynamics of the pig population also reflects the polynomial trend model described by the following equation: y = 19.638x2 – 812.86x + 10803, the correlation and determination coefficients of 0.885268 and 0.77837, respectively. In case of preservation of the current tendency, in 2025 the pig population in agricultural enterprises of Ukraine is expected to grow to 5011.2 thousand head, which is 38% more than in 2017. Based on the calculations (polynominal trend y = 148.43x2 – 2542.8x + 72000, the coefficients of correlation and determination are 0.808084 and 0.653), we forecast that in 2025 in agricultural enterprises of Ukraine, the number of all species of poultry will reach 153019,1 thousand heads. This is 1.4 times more than in 2017. According to our calculations (polynomial trend y = 3.013x2 – 134.03x1489.4, correlation coefficients and determination coefficients (0.95734 and 0.9165 respectively), the production of beef and veal in Ukraine in the coming years will gradually increase, despite decreasing volumes Due to the use of modern technologies and increased production intensification, we predict that in 2025 agricultural enterprises of Ukraine will produce 606.8 tons of pork, which is 50.1% more than in 2017. However, paying attention to the projected volumes of pork production, it should be borne in mind that agrarian production in general and pig production in particular are oriented towards market demand, therefore, its efficiency depends on the competitiveness on the domestic and foreign markets. The increased demand for poultry meat stimulates an increase in its volumes on an industrial basis, first of all, the production of broilers, as speedy and high-yielding poultry. According to our calculations (polynominal trend y = 2.1386x2 – 19.579x + 144.8, correlation coefficients and determination (0.985089 and 0.9704 respectively), using modern means of mechanization and automation of technological processes at low labor costs and facilities per unit of production, commodity producers will be able to produce in 2025 р. 2270,5 thousand. tons of poultry meat. In our opinion, the advantages of integrating meat poultry farming into the European Union are complicated by requirements and restrictions and create additional incentives for the development and improvement of production. ; Євроінтеграційні процеси стали невід'ємною ознакою та напрямком розвитку м'ясного тваринництва України. Для розрахунку прогнозного значення валового виробництва продукції тваринництва нами обрано методику, що базується на побудові математичних статистичних моделей. Прогнозні показники поголів'я великої рогатої худоби в сільськогосподарських підприємствах України розраховані шляхом побудови поліноміальної лінії тренду, оскільки рівняння цієї моделі має найбільші коефіцієнти кореляції і детермінації (0,980051 і 0,9605 відповідно), тобто, описує ряд динаміки найбільш достовірно. Поліноміальна трендова модель описується наступним рівнянням: y = 35,134x2 – 1704,8x + 20748. За результатами розрахунків у 2025 р. прогнозується досягнення поголів'я ВРХ 2473,7 тис. голів. Динаміку поголів'я свиней також відображає поліноміальна трендова модель описується наступним рівнянням: y=19,638x2 – 812,86x+10803, коефіцієнти кореляції і детермінації 0,885268 і 0,7837 відповідно. У разі збереження існуючої тенденції, у 2025 р. очікується, що поголів'я свиней в сільськогосподарських підприємствах України зросте до 5011,2 тис. гол., що на 38% більше, ніж у 2017 р. На основі проведених розрахунків (поліномінальний тренд y = 148,43x2 –2542,8x + 72000, коефіцієнти кореляції і детермінації 0,808084 і 0,653) ми прогнозуємо, що у 2025 р. в сільськогосподарських підприємствах України поголів'я всіх видів птицідосягне 153019,1 тис. голів. Це в 1,4 рази більше ніж у 2017 році. За нашими розрахунками (поліномінальний тренд y = 3,013x2 – 134,03x + 1489,4, коефіцієнти кореляції і детермінації (0,95734 і 0,9165 відповідно) виробництво яловичини і телятини в Україні в найближчі роки буде поступово збільшуватися, незважаючи на зменшення обсягів забою тварин через необхідність відновлення поголів'я стада. За рахунок використання сучасних технологій та підвищення інтенсифікації виробництва ми прогнозуємо, що у 2025 р. в сільськогосподарських підприємствах України буде вироблено 606,8 тис. тонн свинини, що на 50,1% більше обсягів 2017 р. Проте, приділяючи увагу прогнозним обсягам виробництва свинини, слід враховувати, що аграрне виробництво в цілому і свинарство зокрема зорієнтовані на ринковий попит, тому його ефективність залежить від конкурентоспроможності на внутрішньому і зовнішньому ринках. Підвищений попит на м'ясо птиці стимулює нарощування його обсягів на промисловій основі, насамперед виробництва бройлерів, як скороспілої та високопродуктивної птиці. За нашими розрахунками (поліномінальний тренд y = 2,1386x2 – 19,579x + 144,8, коефіцієнти кореляції і детермінації (0,985089 і 0,9704 відповідно) застосовуючи сучасні засоби механізації й автоматизації технологічних процесів при невеликих витратах праці і засобів з розрахунку на одиницю продукції товаровиробники зможуть виробити у 2025 р. 2270,5 тис. тонн м'яса птиці. Переваги інтеграції м'ясного птахівництва до Європейського Союзу, на нашу думку, переважають складні вимоги і обмеження та створюють додаткові стимули розвитку і удосконалення виробництва.

The contemporary convergence between immigration control and criminal justice, commonly referred to as crimmigration, entails a substantial reconfiguration of immigration control decision-making processes. One of the most significant features of this conversion is the increasing intervention of the criminal judiciary in matters related to immigration control. For instance, deportation can be in many cases a consequence of a criminal conviction for a considerable number of crimes, and bail or sentencing decisions can be influenced by the migratory status and the deportation likelihood of a defendant. Although empirical research upon the convergence between immigration and criminal law has rapidly grown in the last decade, there is still a gap in the literature regarding the judicial decision-making processes and determinants of immigration control within the realm of criminal courts. The present research purports to contribute to the scholarly research on such aspects by conducting an in-depth qualitative case-study analysis of a specific court setting. For that purpose, this dissertation focuses on Spain given that its legal migration regime shares many of the substantial aspects of the phenomenon described by the crimmigration concept. Despite irregular migration is not a criminal offence in that country, immigration detention is authorised by criminal judges and there is a series of expulsion (deportation) pathways available within criminal proceedings. Additionally, Spain is a relevant research location in this regard due to its crucial role at controlling the Southern border of the so-called 'fortress Europe'. Drawing on 78 in-depth semi-structured interviews with judges, prosecutors, clerks, court personnel, defence attorneys and other legal professionals, as well as focused observation conducted for a period of eight months, this thesis seeks to ascertain the punitive meanings attributed by criminal court actors to immigration control. To do so, this research relies on organisational, social-psychological, and cultural frameworks for explaining judicial decision-making by criminal courts, focusing on immigration detention and expulsion throughout the criminal proceeding, which are in general administrative procedures under judicial supervision by criminal courts. Whilst assuming that the convergence between immigration control and criminal justice is a contemporary mechanism for the social construction of the 'criminal immigrant', the main findings of this study are structured in two parts. The first delves into the idiosyncratic features of immigration detention decision-making, and the second into the determinants and meanings ascribed by court actors to so called pre-trial, sentencing and post-sentence expulsion. This analysis evidences that immigration detention decision-making is substantially determined by the convergence of bureaucratically patterned decisional mechanics and the intrinsic criminal justice cultural identity of criminal courts. This embodies Kafkaesque dynamics characterised by automation, thoughtlessness and dehumanisation in decision-making. Furthermore, this research reveals that expulsion is a court's culturally constructed punishment, defined more by the meanings produced and attributed to it by court actors than by its formal legal categorisation. Specifically, this thesis contends that expulsion is assessed by court actors in terms of its suitability for attaining such traditional purposes of punishment as incapacitation, deterrence and retribution. Therefore, this research concludes that immigration detention and expulsion are substantially traversed by the constitutive cultural identity of criminal courts, which in turn determines their key procedural traits and decisional outcomes. ; Die gegenwärtige Annäherung zwischen Migrationskontrolle und Strafrecht, die auf allgemein als Crimmigration bezeichnet wird, führt zu einer substanziellen Umgestaltung des Entscheidungsfindungsprozesses der Migrationskontrolle. Ein besonders bedeutsames Merkmal dieser Annäherung ist die steigende Einflussnahme von Strafgerichten auf die Migrationsrechtsverfolgung; wobei solche Gerichte wesentliche Fragen über Migrationskontrolle beantworten müssen. Beispielweise kann Abschiebung in einem Prozess die Folge einer Verurteilung wegen krimineller Handlungen sein, gleichzeitig kann das Strafmaß durch den Migrationsstatus und die Rückführungswahrscheinlichkeit des Angeklagten beeinflusst werden. Obwohl die Anzahl empirischer Forschung zu Crimmigration während des letzten Jahrzehnts schnell gestiegen ist, bleibt eine Lücke in der spezialisierten Literatur bezüglich der Entscheidungsprozesse vor Gericht und der bestimmenden Faktoren von Migrationskontrolle im Bereich der Strafgerichtsbarkeit. Die vorliegende Forschungsarbeit trägt durch eine tiefgehende qualitative Fallstudie Analyse eines spezifischen juridischen Settings zu diesen genannten Aspekten der wissenschaftlichen Forschung bei. Zu diesem Zweck fokussiert sich diese Dissertation auf Spanien, da das spanische-juridische Migrationsregime teilt viele der wesentlichen Aspekte des Phänomens, das mit dem Crimmigration Konzept beschrieben wird. Zwar irreguläre Migration nicht strafbar ist, wird Einwanderungshaft durch die Strafgerichte autorisiert, weshalb eine Reihe an Möglichkeiten für eine Abschiebung den Strafprozessen inhärent sind. Spanien besitzt auch deshalb eine hohe Relevanz als Fallstudie für das vorliegende Forschungsfeld aufgrund der entscheidenden Rolle, es bei der Kontrolle der südlichen Grenze der so genannten 'Fortress Europe' (Festung Europa) einnimmt. Basierend auf 78 ausführlichen, semi-strukturierten Interviews mit Richtern, Staatsanwälten, Gerichtsbeamten, Rechtsanwälten, und anderweitigem Rechtspersonal, sowie aufmerksamen Beobachtungen während eines achtmonatigen Zeitraumes, macht es sich die vorliegende Thesis zur Aufgabe die der Migrationskontrolle, seitens der Strafgerichtsbarkeitsakteure, attribuierte strafende Bedeutung festzustellen. Dafür bedient sich der hier vorliegende Forschungsansatz Erkenntnissen aus organisationstheoretischen, sozial-psychologischen und kulturwissenschaftlichen Perspektiven, um die juridische Entscheidungsfindung der Strafgerichte zu interpretieren. Ein besonderer Fokus wird hierbei auf die Praktiken der Abschiebung und Abschiebehaft gelegt, die generell als administrative Prozeduren der Gerichte unter richterlicher Anordnung gesehen werden. Der Annahme folgenden, dass durch die Überschneidung zwischen Kontrolle von Einwanderung und Strafprozessrecht als ein kontemporärer Mechanismus für die soziale Konstruktion des 'criminal immigrant' (Der kriminelle/verbrecherische Einwanderer) geschieht, können die Ergebnisse dieser Forschung in zwei Teile gegliedert betrachtet werden. Der erste Teil vertieft die idiosynkratrischen Besonderheiten der migrationshaft-bezogenen Entscheidungsfindung, und der zweite Teil handelt von den durch Strafgerichtsakteure beigemessenen Einflussfaktoren und Bedeutungen bezüglich vor-Verhandlung, Verurteilung und nach Urteil durchgeführten Abschiebungen. Diese Forschung macht deutlich, dass die Willensbildung im Falle der Einwanderungshaftgrundsätzlich durch die Konvergenz von bürokratisch geprägten Entscheidungsmechanismen, und die den Strafprozessen intrinsische Kulturalidentität von Verfassungsgerichten, determiniert wird. Dies verkörpert kafkaeske Dynamiken einer automatisierten, gedankenlosen und entmenschlichenden Willensbildung des Strafprozesses. Weiterhin zeigt die vorliegende Forschung, dass die Abschiebung eine kulturell-konstruierte Sanktion ist, die mehr durch die ihr von Strafgerichtsakteuren gegebene Bedeutung als durch formale legislative Inhalte abgegrenzt wird. Insbesondere argumentiert die vorliegende Dissertation, dass die Gerichtsakteure die Abschiebung im Rahmen einer Angemessenheit für traditionelle Bestrafungs-, Entmündigungs-, Abschreckungs- und Vergeltungszwecke einschätzen. Letztendlich schlussfolgert diese Forschung, dass Einwanderung, Verhaftung, und Abschiebung im Wesentlichen von der konstituierenden Kulturalidentität des Strafgerichtes geprägt sind, was wiederum deren Schlüsselverfahrenscharakteristiken und Entscheidungsergebnisse bestimmt.

Issues of financial security of banks in the context of potential threats detection and prevention of their implementation into risks are considered in the paper. The concept of financial security of banks together with the need to maintain continuous financial flows is clarified. A logical and functional scheme of the system for preventive recognition of potential threats and eliminating risks for the financial security of banks is also developed. Its structure includes functional, methodological, and object-targeted level.It is not possible to estimate the quality and efficiency of the system with the direct financial figures, because the main purpose of its activities is to prevent realization of potential threats.The concept of threats to the bank's financial security received the further development due to explaining and accounting the effect of irrational expectations. The classification of threats to the bank's security is completed. It includes exogenous and endogenous factors together with current trends of increasing influence of anthropogenic factors and aggravation of conflicts at various levels, such as military, corporate, stakeholders, bank-staff, and bank-customer. The analysis of the statistics of the banking system functioning under conditions of the current crisis is made. A cricial diagnosis of the banks operations was conducted by the National Bank of Ukraine. The major risks to the bank's operations and failures up to date are revealed.The objects of management of the system's information security are described in details depending on the source of emergence and storage of data. The arrangements for potential threats prevention to the implementation of the Internet-banking by introducing advanced methods of validation of information are proposed.It is proved that an effective system of preventive detection of potential threats and elimination of risks in the bank's financial security should include: complete automation of solutions with minimal manual intervention, embedded advanced analytical models of elimination of distorted information, flexible and effective cooperation with customers, and resistance to changes in the regulatory framework and unlawful actions of competitors and criminals. ; В статье рассматриваются вопросы финансовой безопасности банков в контексте выявления потенциальных угроз и недопущения их воплощения в риски. Уточнено понятие финансовой безопасности банков с учетом необходимости поддержания непрерывного движения финансовых потоков. Разработана логико-функциональная схема функционирования системы превентивного распознавания потенциальных угроз и устранения рисков финансовой безопасности банков, которая структурирована на функциональный, методологический и объектно-целевой уровень. Эффективность построенной системы финансовой безопасности банков невозможно оценить прямыми финансовыми показателями, так как главная цель ее деятельности − это недопущение реализации потенциальных угроз.Получило дальнейшего развития понятие угроз финансовой безопасности банков за счет раскрытия и учета эффекта иррациональных ожиданий. Доработана классификация угроз банковской безопасности, формируемых экзо- и эндогенными факторами, с учетом современных тенденций роста влияния техногенных факторов и обострения конфликтов разных уровней, таких как военные, корпоративные, учредительные, банк − персонал, банк − клиент. Проведен анализ статистических данных работы банковской системы в современных кризисных условиях. Выполнен критический анализ диагностики деятельности банков, которая была проведена Национальным банком Украины. Выделены основные риски деятельности и банкротства банков в современных условиях.Детализированы объекты управления системы информационной безопасности в зависимости от источника возникновения и хранения данных. Предложены меры по недопущению реализации потенциальных угроз в сфере интернет-банкинга за счет внедрения передовых методов аутентификации информации.Доказано, что эффективная система превентивного выявления потенциальных угроз и устранения рисков финансовой безопасности банков должна иметь: полную автоматизацию решений с минимальным ручным вмешательством, встроенные передовые аналитические модели учета искаженной информации, гибкое и плодотворное сотрудничество с клиентами, а также устойчивость к изменению нормативно-правовой базы и неправомерных действий конкурентов и преступников. ; У статті розглядаються питання фінансової безпеки банків у контексті виявлення потенційних загроз та недопущення їх перетворення у ризики. Уточнено поняття фінансової безпеки банків з урахуванням необхідності підтримання безперервного руху фінансових потоків. Розроблено логіко-функціональну схему дії системи превентивного розпізнання потенційних загроз та усунення ризиків фінансової безпеки банків, яка структурована на функціональний, методологічний та об'єктно-цільовий рівень. Ефективність побудованої системи фінансової безпеки банків неможливо оцінити прямими фінансовими показниками, тому що головна мета її діяльності – це недопущення реалізації потенційних загроз.Дістало подальшого розвитку поняття загроз фінансовій безпеці банків за рахунок розкриття й урахування ефекту іраціональних очікувань. Дороблена класифікація загроз банківській безпеці, що формуються екзо- та ендогенними факторами, з урахуванням сучасних тенденцій підвищення впливу техногенних факторів та загострення конфліктів різних рівнів, таких як військові, корпоративні, засновницькі, банк – персонал, банк − клієнт. Проведено аналіз статистичних даних роботи банківської системи в сучасних кризових умовах. Зроблено критичний аналіз діагностики діяльності банків, що була проведена Національним банком України. Виокремлені основні ризики діяльності та банкрутства банків у сучасних умовах.Деталізовані об'єкти управління системи інформаційної безпеки в залежності від джерела виникнення та зберігання даних. Запропоновані заходи щодо недопущення реалізації потенційних загроз у сфері інтернет-банкінгу за рахунок упровадження передових методів аутентифікації інформації.Доведено, що ефективна система превентивного виявлення потенційних загроз та усунення ризиків фінансової безпеки банків повинна мати: повну автоматизацію рішень з мінімальним ручним втручанням, вбудовані передові аналітичні моделі врахування спотвореної інформації, гнучке та плідне співробітництво з клієнтами, а також стійкість до зміни нормативно-правової бази та неправомірних дій конкурентів й злочинців.

Issues of financial security of banks in the context of potential threats detection and prevention of their implementation into risks are considered in the paper. The concept of financial security of banks together with the need to maintain continuous financial flows is clarified. A logical and functional scheme of the system for preventive recognition of potential threats and eliminating risks for the financial security of banks is also developed. Its structure includes functional, methodological, and object-targeted level.It is not possible to estimate the quality and efficiency of the system with the direct financial figures, because the main purpose of its activities is to prevent realization of potential threats.The concept of threats to the bank's financial security received the further development due to explaining and accounting the effect of irrational expectations. The classification of threats to the bank's security is completed. It includes exogenous and endogenous factors together with current trends of increasing influence of anthropogenic factors and aggravation of conflicts at various levels, such as military, corporate, stakeholders, bank-staff, and bank-customer. The analysis of the statistics of the banking system functioning under conditions of the current crisis is made. A cricial diagnosis of the banks operations was conducted by the National Bank of Ukraine. The major risks to the bank's operations and failures up to date are revealed.The objects of management of the system's information security are described in details depending on the source of emergence and storage of data. The arrangements for potential threats prevention to the implementation of the Internet-banking by introducing advanced methods of validation of information are proposed.It is proved that an effective system of preventive detection of potential threats and elimination of risks in the bank's financial security should include: complete automation of solutions with minimal manual intervention, embedded advanced analytical models of elimination of distorted information, flexible and effective cooperation with customers, and resistance to changes in the regulatory framework and unlawful actions of competitors and criminals. ; В статье рассматриваются вопросы финансовой безопасности банков в контексте выявления потенциальных угроз и недопущения их воплощения в риски. Уточнено понятие финансовой безопасности банков с учетом необходимости поддержания непрерывного движения финансовых потоков. Разработана логико-функциональная схема функционирования системы превентивного распознавания потенциальных угроз и устранения рисков финансовой безопасности банков, которая структурирована на функциональный, методологический и объектно-целевой уровень. Эффективность построенной системы финансовой безопасности банков невозможно оценить прямыми финансовыми показателями, так как главная цель ее деятельности − это недопущение реализации потенциальных угроз.Получило дальнейшего развития понятие угроз финансовой безопасности банков за счет раскрытия и учета эффекта иррациональных ожиданий. Доработана классификация угроз банковской безопасности, формируемых экзо- и эндогенными факторами, с учетом современных тенденций роста влияния техногенных факторов и обострения конфликтов разных уровней, таких как военные, корпоративные, учредительные, банк − персонал, банк − клиент. Проведен анализ статистических данных работы банковской системы в современных кризисных условиях. Выполнен критический анализ диагностики деятельности банков, которая была проведена Национальным банком Украины. Выделены основные риски деятельности и банкротства банков в современных условиях.Детализированы объекты управления системы информационной безопасности в зависимости от источника возникновения и хранения данных. Предложены меры по недопущению реализации потенциальных угроз в сфере интернет-банкинга за счет внедрения передовых методов аутентификации информации.Доказано, что эффективная система превентивного выявления потенциальных угроз и устранения рисков финансовой безопасности банков должна иметь: полную автоматизацию решений с минимальным ручным вмешательством, встроенные передовые аналитические модели учета искаженной информации, гибкое и плодотворное сотрудничество с клиентами, а также устойчивость к изменению нормативно-правовой базы и неправомерных действий конкурентов и преступников. ; У статті розглядаються питання фінансової безпеки банків у контексті виявлення потенційних загроз та недопущення їх перетворення у ризики. Уточнено поняття фінансової безпеки банків з урахуванням необхідності підтримання безперервного руху фінансових потоків. Розроблено логіко-функціональну схему дії системи превентивного розпізнання потенційних загроз та усунення ризиків фінансової безпеки банків, яка структурована на функціональний, методологічний та об'єктно-цільовий рівень. Ефективність побудованої системи фінансової безпеки банків неможливо оцінити прямими фінансовими показниками, тому що головна мета її діяльності – це недопущення реалізації потенційних загроз.Дістало подальшого розвитку поняття загроз фінансовій безпеці банків за рахунок розкриття й урахування ефекту іраціональних очікувань. Дороблена класифікація загроз банківській безпеці, що формуються екзо- та ендогенними факторами, з урахуванням сучасних тенденцій підвищення впливу техногенних факторів та загострення конфліктів різних рівнів, таких як військові, корпоративні, засновницькі, банк – персонал, банк − клієнт. Проведено аналіз статистичних даних роботи банківської системи в сучасних кризових умовах. Зроблено критичний аналіз діагностики діяльності банків, що була проведена Національним банком України. Виокремлені основні ризики діяльності та банкрутства банків у сучасних умовах.Деталізовані об'єкти управління системи інформаційної безпеки в залежності від джерела виникнення та зберігання даних. Запропоновані заходи щодо недопущення реалізації потенційних загроз у сфері інтернет-банкінгу за рахунок упровадження передових методів аутентифікації інформації.Доведено, що ефективна система превентивного виявлення потенційних загроз та усунення ризиків фінансової безпеки банків повинна мати: повну автоматизацію рішень з мінімальним ручним втручанням, вбудовані передові аналітичні моделі врахування спотвореної інформації, гнучке та плідне співробітництво з клієнтами, а також стійкість до зміни нормативно-правової бази та неправомірних дій конкурентів й злочинців.

Recent natural disasters and major technological incidents as well as intensification of human activities prove the strategic necessity for the effective use of results of natural and technological object monitoring and its integration within the national economic processes. This book presents main results achieved within the research project 2.1/ EL RI‑184/2011/14 "Integrated Intelligent Platform for Monitoring the Cross-Border Natural-Technological Systems" (IN FROM) as part of "Estonia – Latvia – Russia Cross- Border Cooperation Programme within European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument 2007–2013", from both theoretical and implementation perspectives. The project aims to improve the integrated monitoring and control of cross-border complex systems, which contain natural, technological and social elements, in normal and emergency situations based on heterogeneous data received from space and ground-based information sources. Nowadays, monitoring and control methods are applicable only for specific Natural Technological Systems (NTSs). As a result, statistical information about existing systems is not well coordinated. This drawback becomes more evident in emergency situations, when effective decisions must be taken within a short period of time while different information flows have to be analysed. Monitoring information regarding incidents and disasters is received typically from different facilities (e. g., biometric systems, aerospace systems, etc.), and, therefore, it is heterogeneous in nature (e. g., electrical signals, audio and video information, text, etc.). Since modern NTSs are very complex and multi-functional objects, their monitoring and control should be performed in conditions of large-scale heterogeneous datasets. Nowadays, the monitoring and control processes of NTSs are still not completely automated. The IN FROM project addresses the problem of integrated monitoring and control of cross-border natural-technological systems in normal and emergency situations, based on the analysis of heterogeneous data received from both space and ground-based facilities. The overall objective of the project is to develop a universal common intelligent platform for unifying efforts of specialists from Russia and Latvia to protect the environment and natural resources, based on the integrated space-ground monitoring. The project results achieved provide a unified approach to the integrated monitoring and control of complex systems based on the analysis of heterogeneous data received from space and ground-based facilities, by using different types of models (i. e., analytical, algorithmic, mixed) to model behaviour of these systems. In order to select and develop an appropriate model, techniques for estimation of the model quality and its adjustment to a real application are enrolled. The book is recommended to the professionals responsible for monitoring of complex natural and technological objects and researchers working in this area. 12 The book contains a list of authors, a preface, four chapters as well as lists of abbreviations, figures and tables, and a summary. Each chapter is provided with references. The preface gives a short overview of the INFROM project objectives and briefly describes contents of the book. Chapter 1 presents the state of the art in the development of computationally efficient and user-centred geospatial monitoring, analysis and modelling framework that allows processing and integration of remotely sensed data at different spatial and time scales, as well as modelling and simulation for assessment of possible future development scenarios of the monitored and analysed natural and technological objects. Chapter 2 provides an insight into the advanced innovative information technologies for integrated space and ground-based monitoring of complex systems containing natural, technological and social elements. Chapter 3 describes an integrated distributed network framework introduced in the project and the developed infrastructures. It also presents support tools for intelligent space and ground-based monitoring of river floods, integrated forest monitoring, including forest taxation and evaluating forest fire safety conditions and tools for information processing of water pollution. Demonstration cases to prove functionality of the proposed technology platform, developed information processing and decision support tools are introduced in Chapter 4. These demonstration cases provide simulation-based Daugava River flood forecasting; integrated forest monitoring at Madona municipality and in Pskov region as well as monitoring of oil pollution in the Gulf of Finland and the overgrowing of Lubans Lake. Finally, concluding remarks are provided in the summary. We would like to express our gratitude to all project participants contributed to the preparation of this book as well as to representatives of the target groups actively participated in the implementation of the IN FROM project. We are also pleased to acknowledge great support provided by colleagues from the institutions, involved into project implementation, in particular, project partners – Riga Technical University (Latvia) and St. Petersburg Institute for Informatics and Automation of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia), as well as project associate partners in Latvia (Latvian Transport Development and Education Association, and Diplomatic Economic Club) and Russia (Committee on IT and Communications, Government of the City of St. Petersburg). Our special thanks for the permanent support in searching for new approaches, developing new methods, algorithms and software tools in order to implement them, and finally for demonstrating efficiency of the developed methods and tools in particular demonstration cases go to the project Advisory Board and personally to its Chair Dr. Jānis Lelis. We would also like to acknowledge the valuable and professional support of the Joint Technical Secretariat of Estonia – Latvia – Russia Cross-Border Cooperation Programme officers during the project implementation and preparation of this book.

Corruption is considered to be a major problem across all parts of the world. However, corruption is arguably more prevalent in least developed countries when compared to developed industrialised nations. Bangladesh, in this regard, is no exception. The extent of corruption in Bangladesh reached such a record level that it was dubbed the most corrupt country in the world in Transparency International's Corruption Perception Index for consecutive years between 2001 and 2005. The political economy of corruption in Bangladesh presents a frustrating picture of the problem that suggests that the apparent corrupt state of Bangladesh has primarily emanated from a longstanding nexus between corrupt politicians, public officials and other stakeholders, including businesspeople. Tax evasion is likely to play a significant role in creating and maintaining such a nexus resulting in a significant shortfall in the country's overall revenue collection. Despite the importance of this intriguing scenario, very little empirical research has been conducted to date on tax evasion as a corrupt practice and the various politico-economic issues associated with it in Bangladesh. This study aims to identify and analyse the key issues associated with the tax policy formulation, implementation and compliance processes and their likely roles in facilitating tax evasion. It also seeks to investigate the involvement and nexus of various stakeholders and their alleged contribution to tax evasion in Bangladesh. Initially, the context of the thesis is established, relying on the background of the study and the literature on tax evasion and corruption. A number of relevant theories are identified as theoretical templates for assessing the problem in a Bangladesh context, viz., public choice theory, rent-seeking theory and the Allingham-Sandmo Model. A combination of deductive and inductive reasoning has been utilised to capture the complexity of the research. A conceptual framework and a set of propositions are framed on the basis of the literature. Based on a single-country-based case study approach, mixed methods have been employed to obtain insightful answers to the research problem. The study utilises both quantitative and qualitative research methods. Primary data were collected by conducting a survey utilising structured printed questionnaires, face-to-face interviews, and attendance at a roundtable seminar as a participant observer. Secondary data were collected from project reports, government publications and documents, books, journals, reports, newspapers and electronic media. The empirical findings suggest that the absence of a participatory policy making process, lack of research into, and reform of, the tax system, short-term oriented and politically motivated tax policies, loopholes, anomalies and complexities of tax laws and policies are responsible for creating scope for tax evasion. Institutional weaknesses of the tax administration, lack of professional support for tax officials and inappropriate behavioural aspects of tax officials have undermined the efficiency of the tax policy implementation process, resulting in widespread tax evasion. During the compliance process, the absence of a tax culture among income earners, inadequate taxpayer service, complexities and unfairness in tax estimation, weak enforcement and the negative image of the tax department work as influential driving forces for tax non-compliance. The empirical findings also revealed that the corrupt nexus of self-interested policy makers, rent-seeking tax officials, self-utility maximiser taxpayers, including businesspeople, professionals, self-employed persons, and their intermediaries, tax agents, facilitates tax evasion. This study provides policy implications and recommendations for combating tax evasion and corruption in the tax administration. It recommends comprehensive reform of the Income Tax Ordinance 1984, establishing a permanent autonomous tax research cell, ensuring participation of all stakeholders including taxpayers and the civil society in tax policy formulation. The study also flags an urgent need to strengthen the tax administration through providing adequate human resources, infrastructure and logistic support and automation, and enhancing its jurisdiction. Adequate wages and professional support for tax officials should immediately be provided. Strong tax enforcement, with an increased probability of detection of tax evasion, increased penalty rates and a reduction in tax rate would be effective measures to combat tax evasion. For establishing a tax paying culture, it is recommended to provide services to taxpayers such as taxpayer education and online facilities, simplify the complex and overly bureaucratic tax system, undertake systematic advertising and publicising of tax issues, and ensure transparency in spending the revenue raised. Discriminatory tax treatment, including the use of tax amnesties and tax exemptions should be discontinued. This study suggests implementing exemplary punishment of both tax evaders and corrupt tax officials to prevent tax evasion. Following an inductive process, this thesis also proposes a set of theoretical implications. As the thesis was limited to study the income tax evasion in socio-economic and administrative context of Bangladesh, generalising the findings regarding tax evasion to other countries may be problematical. The thesis is expected to partially meet an existing gap in the literature by investigating the problem of tax evasion from a developing country perspective which could act as a useful guide for the government of Bangladesh and its development partners to reform and improve the taxation regime. The research may also help stimulate future research on tax evasion and corruption from both developed and developing country perspectives.

The TransAID project defines, develops and evaluates traffic management measures based on V2X equipped road infrastructure, primarily via simulations,to eliminate or mitigate the negative effects of Transition of Control (ToC) along Transition Areas in future mixed traffic scenarios where automated, cooperative, and conventional vehicles will coexist.This document aggregates, integrates, and analyses the results of the TransAID work packages. For each aspect of TransAID the major findings are presented and discussed.As a basis for the simulation studies several vehicle models were implemented successfully to create the right behaviour for lane changing(including cooperative versions), car following (including (C)ACC)and ToC/MRM algorithms. These models were created using a solid theoretical background, however, the availability of real-world data for input and calibration was very limited. From the baseline simulation runs we found that ToCs do not significantly disrupt traffic flow performance unless CAVs establish increased car-following headways during the ToC preparation phase. Disruptions escalate in case of CACC driving, increased share of CAVs in the fleet mix, and the occurrence of multiple ToCs within a narrow temporal window and spatial domain. Furthermore, in the case that a ToC is unsuccessful or not possible, unmanaged MRMs (taking place in lane and not being guided towards safe spots) can induce significant traffic disruption as well. On the other hand, simulation results indicated that cooperative lane changes minimize the frequency of ToC/MRM and their consequent adverse impacts on trafficflow operations. The benefits of cooperative lane changing are amplified with increasing share of CAVs and especially upstream of lanedrop locations.Building upon the vehicle models, simulations and the defined use cases, specific traffic measureswere developed to mitigate the effects of ToC events in transition areas. The traffic measures were implemented to study their effectiveness. Specifically, for each of the selected use cases the effects of the TransAID measures are evaluated regarding emissions, safety and efficiency. There is a trade-off between traffic safety versus traffic efficiency (as measured via throughput and travel times). It is often inherently difficult or even impossible to optimise both in the same context. Hence, typically a policy choice needs to be made, as to which of the two will have to be prioritised. Otherwise, results either improved or remained similar for all use cases and KPIs, with the exception of use case 3.1 (see Section 2.2.2 for details and Table 1at the end of Chapter 6). All use cases have in common that a reduction of MRMs is possible by providing infrastructure advice. Such advice, and the availability of safe spots, clearly reduces the number of stopped vehicles blocking the road.There is also a heavy dependence of the results on the mixture of vehicle types, in addition to the observation that less efficient traffic management performance is obtained for a higher LOS. The latter is in part logical, as for higher LOS there is more prominent congestion and the physical limits of the infrastructure remain a hard obstacle. By itself this is not a problem for TransAID, as the focus of the traffic management schemes is to prevent/postpone traffic breakdowns before they occur. While implementing and testing the traffic measures TransAIDalso identified or created the needed message sets and protocols to implement the measures using V2X communications. To that end, no new message sets wereneeded, but (minor) extensions to CAM, DENM, MCM and MAPEM were necessary. Especially MCM from the Manoeuvre Coordination Service (MCS) is key to multiple types of use case. Therefore, it is necessary to define a MCS that is valid for all types of scenarios. Aligned with the work of ETSI and by actively contributing, TransAID has proposed a MCS where the infrastructure takes an active role to facilitate the manoeuvres of vehicles and to increase the overall traffic flow and safety. The traffic management measures designed in TransAID also require that CAVs and road infrastructure units have an accurate perception of the environment. In addition to the MCS, TransAID has contributed to the evaluation and evolution of ETSI's Collective Perception Service (CPS) for cooperative perception. We have demonstrated that cooperative perception can improve CAVs perception capabilities when the trade-off between the perception capabilities and communications performance is balanced. Furthermore, the reliability of V2X communications has been addressed in TransAID using different and complementary techniques: compression, congestion control and acknowledgements.Besides the V2X communication, the communication to unequipped vehicles was of importanceand consisted of two parts. On the one hand, infrastructure needs to inform unequipped vehicles about issues on the road. On the other, automated vehicles themselves should provide information about their actual state to their surroundings, to avoid negative impacts.With regards to the infrastructure information, it needs to be mentioned that visual information on signs, variable or static, will never be as precise as V2X communication could be, esp. when looking to individual advices. Nevertheless, infrastructure can provide valuable information also to unequipped vehicles by signage, e.g., in terms of speed limits, distance (gap) advice or dynamic lane assignments.It will be required to create additional road signs dealing with automated vehicles, at least showing that, e.g.,an area is prohibited for automated vehicles or an area where only automated vehicles are allowed.Regarding signals from automated vehicles, TransAID's solution of having LED light strips at the back of AVswill be beneficial in any case, but the exact content of such lights needs to be defined by performing more detailed analyses of such components. This goes to all external and dynamic HMI components of automated vehicles. In this light, it will be crucial to have an intuitive way of understanding the automation related additional information. One key question in this area is if driving with enabled automation should be indicated by an additional external light, and if so, where should this light be and whatcolour?Combining the work on the traffic measures and communications, the iTETRIS framework was used to evaluate the selected use cases while deploying the traffic measures using V2X. The goal was to see if the V2X communications impacted the effectiveness of the measures in any way.After adding V2X, the simulation results forthe project's first and second iteration use cases showed very similar results to the previous evaluation. All traffic measures were found robust enough to show the same results as with idealV2X, even in light of increased traffic demand and thus more V2X enabled vehicles.There were some minor differences between the realistic V2X and ideal V2X implementations, but those could be traced back to easily fixed technical aspects (see Section 2.4 for details). As a final step in our use case assessment,the feasibility of measures and communications introduced were implemented in real-world demonstrators. The real-world implementation was done by performing three different feasibility assessments. Two of them have been performed on test tracks in Germany, and one on public roads in The Netherlands. On the test tracks, several detailed tests of all scenarios have been performed, revealing that all traffic management measures could be successfully integratedand applied to automated vehicles in all use cases and scenarios. This includes the successful setup of the RSI and the automated vehicles. It has to be mentioned, though, that the implementation was done in a prototypic way.The development of related series products would require much more testing under real world conditions, which will be challenging at the current time since no highly automated vehicles are present on the roads. Nevertheless, it is very important to start the investigations at present times. As already described in Section 3.3, standardisation of messages is happening already now, and it was very important to include the role of the infrastructure at this stage. The detailed results of the real-world implementations per use case can be found in Section 2.5.In addition to the design and technical implementation of traffic measures in simulation and the real-world, TransAID gained some insights on issues of a less technical nature. For example, it was determined a close collaboration between OEMs and (N)RAs would be beneficial in the identification and managing of TAs. To facilitate such a collaboration TransAID proposes a traffic management frameworkin the form of an intermediary service provider, acting as a trusted (and possibly mandated) third party. The framework allows TransAID to be scaled up and generalised. We approached this from both a technical and a business-oriented perspective. For TransAID to become part of a complete traffic management system, we focused on the technical side on how to detect transition areas, select (and possibly combine) services, and then detect when they are most appropriately timed for deployment. To this end, detection can be done via the infrastructure (e.g. road sensors or even digital communication infrastructure), via the OEMs, or by comparing an infrastructure's newly-defined ISAD level (Infrastructure Support levels for Automated Driving; see Section 1.4.2) to theoperational design domain (ODD, see Section 1.4.1) of the vehicle.Considering the mentioned technical challenges (detecting TAs, selecting services, and timing their deployment), the intermediary service bridges all these parties in such a way that the detection of TAs is performed in a centralised way, and OEMs and (national) road authorities ((N)RAs) have a single point of contact for providing and receiving information about TAs.Another point where OEMs and (national) authorities could collaborate,is the legislation related to automated driving since an important gap in current modelling and legalisation is how (C)AVs would/should react when (given) advice and/or actions conflict with traffic laws. With the real-time coordinated instructions of a TMC, (C)AVs should drive adequately during their journeys. However, it is necessary to concern to what extent such instructions should/can be made, especially when considering legal issues.In addition, legal aspects like the definition of special signage for automated vehicles and their handlingalso need to be considered, as those aspects will take time. This also means signage at the roadside, including VMS content, and signage from automated vehicles to surrounding traffic.Collaboration is also required regarding the definition and standardisation of V2X messages and protocols. The mechanisms proposed in TransAID to improve the reliability of V2X messages can be key in the near future. In general, V2X communications solutions require to be incorporated into standards to be effectively deployed. That is the case for, for example, collective perception solutions, message generation rules for manoeuvre coordination, V2X message compression or broadcast acknowledgement mechanisms. In TransAID we have been intensively working to promote and disseminate all the proposed solutions in top-tier journals and international conferences, as well as in organisations like ETSI and C2C-CC. The above shows a broad range of aspects studied by TransAID in the very dynamic and rapidly evolving field of automated driving.To provide links to additional information and to place the work of TransAID into context, Chapter 5 provides an overview or close related initiatives.

Welcomed as liberation and dismissed as exploitation, egg freezing (oocyte cryopreservation) has rapidly become one of the most widely-discussed and influential new reproductive technologies of this century. In Freezing Fertility, Lucy van de Wiel takes us inside the world of fertility preservation—with its egg freezing parties, contested age limits, proactive anticipations and equity investments—and shows how the popularization of egg freezing has profound consequences for the way in which female fertility and reproductive aging are understood, commercialized and politicized. Beyond an individual reproductive choice for people who may want to have children later in life, Freezing Fertility explores how the rise of egg freezing also reveals broader cultural, political and economic negotiations about reproductive politics, gender inequities, age normativities and the financialization of healthcare. Van de Wiel investigates these issues by analyzing a wide range of sources—varying from sparkly online platforms to heart-breaking court cases and intimate autobiographical accounts—that are emblematic of each stage of the egg freezing procedure. By following the egg's journey, Freezing Fertility examines how contemporary egg freezing practices both reflect broader social, regulatory and economic power asymmetries and repoliticize fertility and aging in ways that affect the public at large. In doing so, the book explores how the possibility of egg freezing shifts our relation to the beginning and end of life.

Shifting Kenya's private sector into higher gear: a trade and competitiveness agenda' was born out of the World Bank's Trade and Competitiveness (T&C) Global Practice recent stock taking of its work in Kenya. This was part of a Programmatic Approach that aimed to organize T&C's knowledge, advisory, and convening services to address Kenya's development challenges in the private sector space. By Sub-Saharan African standards, Kenya has a large private sector, which accounts for around 70 percent of total formal employment. As a result, the dynamics of the private sector are a key determinant of the trajectory of the Kenyan economy. The country's product market regulations a restrictive for domestic competitors and foreign entrants, and the actions of cartels and behavior of dominant firms across sectors undermines competition and hurts consumers. The Kenyan Government recognizes these challenges and has invested significantly in unlocking these bottlenecks with impressive results so far and several important laws passed. Additional efforts to ease regulatory constraints and expedite important legislative changes could improve the investment climate at national and county levels.

This set of reports on manufacturing plans implementation in India includes the following: (1) A new agenda. Improving the competitiveness of the textiles and apparel value chain in India report is structured as follows: section one sets out the context, describing trends in global markets and in the textiles and apparel supply chain in India; section two analyzes in detail the choke points that are hindering the growth of the latter; section three sets out a reform agenda to address them; and section four concludes. (2) Fast tracking Indias electronics manufacturing industry. Business environment and industrial policy examines the prospects for India to meet its potential. Drawing on extensive survey questionnaires and interviews with key industry players (both domestic and foreign) and relevant government agencies, this study identifies major challenges India-based companies face in engaging in electronics manufacturing. The analysis culminates in detailed policy suggestions for regulatory reform and support policies needed to unblock barriers to investment in this industry and to fast-track it's upgrading through innovation. (3) Supply chain delays and uncertainty in India. The hidden constraint on manufacturing growth report provides the context of the freight and logistics industry in India; describes the headline impacts of its performance on manufacturing firms; explores variations in this impact and causes thereof; and concludes with a more detailed look at the reform agenda this motivates.

Doing Business in Kenya 2012 is the second subnational report of the Doing Business series in Kenya. In 2009, Doing Business in Kenya 2010 analyzed quantitative indicators on business regulations for 11 cities: Eldoret, Garissa, Isiolo, Kilifi, Kisumu, Malaba, Mombasa, Nairobi, Narok, Nyeri, and Thika. This year, Doing Business in Kenya 2012 documents improvements in the 11 cities previously measured and expands the analysis to 2 new cities: Kakamega and Nakuru. The cities can be compared against each other, and with 183 economies worldwide. Doing Business investigates the regulations that enhance business activity and those that constrain it. Regulations affecting 4 stages of the life of a business are measured at the subnational level in Kenya: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, registering property, and enforcing contracts. These indicators were selected because they cover areas of local jurisdiction or practice. The indicators are used to identify business reforms and the extent to which these have been effective in simplifying the procedures, saving time, and lowering the cost of doing business. The data in Doing Business in Kenya 2012 are current as of March 2012.