Suchergebnisse

Diese Arbeit verfolgt das Ziel, die spezifischen Probleme des internationalen Kulturgueterschutzes aufzuzeigen und Loesungsansaetze fuer diese Probleme zu erarbeiten. Die aktuell bestehenden internationalen Regelungen und voelkerrechtlichen Vertraege werden dargestellt. Besonderes Augenmerk wird auf die spezifischen Schwaechen sowie deren konkrete Auswirkungen gelegt. Hinsichtlich dieser Pruefung kommt die Arbeit zu dem Ergebnis, dass die internationalen Regelungen im Hinblick auf den praeventiven Kulturgueterschutz - bis auf wenige Ausnahmen - nicht genuegen. Des Weiteren wird die Frage behan

RésuméLe fait que des enfants se joignent aux forces armées ou à des groupes armés non étatiques est une terrible réalité qui résiste aux efforts de la communauté internationale pour l'éliminer. La participation directe aux hostilités par des enfants-soldats constitue possiblement l'aspect le plus troublant de cette réalité, en ce qu'elle soulève la possibilité de devoir attaquer directement ces enfants. Le droit international humanitaire reste à ce jour plutôt discret quant à cette facette de la participation des enfants aux conflits armés, laissant les forces armées improviser leur réaction. Les Forces armées canadiennes ont adopté en 2017 ce qui est présenté comme la première doctrine militaire sur les enfants-soldats. Le présent texte propose une analyse de cette doctrine à la lumière de la réglementation de l'emploi de la force contre les enfants-soldats en droit international humanitaire, pour déterminer si les enfants peuvent jamais devenir des combattants à part entière, à quelles conditions ils peuvent être considérés comme civils participant directement aux hostilités, et quelles limites le droit humanitaire impose quant aux choix des moyens et mesures de guerre employés.

The multilingual European Thesaurus on International Relations and Area Studies (European Thesaurus) is a special subject thesaurus for the field of international affairs. It is intended for use in libraries and documentation centres of academic institutions and international organizations. The European Thesaurus was established in a collaborative project involving a number of leading European research institutes on international politics. It integrates the controlled terminologies of several existing thesauri. The European Thesaurus comprises about 8,200 terms and proper names from the 24 subject areas covered by the thesaurus. Because of its multilinguality, the European Thesaurus can not only be used for indexing, retrieval and terminological reference, but serves also as a translation tool for the languages represented. The establishment of cross-concordances to related thesauri extends the range of application of the European Thesaurus even further. They enable the treatment of semantic heterogeneity within subject gateways. The European Thesaurus is available both in a seven-lingual printversion as well as in an eight-lingual online-version. To reflect the changes in terminology the European Thesaurus is regularly being amended and modified. Further languages are going to be included.

Im Dezember 2018 haben 152 Staaten der Vereinten Nationen (VN) den Globalen Pakt für sichere, geordnete und geregelte Migration angenommen. Mit dem sogenannten Migrationspakt haben sie erstmals ihre Absicht erklärt, bei der Bewältigung migra-tionspolitischer Herausforderungen enger kooperieren zu wollen. In dem Dokument sind 23 Ziele genannt, die die Herkunfts-, Transit- und Zielländer beim Umgang mit Migranten und Flüchtlingen leiten sollen. Wenn bei der Steuerung und Gestaltung der globalen Wanderungs­bewegungen praktische Fortschritte erreicht werden sollen, setzt dies ein zweifaches -nach innen und nach außen gerichtetes- Engagement der beteiligten Staaten vor­aus. Dementsprechend sollte die Bundesregierung den Pakt nutzen, um mit Blick nach innen weiteren Reformbedarf zu identifizieren und um auf internationaler Ebene Partner für strategisch ausgewählte Schlüsselthemen zu gewinnen. Eine Gele­genheit für beides bietet das im Pakt vorgesehene Überprüfungsverfahren, dessen Herzstück das International Migration Review Forum (IMRF) ist. (Autorenreferat)

The use of 'right to health' terminology is discussed and the language of international declarations and treaties referring to a right to health is cited. Contends that approaching health issues through a rights perspective adds an important dimension to consideration of health status. (Original abstract-amended)

This volume recasts how we understand international relations through an examination of how the human evolutionary predisposition to be 'ultrasocial' as a species impacts which political ideas succeed, transform, manipulate, and inspire on a global scale. At a time when pessimism about our current world order is at an all-time high, this book overturns widespread assumptions that international relations is mainly about conflict, power, and national self-interest.

The recent proposal by the Independent Expert Panel of the Stop Ecocide initiative to include the crime of ecocide in the International Criminal Court's Rome Statute has raised expectations for preventing and remedying severe environmental harm through international prosecution. As alluring as this image is, we argue that ecocide prosecutions may be the most difficult, perhaps even impossible, in precisely the cases that the ICC would need to be concerned with; namely, the gravest global incidents of environmental harm, including those associated with planetary climate change. We explore a series of questions about the panel's formulation of ecocide that resonate with longer debates around criminalizing environmental harm but take on new dimensions amid the Anthropocene and after twenty years of ICC trials. Ecocide must contend with the hard lessons learned concerning the ICC's limitations in realizing justice in a fraught international political context and also with fundamental challenges to knowledge and legitimacy arising from the uncertainty and dynamic socioenvironmental context of the Anthropocene. The proposed amendment, if adopted, risks ineffective prosecutions or even perverse outcomes for the environment itself. This risk, however, may characterize any effort to prosecute ecocide internationally in the Anthropocene unless the terms of international criminal law are fundamentally rethought.

Le ler août 1988 décédait subitement le professeur Daniel Frei membre du CICR depuis le ler mars 1986.Professeur de sciences politiques à l'Université de Zurich, directeur de l'Institut suisse de recherches internationales, éminent spécialise des questions du désarmement, de la neutralité et de la coopération internationale, le professeur Frei avait mis tout son savoir au service de la Croix-Rouge dont il partageait la cause avec conviction. Sa disparition fut une grande perte pour le CICR, le Mouvement international de la Croix-Rouge et du Croissant-Rouge et le monde académique.

International passenger and cargo transportation plays a crucial role in the world's economy, and central to the success of this industry and to its continuous growth is ensuring safe, secure, and efficient operations at a national, regional, and international level. In pursuance of this, the aviation industry is becoming increasingly reliant on technology, with the aim of replacing the human user with technology. The introduction of automation, from its rudimentary beginnings, throughout its constant evolution, is now essential in almost every area of international aviation and is one of the core components in ensuring safe and efficient operations. However, its evolution, which has undoubtedly revolutionised the industry, has not always been free from challenges and controversies. This paper will therefore analyse, from both a manned and unmanned perspective, the benefits and challenges that automation has presented and continues to present to international civil aviation.

We discuss optimal fiscal policy in open economies, using an open-economy version of a model used in the recent work by Lucas and Stokey. An optimal allocation smooths out the tax distortions associated with financing a given sequence of government consumption, and it also smooths out private consumption of goods and leisure by borrowing (lending) on the international capital market in periods with high (low) government consumption. The main question we ask is how the optimal policy can be made time-consistent, when usccessive governments reoptimize with respect to current and future tax rates, but most honor the government debt obligations. We show that this requires government debt of sufficiently rich maturity to be issued. First we treat a case with capital controls, where only the government can borrow and lend abroad. The there is a unique restructuring scheme for the domestic debt that is necessary to give succeeding governments incentives to continue following the optimal policy (here we interpret and extend Lucas and Stokey's results). For a small economy, this scheme is also sufficient for time-consistency, but in an economy large enough to affect its terms of trade, it is also necessary to follow a unique restructuring scheme for the government's (and the country's) foreign debt. When there are no capital controls, time-consistency is no longer a problem in a small economy. In a large economy, what matters is total government debt and total foreign debt (but not their composition), and again there are unique maturity structures necessary and sufficient for time-consistency. An interesting observation is that in the distorted world we consider, relaxing the capital controls actually deteriorates welfare.

Am 28. März 2013 hat der Internationale Seegerichtshof (ISGH) seinen 21. Fall bekommen: Die Sub-Regional Fisheries Commission (SRFC), eine Fischereikommission von sieben westafrikanischen Staaten, hat dem Tribunal vier Fragen vorgelegt. Damit handelt es sich um die erste Gutachtenanfrage, die je an das ganze Gericht gestellt wurde. Die Frage ist nur: Darf das Gericht überhaupt Gutachten erstellen?