Suchergebnisse

In July 1990, the PRC carried out its fourth census, and in October 1990, the State Statistics Bureau released the first of a series of communiques reporting the findings of the census. The article examines data of the census on education and notes that the educational levels of the population as a whole have generally been raised, the number of illiterates and semi-illiterates has been reduced, and the per capita number of years set for education has been increased. (DÜI-Sen)

Abstract
The relationship between education and democracy has been empirically researched since the late 1950s, with most evidence stemming from global datasets. Initial results showed no relationship between education and democracy after looking at the within-country estimation. But, as more advanced statistical methods emerged, addressing endogeneity problems of the within-country estimation, a statistically significant relationship between education, measured through average years of total schooling, and democracy appeared. However, all studies have looked at the association broadly, and only a handful have applied this nexus to the context of Sub-Saharan Africa. By creating a new dataset incorporating thirty countries, this study shows that education is statistically significantly associated with democracy in Sub-Saharan Africa. Results are robust to multiple other covariates and mirror the ones reported in the academic literature. This study echoes the continued focus on education, especially in light of recent developments and multiple organisations announcing that democracy declined worldwide.

This study investigated the influence of household education expenditure (learning materials, transportation, food items and extra lesson expenses) on the academic performance of Senior Secondary School (SSS) students in Osun State, Nigeria. Descriptive research design was adopted. The state was stratified in line with the existing three senatorial districts, with each having 10 local government areas. Four local government areas, representing 40%, were randomly selected from each senatorial district. There were 142 public senior secondary schools in the 12 sampled local government areas. Forty per cent of the schools were randomly selected per local government totaling 56.Random sampling technique was used to select 40% of SSS III students per school, totaling 3,304 Parents and students filled their respective components of the instruments. The instruments titled: "Household Education Expenditure Scale" (r=0.97); "Student English Language Performance Test" (r=0.89) and "Student Mathematics Performance Test" (r=0.88) were used. Five hypotheses were tested (p = 0.05). Data were analysed using Pearson product moment correlation and multiple regression at 0.05 level of significance. Household expenditure on learning materials (r = 0.099; p<0.05), extra lesson (r = 0.169; p<0.05) and transportation (r = 0.16; p<0.05) had significant positive relationship with academic performance while expenditure on food items (r = -0.26; p < 0.05) was negatively related. Household education expenditure on feeding had significant negative contribution to academic performance (? = -0.292; t= -10.050; p<0.05), while expenditure on learning materials had significant positive contribution (? = 0.070; t= 2.909; p<0.05). Others had no significant contributions to academic performance. Household expenditure on learning materialspositively influenced academic performance while expenditure on food items had negative influence. The study recommended that household should spend more on learning materials and less on feeding at school to improve academic performance of public secondary school students.

Zu den wichtigen Aufgabenfeldern im Naturschutz gehören Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Umweltbildung. Hierüber liegt ein umfangreiches theoretisches Wissen vor, dagegen ist jedoch der empirische Kenntnisstand über die tatsächliche Situation in diesen Bereichen wesentlich geringer. Die Arbeit soll mit dazu beitragen, diese Defizite abzubauen. Im Kapitel 1 werden begriffliche Klärungen vorgenommen. Es schließt sich eine Darstellung der damit in Zusammenhang stehenden gesetzlichen und administrativen Forderungen auf internationaler und nationaler Ebene sowie deren tatsächlichen Umsetzungen an. Die geschichtliche Entwicklung des Naturparkgedankens und der Naturparke in Deutschland sowie die derzeitig vom Verband Deutscher Naturparke (VDN) e. V. definierten Aufgaben und Ziele werden im Kapitel 2 behandelt. Im Kapitel 3 erfolgt eine kurze Analyse der Situation von Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Umweltbildung in allen Großschutzgebieten der Bundesländer. Den Schwerpunkt bilden dabei die Naturparke. Die Präsentation der empirischen Untersuchungen von Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Umweltbildung in den Naturparken des Landes Brandenburg beginnt im Kapitel 4 mit der Beschreibung und Analyse der Situation in den einzelnen Naturparken. Im Anschluß erfolgt im Kapitel 5 eine Analyse der Träger von Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Umweltbildung in den Naturparken sowie der bestehenden personellen und finanziellen Rahmenbedingungen. Ausgehend von der Situation von Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Umweltbildung in den Naturparken der Bundesländer und speziell des Landes Brandenburg, werden abschließend im Kapitel 6 Effektivierungsvorschläge für die in diesen Bereichen tätigen Akteure aufgezeigt. Neben allgemeingültigen Aussagen erfolgt dabei besonders eine Ausrichtung auf das Land Brandenburg. Die zentralen Erkenntnisse dieser Arbeit sind knapp darstellbar. Die Bedeutung von Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Umweltbildung hat in Naturparken seit den 90er Jahren zugenommen. Weiterhin bestehen aber zahlreiche Probleme bei der praktischen Umsetzung. Dies ergibt sowohl der bundesweite Überblick und wird vertieft durch die empirischen Untersuchungen im Land Brandenburg. Grundsätzlich fehlen für beide Aufgaben die notwendigen personellen und finanziellen Ressourcen bei den Naturparkverwaltungen. Dem hohen politischen Stellenwert, der der Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und der Umweltbildung im Land Brandenburg zugesprochen wird, steht eine defizitäre Situation in der Naturparkpraxis gegenüber. Die Gründe sind in erster Linie die fehlenden Ressourcen, aber auch ungenutzte Chancen, die zu einer Verbesserung der Koordinations- und Kooperationsleistungen zwischen den Akteuren führen würden. Die in dieser Arbeit vorgeschlagenen Effektivierungsansätze (z. B. zielgerichteter Einsatz von Medien) setzen an dieser Stelle an. Dabei wird deutlich, daß bisher in der Praxis noch lange nicht alle realisierbaren Möglichkeiten ausgeschöpft werden.

The Chinese Belt and Road Initiative will open new trade routes between China and the European Union (EU) and increase competition pressures on smaller EU member states. This article ranks where states like Estonia stand internationally in terms of innovativeness (and consequent competitiveness) by conducting an econometric study of patent development, education policy and research and development (R&D) expenditure policy. The authors claim that small member states such as Estonia should follow the example of countries such as Germany and adopt policies which focus more on increased public spending on R&D and innovation in public universities of science and technology, and raise support for high tech startups with a strong focus on international patenting. Member States must go further and subsidise R&D activities by focusing, inter alia, on filing of foreign patents such as triadic patents. ; The Chinese Belt and Road Initiative will open new trade routes between China and the European Union (EU) and increase competition pressures on smaller EU member states. This article ranks where states like Estonia stand internationally in terms of innovativeness (and consequent competitiveness) by conducting an econometric study of patent development, education policy and research and development (R&D) expenditure policy. The authors claim that small member states such as Estonia should follow the example of countries such as Germany and adopt policies which focus more on increased public spending on R&D and innovation in public universities of science and technology, and raise support for high tech startups with a strong focus on international patenting. Member States must go further and subsidise R&D activities by focusing, inter alia, on filing of foreign patents such as triadic patents.

Introduction / Clara Ramirez-Barat and Roger Duthie -- Post-conflict education reconstruction and transitional justice -- Teaching about the recent past and citizenship education during democratic transitions / Ana Maria Rodino -- Education reform through a transitional justice lens : the ambivalent transitions of Bosnia and Northern Ireland / Karen Murphy -- History, memory, and education : is it possible to consolidate a culture of peace in Guatemala? / Gustavo Palma Murga -- Reparations, redress, and education -- Education for overcoming massive human rights violations / Cristian Correa -- Education as a form of reparation in Chile / Lorena Escalona Gonzalez -- Access to education as redress for victims in South Africa / Teboho Moja -- Outreach, education, and sustainability -- Outreach to children in the transitional justice process of Sierra Leone / Zo Dugal -- Building a legacy : the youth outreach program at the ICTY / Nerma Jelacic -- Outreach and education at the liberation war museum in Bangladesh / Mofidul Hoque -- Historical commissions and education outreach : challenges and lessons for transitional justice / Alexander Karn -- Civil society, education, and transitional justice -- Facing the past-transforming our future : a professional development program for history teachers in South Africa / Dylan Wray -- Addressing the recent past in schools : reflections from Cote d'Ivoire / Virginie Ladisch and Joanna Rice -- Grappling with Lebanon's enduring violence : Badna Naaref, an intergenerational oral history project / Lynn Maalouf and Christalla Yakinthou -- Contributors

This paper aims at exploring the various factors which could play a synergic role in the formation of a cluster system to support the development of higher education services as a competitive business endeavour. It proposes that Porter's cluster dynamics might be applied to education in Cyprus in order that it might grow a regionally competitive sector within the Region. This is a goal set out in the Government's Strategic Development Plan (1999-2003) and is brought into clearer focus with the accession of Cyprus to the EU in May 2004. Indicative evidence of clustering is presented based on the UK's Research Assessment Exercise and policy issues are discussed for the Cyprus Government. ; peer-reviewed

The present study is an effort to gather research aspects for religious education in Pakistan. Religious education, most commonly known as madrasa education, has a profound history titled as Nizamiyah. Historical changes in the Muslim regions have influenced this mode of education as well. It has been argued by some researchers that positivity of faith based education has diminished due to the changes in international political and economical scenario. Terrorism was found to be a strongly associated variable with madrasa education and researchers have reasoned it with poverty, strong mentoring system and misconceptualizations of some religious beliefs. This study has found that while madrasas are perceived very negatively, research shows that there are positive influences regarding availability of education and women empowerment. The negativity is attributed largely to media misrepresentation and political interests.

This text discusses the argumentation of the authors of the article "Carnival Time: Russian Higher Eductaion and Science in the Postmodern Era" by Doctor of Economics, Professor P.A. Orekhovsky and Doctor of Philosophy, Professor V.I. Razumov, where they analyze the situation in modern Russian higher education. It is noted that the desire to expand the boundaries of scientific discourse on this urgent topic leads researchers to search for non-traditional methods of analysis of the current situation in education. In this case, the author considers the modern problems of domestic education through the prism of the literary theory of the carnival developed by M.M. Bakhtin for the analysis of artistic phenomena of a completely different order. It is argued that the experience of a critical understanding of the problems of education in the artistic works of various authors and eras leads to obvious parallels both among themselves and with the current situation in the domestic higher education, which is confirmed by a comparison of P.A. Orekhovsky's and V.I. Razumov's observations and conclusions, with texts by Lao She, Jean Baudrillard, Yuval Noah Harari, with the statements of the President and Chairman of the Board of Sberbank of Russia G.O. Gref and Assistant to the President of the Russian Federation, previously the Minister of Education of the Russian Federation, A.A. Fursenko. On the basis of multiple comparisons of a number of texts and statements, it is concluded that the progressive stratification and destruction of the system of domestic education reflects a global trend due to a change in the global social assessment of the meaning of truth and the scientific knowledge needed to find it, and the practical use in the interests of all mankind, or part of it. The author supports the forecasts by P.A. Orekhovsky and V.I. Razumov about the upcoming change in the types of institutions of science and education, as well as about imminent changes in the field of goal-setting and the organization of intellectual activity in states with developed scientific and educational potential.

"This book features prominent scholars whose essays draw from their research expertise and experience as educators to assess the value of liberal and civic education in the modern world. Their essays demonstrate how the study of transformative texts is an important adjunct to teaching citizenship in the United States. The unifying theme of the essays is the need to create space for contemplation and leisure in academic life-an indispensable feature of a classic liberal education that permits students to reflect upon what it means to live nobly before assuming future leadership roles in their professional lives"--