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Modern international relations are characterized by the increasing influence of globalization processes, in view of which national states increasingly face the problems of regional separatism. In this context, globalization and regionalization can be viewed as two differently directed processes shaping the face of the modern world. It is not surprising that the problems of separatism are increasingly manifest in many polyethnic and multi-confessional states of Europe. In view of the foregoing, it seems logical to consider the problem of Catalan separatism in Spain, which is of scientific-theoretical as well as practical interest. This article is devoted to the analysis of the events in Catalonia associated with the referendum on its status and underlying disintegrating processes on Spain's international positions. As part of this study, the historical, cultural, political and economic preconditions for the Catalan referendum were identified, the problem of Catalan separatism was affected, which directly affected the position of the central government, and also demonstrated the changes in Spain's foreign policy towards the self-declared states, in particular, on the specifics and the direction of its integration within the European Union, NATO. Moreover, the authors led the position of the world community as a whole and the main international actors on real issues and assessed the impact of Catalan events on the international situation of Spain ; Данная статья посвящена анализу событий в Каталонии, связанных с референдумом о ее статусе и лежащих в его основе дезинтегрирующих процессов на международные позиции Испании. В рамках настоящего исследования были выявлены исторические, культурные, политические и экономические предпосылки проведения каталонского референдума, затронута проблема каталонского сепаратизма, которая непосредственно повлияла на позицию центрального правительства, а также наглядно продемонстрировала изменения во внешнеполитическом курсе Испании в отношении самопровозглашенных государств, в частности, на специфику и направленность ее интеграции в рамках Европейского Союза, НАТО. Более того, авторы привели позицию мирового сообщества в целом и основных международных акторов по настоящей проблематике и оценили влияние каталонских событий на международное положение Испании.

The present thesis studies the consequences of the financial expansion initiated at the end of The Glorious Thirty to spur a declining economic growth. Incidentally, this work questions the issue of measuring economic regularities through econometric tools. Thus, the first chapter carries out an in-depth analysis of the methodology that guides a substantial part of the empirical literature on the finance-growth nexus. It highlights an array of statistical issues casting serious doubts on the reliability of previous results, including, in particular, the conclusion that the relationship between financial expansion and economic growth is non-linear. However, our estimates document an overall negative effect of expanding credit to the private sector on growth. This effect, which has intensified over time, appears to be more pronounced in advanced economies. The joint analysis of private and public debt, conducted in the second chapter, shows that public debt tends to be a drag on growth, not initially, but in the aftermath of a crisis if policy makers are unable to pursue a counter-cyclical fiscal policy. It is not the level of public debt but rather its trajectory that affects economic growth. Finally, the last chapter investigates the bailout of municipalities exposed to toxic structured loans. It illustrates a failure in the financial liberalization initiated in France in the 1980s to stimulate local governments' financing. This work highlights the ambivalence of the support funds. ; La présente thèse propose une étude des conséquences de l'expansion financière initiée à la fin des Trente Glorieuses comme nouveau ressort d'une croissance économique alors en perte de vitesse. De manière incidente, ce travail se penche sur la problématique de la mesure des régularités économiques par le biais des outils économétriques. Ainsi, le premier chapitre conduit une analyse approfondie de la méthodologie qui guide une grande partie de la littérature empirique sur la relation finance-croissance. Il lève le voile sur un ...

Este trabajo expone la recepción de algunos aspectos del pensamiento de John Adams por parte de Hannah Arendt. Presentamos su deuda en la compresión de los conceptos de Revolución como fenómeno esencialmente diverso del de Restauración, y de República como un régimen distinto del gobierno constitucional. Primero, en relación al suceso revolucionario, el desplazamiento desde la ambición restauradora inicial hasta el evento de la Revolución en Adams, provoca el enfoque teórico de Arendt con su categoría de praxis, con la que justifica la "absoluta novedad" inherente al término Revolución. Segundo, abordaremos la distinción arendtiana entre auctoritas y potestas, decisiva para acreditar la fundación perdurable en América y la inestabilidad en Francia. Por último, mostraremos que en los capítulos IV y V de On Revolution, Arendt es ambigua en relación al modo en que comprende y comunica su noción de Revolución, ya que en el instante fundacional y constituyente (en sus términos, Revolución), auctoritas y potestas son indiscernibles. ; This work exposes the reception of some aspects of the thought of John Adams by Hannah Arendt. We present her debt in the understanding of the concepts of Revolution as an essentially different phenomenon from Restoration, and of Republic as a regime distinct from constitutional government. First, in relation to the revolutionary event, the shift from the initial restorative ambition to the event of the Revolution in Adams, triggers Arendt's theoretical approach with her category of praxis, which justifies her understanding of the Revolution as "absolute novelty" . Second, we shall address the Arendtian key distinction of auctoritas and potestas, which justifies a lasting foundation in America and the French instability. Finally, we shall argue that in chapters IV and V of On Revolution, Arendt is ambiguous in the way she understands and communicates her concept of Revolution, since at the foundational and constituent moment (in her terms, Revolution), auctoritas and potestas are indiscernible ; Universidad Pablo de Olavide

BACKGROUND: Food security is defined as physical and economic access to sufficient food to meet the dietary requirements for a productive and healthy life. Evidence from the literature suggests that >800 million people worldwide are food insecure. Vulnerable Group Development (VGD) is the largest social safety net of the Government of Bangladesh targeting ultra-poor women to end hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to explore the factors associated with food security among VGD women in Bangladesh. METHODS: A total of 870 women (435/group) participated in the baseline survey and another 800 women (400/group) participated in the endline survey. Participants in the intervention group received monthly rations of 30 kg fortified rice (FFR) and the control group received 30 kg of non-FFR for 12 mo. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to establish both crude and confounder-adjusted relations between the primary outcome and response variables. Written consent was proved by study participants. This study (PR-14091) was approved by the Research Review Committee and Ethical Review Committee. RESULTS: Severe food insecurity in the endline survey decreased from ∼50% to 6.3% in both groups. The hunger scale also improved between the baseline and endline survey. More than 97% of respondents at endline reported no hunger compared with 80% at baseline; only 3% of women in both groups reported moderate hunger at endline. Multivariable regression model showed that ownership of a house and land for agriculture, wealth index (richest quintile), and absence of fever were significantly associated with food security (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis shows that the VGD rice distribution program significantly improves the food security status of vulnerable women; however, ownership of a house and land for agriculture were the most significant factors associated with household food security in VGD program areas of Bangladesh.

BACKGROUND: Conflict and displacement impact the social fabric of communities through the disruption of social connections and the erosion of trust. Effective humanitarian assistance requires understanding the social capital that shapes patterns of help-seeking in these circumstances - especially with stigmatised issues such as violence against women (VAW) and intimate partner violence (IPV). METHODS: A novel social mapping methodology was adopted amongst a Yezidi population displaced by ISIS (ISIS: Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, locally known as Da'esh) occupation and a neighbouring settled Yezidi population in the Kurdistan region of northern Iraq in late 2016. Six participatory workshops were conducted to identify available resources with respect to: meeting basic needs, dispute resolution and VAW. Subsequently, 51 individual interviews were conducted (segmented by gender and settlement status) to identify connectedness to, and trust in, the resources identified, with a focus on IPV against women. RESULTS: 90% of participants reported God as a key source of help in the previous 6 months, representing the most widely cited resource. Following God, the most accessed and trusted resources were family and community, with NGO (non-governmental organisation) provision being the least. Women drew more strongly upon familial resources than men (Χ(2) = 5.73, df = 1, p = 0.017). There was reduced trust in resources in relation to seeking help with IPV. A distinction between trust to provide emotional support and trust to resolve issues was identified. Settled women were 1.6 times more likely to trust community members and government services and 3.7 times more likely to trust NGOs than displaced women. CONCLUSIONS: Mapping social connections and trust provides valuable insight into the social capital available to support help-seeking in populations of humanitarian concern. For these Yezidi populations, family, religious and community resources were the most widely utilised and trusted. Trust was mostly reserved for ...

BACKGROUND: The UK government introduced social distancing measures between 16–22 March 2020, aiming to slow down transmission of COVID-19. AIM: To explore the spreading of COVID-19 in relation to population density after the introduction of social distancing measures. DESIGN & SETTING: Longitudinal design with 5-weekly COVID-19 incidence rates per 100 000 people for 149 English Upper Tier Local Authorities (UTLAs), between 16 March and 19 April 2020. METHOD: Multivariable multilevel model to analyse weekly incidence rates per 100 000 people; time was level-1 unit and UTLA level-2 unit. Population density was divided into quartiles. The model included an interaction between week and population density. Potential confounders were percentage aged ≥65, percentage non-white British, and percentage in two highest classes of the National Statistics Socioeconomic Classification. Co-variates were male life expectancy at birth, and COVID-19 prevalence rate per 100 000 people on March 15. Confounders and co-variates were standardised around the mean. RESULTS: Incidence rates per 100 000 people peaked in the week of March 30–April 5, showing higher adjusted incidence rate per 100 000 people (46.2; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 40.6 to 51.8) in most densely populated ULTAs (quartile 4) than in less densely populated ULTAs (quartile 1: 33.3, 95% CI = 27.4 to 37.2; quartile 2: 35.9, 95% CI = 31.6 to 40.1). Thereafter, incidence rate dropped in the most densely populated ULTAs resulting in rate of 22.4 (95% CI = 16.9 to 28.0) in the week of April 13–19; this was lower than in quartiles 1, 2, and 3, respectively 31.4 (95% CI = 26.5 to 36.3), 34.2 (95% CI = 29.9 to 38.5), and 43.2 (95% CI = 39.0 to 47.4). CONCLUSION: After the introduction of social distancing measures, the incidence rates per 100 000 people dropped stronger in most densely populated ULTAs.

INTRODUCTION: Over 310 000 women gave birth in Australia in 2016, with approximately 80 000 births in the state of Victoria. While most of these births occur in metropolitan Melbourne and other large regional centres, a significant proportion of Victorian women birth in local rural health services. The Victorian state government recently mandated the provision of a maternal and neonatal emergency training programme, called Maternal and Newborn Emergencies (MANE), to rural and regional maternity service providers across the state. MANE aims to educate maternity and newborn care clinicians about recognising and responding to clinical deterioration in an effort to improve clinical outcomes. This paper describes the protocol for an evaluation of the MANE programme. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This study will evaluate the effectiveness of MANE in relation to: clinician confidence, skills and knowledge; changes in teamwork and collaboration; and consumer experience and satisfaction, and will explore and describe any governance changes within the organisations after MANE implementation. The Kirkpatrick Evaluation Model will provide a framework for the evaluation. The participants of MANE, 27 rural and regional Victorian health services ranging in size from approximately 20 to 1000 births per year, will be invited to participate. Baseline data will be collected from maternity service staff and consumers at each health service before MANE delivery, and at four time-points post-MANE delivery. There will be four components to data collection: a survey of maternity services staff; follow-up interviews with Maternity Managers at health services 4 months after MANE delivery; consumer feedback from all health services collected through the Victorian Healthcare Experience Survey; case studies with five regional or rural health service providers. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This evaluation has been approved by the La Trobe University Science, Health and Engineering College Human Ethics Sub-Committee. Findings will be presented to ...

BACKGROUND: The Australian government has implemented a compulsory aged care accreditation system to guide and monitor the risk management approach in registered residential aged care (RAC) homes. This research assessed the contribution of electronic health records (EHR) to risk management in RAC homes in relation to the extent that aged care accreditation fulfils its role. METHODS: A convenience sample of 5560 aged care accreditation reports published from 2011 to 2018 was manually downloaded from the Accreditation Agency web site. A mixed-method approach of text data mining and manual content analysis was used to identify any significant differences in failure to meet accreditation outcomes among the RAC homes. This took account of whether EHR or paper records were used, year of accreditation, and size and location of the homes. RESULTS: It appears that aged care accreditation was focused on structure and process, with limited attention to outcome. There was a big variation between homes in their use of measurement indicators to assess accreditation outcomes. No difference was found in outcomes between RAC homes using EHR and those using paper records. Only 3% of the RAC homes were found to have failed some accreditation outcomes. Failure in monitoring mechanism was the key factor for failing many accreditation outcomes. The top five failed outcomes were Human Resource Management, Clinical Care, Information Systems, Medication Management and Behavioural Management. CONCLUSIONS: Sub-optimal outcomes have limited the effectiveness of accreditation in driving and monitoring risk management for care recipient safety in RAC homes. Although EHR is an important structure and process component for RAC services, it made a limited contribution to risk management for accreditation in Australian RAC homes. Either EHR was not effective, or the accreditation process was not robust enough to recognize its influence. Aged care accreditation in Australia needs to develop further outcome-based measures that are supported by ...

From Springer Nature via Jisc Publications Router ; History: received 2020-06-25, accepted 2020-09-16, registration 2020-09-17, pub-electronic 2020-10-01, online 2020-10-01, pub-print 2020-12 ; Publication status: Published ; Funder: Liverpool John Moores University ; Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic is an extraordinary global emergency that has led to the implementation of unprecedented measures in order to stem the spread of the infection. Internationally, governments are enforcing measures such as travel bans, quarantine, isolation, and social distancing leading to an extended period of time at home. This has resulted in reductions in physical activity and changes in dietary intakes that have the potential to accelerate sarcopenia, a deterioration of muscle mass and function (more likely in older populations), as well as increases in body fat. These changes in body composition are associated with a number of chronic, lifestyle diseases including cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes, osteoporosis, frailty, cognitive decline, and depression. Furthermore, CVD, diabetes, and elevated body fat are associated with greater risk of COVID-19 infection and more severe symptomology, underscoring the importance of avoiding the development of such morbidities. Here we review mechanisms of sarcopenia and their relation to the current data on the effects of COVID-19 confinement on physical activity, dietary habits, sleep, and stress as well as extended bed rest due to COVID-19 hospitalization. The potential of these factors to lead to an increased likelihood of muscle loss and chronic disease will be discussed. By offering a number of home-based strategies including resistance exercise, higher protein intakes and supplementation, we can potentially guide public health authorities to avoid a lifestyle disease and rehabilitation crisis post-COVID-19. Such strategies may also serve as useful preventative measures for reducing the likelihood of sarcopenia in general and in the event of future periods of isolation.

OBJECTIVE: To appraise the availability, quality, and inclusivity of clinical guidelines produced in the early stage of the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic. DESIGN: Rapid review. DATA SOURCES: Ovid Medline, Ovid Embase, Ovid Global Health, Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, and WHO Global Index Medicus, searched from inception to 14 Mar 2020. Search strategies applied the CADTH database guidelines search filter, with no limits applied to search results. Further studies were identified through searches of grey literature using the ISARIC network. INCLUSION CRITERIA: Clinical guidelines for the management of covid-19, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) produced by international and national scientific organisations and government and non-governmental organisations relating to global health were included, with no exclusions for language. Regional/hospital guidelines were excluded. Only the earliest version of any guideline was included. QUALITY ASSESSMENT: Quality was assessed using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) II tool. The quality and contents of early covid-19 guidelines were also compared with recent clinical guidelines for MERS and SARS. RESULTS: 2836 studies were identified, of which 2794 were excluded after screening. Forty two guidelines were considered eligible for inclusion, with 18 being specific to covid-19. Overall, the clinical guidelines lacked detail and covered a narrow range of topics. Recommendations varied in relation to, for example, the use of antiviral drugs. The overall quality was poor, particularly in the domains of stakeholder involvement, applicability, and editorial independence. Links between evidence and recommendations were limited. Minimal provision was made for vulnerable groups such as pregnant women, children, and older people. CONCLUSIONS: Guidelines available early in the covid-19 pandemic had methodological weaknesses and neglected vulnerable groups such as older people. A ...

BACKGROUND: Private umbilical cord blood banking is a for-profit industry in which parents pay to store blood for potential future use. Governments have noted the tendency for private banks to oversell the potential for cord blood use, especially in relation to speculative cell therapies not yet supported by clinical evidence. We assessed the regulatory landscape governing private cord bank marketing in Canada. MAIN BODY: Because the problematic marketing of private cord blood banking for future use often relates to speculative future cell therapies that do not exist and are not being advertised for current clinical use, most private blood bank marketing seems to fall outside Health Canada's regulatory scope. However, this problematic marketing is regulated by the Competition Bureau pursuant to the Competition Act. While representations relating to future hypothetical treatments may not always be subject to the legal requirement for claim substantiation, the law also prohibits individuals and companies from knowingly or recklessly making representations that are "false or misleading in a material respect." A representation is materially false or misleading when it could "influence a consumer's behavior or purchasing decisions," and consumers are likely to be considered to be "credulous and inexperienced" for the purposes of assessing an advertisement's general impression. Because all of the potential benefit of the banking is derived from the potential future use of the biological material for health interventions directed toward the customers and their relatives, and because we know the best available medical evidence indicates a very low probability of utility in this context, we can say with confidence that some private cord blood banking claims are materially misleading. Moreover, to the extent that medical professionals are involved in private bank interactions with customers or hold ownership stakes in private banks, they are subject to professional codes, standards of practice, and potentially fiduciary ...

BACKGROUND: The newly emerged and highly infectious coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which first broke out in Wuhan, China, has invaded most countries around the globe. As both the daily positive cases and death toll increase, countries have taken aggressive action to halt its spread. Saudi Arabia recognized the danger early and implemented a series of urgent precautions. Thus, this study aims to evaluate public trust and compliance with the precautionary measures implemented by authorities to combat the COVID-19 outbreak. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of the Saudi public using an electronic questionnaire during the COVID-19 outbreak. The data, which were collected using a validated public trust and compliance tool, were analyzed using the chi-square test, t test, and binary logistic regression. FINDINGS: Of the 1232 participants, there were 655 (53.2%) males and 577 (46.8%) females with 34 ± 10 years as the mean and standard deviation of their age. Participants demonstrated a high level of trust and agreement (98.2%) with the implemented precautionary measures. A positive association between participants' age and their level of agreement with the government actions (r=˗.082, P=0.004) was observed, with a significant difference between males (97.1±6.2) and females (98.0±4.7) (t=˗2.7, P=0.006). Among the participants, 657 (53.3%) were considered to be practicing poor precautionary measures and 575 (46.7%) good precautionary measures. Males (OR=1.8 times, P<0.001) and those with a school education level (OR=1.7 times, P=0.002) were more likely to have poor precautionary practices compared to others. Married individuals (369, 49.0%; P=0.04) were more likely to comply with good practices. CONCLUSION: A high level of trust was exhibited by the Saudi public in relation to the precautionary measures taken by authorities in Saudi Arabia. Gender, age, marital status, and educational level were found to be significant factors with regard to compliance with precautionary practices.

Replaced AM with VoR 2020-08-31. ; Background: Conflict and displacement impact the social fabric of communities through the disruption of social connections and the erosion of trust. Effective humanitarian assistance requires understanding the social capital that shapes patterns of help seeking in these circumstances - especially with stigmatised issues such as violence against women (VAW) and intimate partner violence (IPV). ; Methods: A novel social mapping methodology was adopted amongst a Yezidi population displaced by ISIS occupation and a neighbouring settled Yezidi population in the Kurdistan region of northern Iraq in late 2016. Six participatory workshops were conducted to identify available resources with respect to: meeting basic needs, dispute resolution and VAW. Subsequently, 51 individual interviews were conducted (segmented by gender and settlement status) to identify connectedness to, and trust in, the resources identified, with a focus on IPV against women. ; Results: 90% of participants reported God as a key source of help in the previous six months, representing the most widely cited resource. Following God, the most accessed and trusted resources were family and community, with NGO (non-governmental organisation) provision being the least. Women drew more strongly upon familial resources than men (Χ2=5.73, df=1, p=0.017). There was reduced trust in resources in relation to seeking help with IPV. A distinction between trust to provide emotional support and trust to resolve issues was identified. Settled women were 1.6 times more likely to trust community members and government services and 3.7 times more likely to trust NGOs than displaced women. ; Conclusions: Mapping social connections and trust provides valuable insight into the social capital available to support help seeking in populations of humanitarian concern. For these Yezidi populations, family, religious and community resources were the most widely utilised and trusted. Trust was mostly reserved for family and their main religious ...

Today, guiding the processes of efficiency's increase in the crisis management committee's performance is one of the main government's long- term goals. Due to this, the main challenges of the political policies and strategic capabilities of the ruling governments in developed and developing countries are closely related to the procedures and theories of crisis management. By looking more deeply at the collation of the crisis management procedures of the different countries in comparison to the past and the present, clearly we find out significant differences in the management process of the developed countries. The base of the new crisis management's strategic pyramid in developed countries is based on integrated, powerful and multi-dimensional analytical committees. These committees with coherent, continuous and dependent structure are directed and managed by scientific – technical, political-economic, social subcategories therapeutic. Theories and modern management methods, even with high levels of international relations, are based on the same principles. In the first step, the main purpose of these committees is to evaluate and analyze the theories, technologies and modern equipment in non-critical conditions. In the second step, they are expected to forecast various events in the long term, and assess the probability of the future crises, that may be contributing to or originating from the current crisis. In the third step, using cutting-edge technology, to the extent possible and according to need, they manage the critical events. In other words, they use practical solutions, diverse and innovative strategic management theories of "crisis in crisis" and "crisis from crisis". In the last step, in order to prepare infrastructures of the modern management crisis, they attempt to acquaint the non-specialist with new technologies and new scientific, technical, therapeutic, and medical methods through the mass media. After the last step of the modern management, management process continues like the current ...

RESUMEN: El presente escrito es el resultado de la práctica profesional de Trabajo Social en el proyecto Cuerpos de Paz de la Gobernación de Antioquia, llevando a cabo el cumplimiento de los objetivos propuestos de este proyecto , entre los principales, realizar pedagogía para la paz y la socialización del Acuerdo de Paz de Colombia en las diversas comunidades de los municipios de la Subregión del Magdalena Medio, plasmando la experiencia desde la inserción al campo hasta la culminación de la misma, dando cuenta de los resultados obtenidos, así como la realización de una propuesta de proyecto de intervención en el Centro de Atención Especializado Crecer de Puerto Berrío Antioquia, con el objetivo de fortalecer los procesos que este desarrolla en la modalidad grupal con población adolescente, por medio del Trabajo Social Comunitario y finalmente, se presentan las recomendaciones de Trabajo Social desde el quehacer profesional y en relación con el proyecto Cuerpos de Paz. ; ABSTRACT: This current document is the result of the professional internship of Social Work Degree at Universidad de Antioquia. This internship was held in the institution "Cuerpos de Paz" at Antioquia's government. The main objective for this project was to carry out a process of PEDAGOGY and SOCIALIZATION of the Peace Agreement in Colombia, taking this strategy into some communities located in the municipalities of the Magdalena Medio Subregion. All the experience was carried out from the insertion of the proposals to the field until its completion and the results obtained. At the end, a project proposal for intervention was presented to "Centro de Atención Especializado Crecer" in Puerto Berrío, Antioquia. The aim of this one was to strengthen the processes that they develop with adolescent population, through Community Social Work. Finally, some recommendations of Social Work were presented from the professional work and in relation to the "Cuerpos de Paz" project.