Suchergebnisse

Nearly every European Country has experienced some increase in nonmarital childbearing, largely due to increasing births within cohabitation. Relatively few studies in Europe, however, investigate the educational gradient of childbearing within cohabitation or how it changed over time. Using retrospective union and fertility histories, we employ competing risk hazard models to examine the educational gradient of childbearing in cohabitation in eight countries across europe. In all countries studied, birth risks within cohabitation demonstrated a negative educational gradient. When directly comparing cohabiting fertility with marital fertility, the negative educational gradient persists in all countries except Italy, although differences were not significant in Austria, France, and West Germany. To explain these findings, we present an alternative explanation for the increase in childbearing within cohabitation that goes beyond the explanation of the Second Demographic Transition and provides a new interpretation of the underlying mechanisms that may influence childbearing within cohabitation.

1.Introduction -- 2. The Process of Population Expansion of Sika Deer -- 3. The Impact of Sika Deer on Vegetation in Japan -- 4.Estimation of Sika Deer Abundance by Harvest-based Model and the Characteristics of their Population Dynamics -- 5. Variation in the local sika deer density between three areas of Japan with diverse climatic conditions -- 6. Ecological and evolutionary response of sika deer morphology to varying habitat environments: from body size to tooth wear -- 7. Reproductive variation of sika deer -- 8. Movement Patterns of Sika Deer in Hokkaido Region -- 9. Movement Patterns of Sika Deer in Tohoku Region -- 10. Movement patterns of sika deer in the mountainous regions of central Honshu -- 11. Movement Characteristics and Habitat Use of Sika Deer in Kanto Region, Central Japan -- 11. Movement patterns and activity range characteristics of sika deer in the Tanzawa Mountains, central Japan -- 13. Movement patterns of sika deer around Mt. Fuji, central Japan -- 14. Movement Patterns of Sika deer in Western Japan -- 15. Behavior of sika deer in clear-cut areas, plantations, and their surroundings -- 16. Effects of high densities of sika deer on vegetation and the restoration goal: Lessons from deer-vegetation interactions on Nakanoshima Island, Lake Toya -- 17. Irruptive Dynamics of Sika Deer: Search for the Mechanism -- 18. Food habits and body condition of the sika deer population in the Tanzawa Mountains, central Japans -- 19. Effects of sika deer and the unique relationship with forest vegetation in Yakushima Island -- 20. Conserving The Plant Community and Its Resilience Using Deer-Proof Fences in Japan -- 21. Vertebrate Scavenging on Sika Deer Carcasses and Its Effects on Ecological Processes -- 22. Impacts of Sika Deer Overabundance on The Structure and Functions of Dung Beetle Communities in Forest Ecosystems -- 23. Impact of Sika Deer on Soil Properties and Erosion -- 24. Responses of Ground-layer Vegetation and Soil Properties to Increased Population Density of Sika Deer and Environmental Conditions -- 25. Successional Pathways of a Warm-Temperate Forest After Disturbance: Effects of Clearcutting and Herbivory -- 26. Effect of Different Periods of Chronic Deer Herbivory on both Tall Forbs and Soil Seed Banks Following Deer Exclusions in a Damp Beech Forest -- 27. Indirect effects of deer overgrazing on stream ecosystems -- 28. Activity Patterns and Habitat Use Between Sika Deer and Japanese Serow -- 29. Sika in the British Isles: Population Ecology -- 30. History and Management of Sika Deer on the Delmarva Peninsula -- 31. The future of sika deer management in New Zealand; Invasive deer or hunting resource? -- 32. Adaptive Management of Sika Deer Populations on Hokkaido Island, Japan -- 34.Adaptive Management of Sika Deer in Hyogo Prefecture -- 35.Subpopulation Structure Based on Landscape Genetics as a Management Unit -- 36. Future Challenges for Research and Management of Sika Deer.

"Mit dem Wechsel von Zentralwirtschaft zu Marktwirtschaft mussten Gewerkschaften in osteuropäischen
Ländern entscheiden, wie sie sich in den industriellen Beziehungen positionieren. Dieses Working Paper
fragt, ob und warum Gewerkschaften sich strategisch für ein kooperationsorientiertes oder
konfliktorientiertes Verhalten gegenüber den Arbeitgebern entschieden haben. Gegenstand der
Untersuchung sind dabei die Beziehungen zwischen Arbeitgebern und Gewerkschaften auf nationaler,
sektoraler und Unternehmensebene in Rumänien. Konflikthafte und kooperative Beziehungen zwischen
Arbeitgebern und Gewerkschaften entwickelten sich nach 1989 parallel zueinander, mit einer höheren
Tendenz zur Kooperation. Die Studie zeigt, dass nicht nur ein ideologisches Erbe und überkommene
Institutionen, sondern auch die anfangs entschiedene Teilnahme an der makroökonomischen
Transformation für die Entscheidung der Gewerkschaften zur Kooperation mit den Arbeitgebern
ausschlaggebend waren. Die weit verbreitete Ansicht, dass Gewerkschaften in Osteuropa schwach sind,
wird bestätigt. Gleichzeitig wird jedoch gezeigt, dass sie es in der Hand haben, ihre eigene Zukunft offensiv
zu gestalten, vorausgesetzt, es gelingt ihnen, ihre Mitglieder zu mobilisieren. Darüber hinaus müssen
Gewerkschaftsführungen fähig und willig sein, sowohl Konflikt als auch Kooperation in ihren
Beziehungen zu den Arbeitgebern nutzen können. Der Vergleich der Ergebnisse aus Rumänien mit anderen
osteuropäischen Ländern spiegelt den Stand der Transformation in Rumänien wider und zeichnet ebenso
einen erweiterten Anwendungsbereich des der Studie zugrunde liegenden theoretischen Ansatzes." [Autorenreferat]

<p>Comparative research on school-to-work transitions mainly focused on country differences, examining the variation in institutional design and its impact on shaping youth labour market outcomes. The field has been dominated by a sort of methodological nationalism assuming nation states as homogeneous objects of comparison, while the territorial variations in youth transitions among sub-national territories have been less explored, notwithstanding their potential impact on life chances. In this article, we look at the outcomes of transitions in EU regions, comparing regional configurations of school-to-work transitions and their change over time. Is it possible to identify differences among groups of regions? To what extent do these patterns change over time? In order to answer these questions, we construct and analyse a longitudinal and systematic set of indicators that combine regional aggregated outcomes of transitions from education to work and regional contextual traits at the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics level 2 for the period 2007–2019. We perform two cluster analyses to describe regional differences and trends over time. The findings provide novel insights into the characteristics and patterns of an unequal geography of youth opportunities in Europe.</p>

This volume is concerned with the hitherto neglected role of the humanities in the histories of the idea of race. Its aim is to begin to fill in this significant lacuna. If, in the decades following World War II and the Holocaust - years that witnessed European decolonization and the African-American civil rights movement - the concept of 'race' slowly but surely lost its legitimacy as a cultural, political and scientific category, for much of the nineteenth and the first half of the twentieth century concepts of race enjoyed widespread currency in numerous fields of knowledge such as the history of art, history, musicology, or philosophy. Bringing together some of the most distinguished scholars in their respective fields, this is the first collective attempt to address the history of notions of race in the humanities as a whole.

Reconciling the imperatives of Germany's national identity and its national interest has been a challenge for the country's policymakers since the end of the Cold War. Anika Leithner explores how (and how much) the past continues to shape Germany's foreign policy behavior in the first decade of the twenty-first century. Leithner argues that, while German foreign policy is still heavily influenced by the memory of World War II, the exact nature of that memory is slowly changing as the lessons of history are being reinterpreted. Focusing on the military interventions in Kosovo, Afghanistan, and Iraq, she deftly illustrates the ways in which the lessons of history have been manipulated in the pursuit of an assertive foreign policy--one that can appease audiences at home while securing a leadership role for Germany in Europe and beyond

This new publication constitutes the second volume in the widely-acclaimed Sources in European Political History. This latest volume provides a wide-ranging guide to the surviving private papers of over one thousand statesman, politicians and diplomats who played a part in the shaping of modern Europe

Politics and power in high medieval Europe, c. 1000-1200 -- Foundational texts -- Becoming king -- Conferring kingship -- Duties, norms and process -- Designating an heir -- Unanimity and probity -- Choosing a king -- Enthroning the king -- Beyond enthronement.

In den letzten Jahren wurde in der historischen Forschung die Thematik Sex-Zwangsarbeit in Konzentrationslagern verstärkt aufgegriffen. Damit wurden die Lagerbordelle, welche der SS-Reichsführer Heinrich Himmler seit 1942 in den größten nationalsozialistischen KZs einrichten ließ, zum Forschungsgegenstand. Der Beitrag ist das Ergebnis einer kollegialen Zusammenarbeit, in dem sich Autorin und Autor aufgrund divergierender Forschungsfelder auf die Themenbereiche konzentrieren, die ihren derzeitigen Arbeitsthemen entsprechen. Der Fokus der Verfasserin liegt auf der Hinterfragung des Berichts von Frau D. anband personenbezogener Akten der Hamburger Gesundheits- und Sozialbehörde und des Hamburger Amtsgerichts. Der Verfasser geht der Frage der Existenz von Bordellen für SS-Männer in Buchenwald und anderen Konzentrationslagern anhand neuer Quellen nach. Die Forschungsergebnisse zeigen, dass die Richtigkeit dieser Aussagen angezweifelt werden muss. Im Beitrag sind diese Ergebnisse dargestellt und darüber hinaus lebens- und verfolgungsgeschichtliche Hintergründe dargelegt. Darüber hinaus wird in diesem Beitrag der Frage nachgegangen, inwieweit die Existenz von speziellen Bordellen für die SS anhand von neuen Quellen belegt oder widerlegt werden kann. (ICG)

A comprehensive history of policing from the eighteenth century onwards, which draws on largely unused police archives. Clive Emsley addresses all the major issues of debate; he explores the impact of legislation and policy at both national and local levels, and considers the claim that the English police were non-political and free from political control. In the final section, he looks at the changing experience of police life. Established as a standard introduction to the subject on its first appearance, the Second Edition has been substantially revised and is now published under the Longman.