Suchergebnisse

Als ein Archipel-Land beherbergt Indonesien ein großes Gebiet von Küstenfeuchtgebieten wie Mangroven und Torfmoore, die etwa 50 Gt Kohlenstoff (C) speichern. Indonesische Küstenfeuchtgebiete sind auch reich an biologischer Vielfalt und bieten Lebensraum für mehr als 2000 Arten von Flora und Fauna. Die Küstenfeuchtgebiete in Indonesien könnten jedoch aufgrund des bevorstehenden schnellen Anstiegs des Meeresspiegels zusätzlich zu Landnutzungsänderungen und -umstellungen infolge des rapiden Bevölkerungswachstums in den Küstengebieten erhebliche Verluste aufgrund von Überschwemmungen erleiden. Um die Auswirkungen des Meeresspiegelanstiegs zu verringern und die Nachhaltigkeit dieser Ökosysteme und ihrer wichtigen Funktionen zu gewährleisten, müssen die indonesischen Küstenfeuchtgebiete geschützt, bewirtschaftet und wiederhergestellt werden. Da Konservierung, Management und Wiederherstellung kostspielig sein können, während nicht immer genügend Ressourcen zur Verfügung stehen, sind wirksame und effiziente Strategien erforderlich. Dafür ist ein gründliches ökologisches Verständnis von entscheidender Bedeutung. Das derzeitige Wissen über Küstenfeuchtgebiete in Indonesien bleibt jedoch eine große Lücke. Darüber hinaus ist ein gründliches ökologisches Verständnis oft schwierig zu erfassen, da einige Ökosystemprozesse und ihre Reaktionen auf Umweltveränderungen oft nach langer Zeit auftreten. Daher sind langfristige ökologische Studien, wie Paläoökologie, erforderlich. Daraufhin wurde diese paläoökologische Multi-Proxy-Forschung an zwei indonesischen Küstenfeuchtgebieten, dem Sungai Buluh-Moor in Zentral-Sumatra und der Lagune Segara Anakan in Zentral-Java durchgeführt, um (1) die Erkenntnisse über den Umweltprozess und die Umweltdynamik zu verbessern Küstenfeuchtgebiete in Indonesien sowie die Mechanismen und Dynamiken ihrer Fähigkeit, C zu lagern; (2) unterstreichen ihr Potenzial zur Eindämmung des Klimawandels; und (3) Überlegungen zur Verbesserung der Erhaltung, Bewirtschaftung und Wiederherstellung von Küstenfeuchtgebieten in Indonesien anzustellen. Diese Untersuchung legt nahe, dass indonesische Küstenfeuchtgebiete und ihre Fähigkeit, C zu sequestrieren, sehr dynamisch sind und hauptsächlich von Veränderungen des Meeresspiegels, klimatischen Schwankungen und menschlichen Aktivitäten beeinflusst werden. Diese Faktoren verändern hauptsächlich die hydrologischen Bedingungen und die Zusammensetzung der Vegetation der Küstenfeuchtgebiete, obwohl die Auswirkungen ortsspezifisch sein können. Küstenfeuchtgebiete in Indonesien haben auch ein hohes Potenzial für eine globale Minderung des Klimawandels, da sie über beträchtliche Kapazitäten zur Akkumulation von C im Vergleich zu ähnlichen Ökosystemen weltweit verfügen. Darüber hinaus haben die indonesischen Küstenfeuchtgebiete Widerstandsfähigkeit gegenüber natürlichen und anthropogenen Störungen gezeigt. Auf der Grundlage der Ergebnisse werden einige Überlegungen zur Verbesserung der Erhaltung, Bewirtschaftung und Wiederherstellung von Küstenfeuchtgebieten vorgelegt. Dazu gehören (1) die Festlegung von Prioritäten oder die Klassifizierung der Bedeutung von Arten, Ökosystemen, Gebieten oder Maßnahmen, um zur Lösung der kritischsten Probleme beizutragen, die Bemühungen zu optimieren und die Ressourcen zuzuweisen; (2) Einbeziehung sozioökonomischer Bedürfnisse in die Erhaltung und nachhaltige Nutzung; (3) Auswahl eines effektiven und effizienten Wiederherstellungskonzepts; und (4) Bewertung des Politikentwurfs und der Umsetzung. ; As an archipelago country, Indonesia harbors vast area of coastal wetlands such as mangrove and peatland that stores around 50 Gt carbon (C). Indonesian coastal wetlands are also rich in biodiversity, providing habitats for over 2000 species of flora and fauna. However, coastal wetlands in Indonesia potentially sustain significant loss due to inundation following the upcoming rapid sea level rise in addition to landuse change and conversion following rapid population growth in the coastal areas. To reduce the impact of sea level rise and to ensure the sustainability of these ecosystems and their important functions, conservation, management and restoration of Indonesian coastal wetlands are necessary to be conducted. As conservation, management and restoration can be costly while sufficient resources are not always available, effective and efficient strategies are required. For this, a thorough ecological understanding is critical. However, current knowledge relating to coastal wetlands in Indonesia remains a large gap. Moreover, thorough ecological understanding is often difficult to gather as some ecosystem processes and their responses to environmental changes often occur after a long period of time. Therefore, long term ecological studies, such as palaeoecology, are required to conduct. Thereupon, this multi-proxy palaeoecological research that includes was carried out on two Indonesian coastal wetlands, Sungai Buluh peatland in Central Sumatra and Segara Anakan lagoon in Central Java, in order to: (1) improve the insights on the environmental process and dynamics of coastal wetlands in Indonesia as well as the mechanisms and dynamics of their capacity to store C; (2) underline their potential for climate change mitigation; and (3) provide consideration to improve conservation, management and restoration of coastal wetlands in Indonesia. This research suggests that Indonesian coastal wetlands and their capacities to sequester C are very dynamic and mainly influenced by sea level changes, climatic variabilities and human activities. These factors mainly alter the hydrological conditions and vegetation composition of the coastal wetlands, although the impacts can be site-specific. Coastal wetlands in Indonesia also have high potential for global climate change mitigation for they have considerable capacities to accumulate C compared to similar ecosystems globally. Additionally, Indonesian coastal wetlands have shown resilience to past disturbances, both natural and anthropogenic. Based on the outcomes, some considerations to improve coastal wetlands conservation, management and restoration are provided. This includes (1) setting up priorities or classifying the importance of species, ecosystems, areas, or actions, in order to help solving the most critical problems, optimizing the efforts and allocating the resource; (2) incorporating socioeconomic needs in conservation and sustainable use; (3) selecting effective and efficient restoration approach; and (4) evaluating policy design and implementation.

Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) has been promoted as a key approach in addressing the effects of climate change. First launched in 2009, CSA refers to agricultural technologies that are well suited to increase farmer livelihoods in the face of a changing climate by 1) raising agricultural productivity; 2) building resilience of livelihoods and farming systems; and 3) reducing carbon emissions. While government implementation of mitigation and adaptation policies may be an effective means to help address climate change, concerns arise, if CSA policies run counter to international trade disciplines. In particular, CSA policies could come into direct conflict with WTO trade rules, if these policies serve to insulate domestic producers from competition. Thus, they could potentially distort production and trade. This paper examines CSA policies in the context of the WTO agreements, including domestic support disciplines under the WTO Agreement on Agriculture. ; IFPRI5; 3 Building Inclusive and Efficient Markets, Trade Systems, and Food Industry; 1 Fostering Climate-Resilient and Sustainable Food Supply ; MTID ; Non-PR

Many of the most pressing policy and social challenges of the modern era are widely viewed to be 'wicked' problems, that is, complex, largely intractable, contested problems. A good example is climate change mitigation and adaptation. The dual context for this article is: the recent increase in evaluative questions being asked by practitioners and policymakers who are seeking to address wicked socio-environmental problems (like climate change); and the recognition that such problems and related interventions present major challenges to evaluative inquiry. To effectively answer these evaluative questions, both practitioners and policymakers need the assistance of evaluators who recognise the limitations of traditional accountability-oriented evaluation and adequately understand the complexity of programs, the contexts in which they are embedded, and the socio-environmental problems they seek to address. This article reviews and builds on discussion of wicked environmental and policy problems in the evaluation literature to consider the evaluation challenges (and associated guiding principles) and potential roles for evaluative inquiry. The article argues that evaluations of interventions into wicked problems should be grounded in the realist paradigm. Drawing on the review and this theory, four roles for evaluative inquiry are identified: (1) testing and refining transferable intervention theories; (2) enabling learning (rather than demonstrating accountability); (3) providing decision support; and (4) mapping program complexity and prompting adequate consideration of complexity.

Considering the opportunities posed by open data, the following document presents an analysis of the impact generated in the Wayuu indigenous peoples of La Guajira in Colombia, due to Climate Change and the possibilities provided by open data and data gathering, in the policies implemented by the Colombian Government to mitigate the effects of climate change at the national and local level. Climate change is one of the biggest challenges that countries must deal with in this century and in the upcoming years. It is also one of the key subjects of the Millennium Development Goals, especially for developing countries and for the poorest and most vulnerable communities like the indigenous groups. Therefore, bearing in mind that climate change impacts have diverse and complex consequenses, these must be addressed from different points of view, such as its social, environmental and cultural effects. This research will also focus on the identification of the barriers restricting the implementation of open data (OD) regarding enviromental matters in Colombia. The factors that may prevent the successful use of OD in the enviromental sector in Colombia are mainly issues related to lack of the infrastructure needed for a data driven innovations and the insufficient understanding of the importance of data use from different stakeholders. This framework will expose said obstacles, as it attempts to highlight the experience of other countries to finally assess which are the priority factors that must be tackled in order to accelerate the implementation and use of alternative sources of data.

This Master's thesis explores the role of climate change mitigation in a development cooperation program. The case chosen for exploring this issue was a Finnish development cooperation program, the Energy and Environment Partnership (EEP) with the Mekong Region. EEP Mekong presented a good case for investigating the recent trend in which climate change is increasingly being mainstreamed into development cooperation. The industrialized countries have committed to provide 0.7% of their gross national income for development cooperation. More recently the industrialized countries have pledged to support developing countries in climate change related activities. Concerns have been raised that the new pledges for climate finance are diverting funds from development cooperation. This study can be seen to represent a case of a donor initiated development cooperation program, funded with official development aid, in which climate change has significantly influenced the design of the program. This issue was approached from a constructivist point of view. The research was carried out looking at norm diffusion and how norms influence the program, and the research question was: how does the norm of climate change mitigation diffuse and inform behavior in the EEP Mekong? The empirical focus in this study was on the norm of climate change mitigation, how actors understand it and how it informs behavior within the program. This issue was discussed in the context of development cooperation, and in order to understand the issue better, this paper also analyzed the norms of poverty reduction and ownership in the EEP. A mission to the Mekong region took place in the beginning of 2011. Eight interviews conducted during the mission form the main data used in this study. In addition, interviews were conducted with the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland and the Nordic Development Fund. Documents of the program were used to complement the material collected with the interviews. The main findings of this study point out that the EEP Mekong is, indeed, strongly geared towards climate change mitigation and outcomes for poverty reduction can be questioned. Mitigating climate change turned out to be taken-for-granted in the program. The norm of climate change mitigation can be said to be diffused to the EEP and inform the program. However, it seemed that it was the idea of mitigating climate change that was the key concern, not achieving significant emission reduction. As such, the content of the norm of climate change mitigation had changed from what it was originally taken to prescribe. Although diffused, norms do not always have their intended effect. The norm of ownership did not seem to be subscribed to on many levels in the program. There were indications that this was due to the fact, that the content of the norm was understood differently by different actors. Asiasanat:climate change mitigation, development cooperation, norm diffusion

Developing model-based narratives of society's response to climate change is challenged by two factors. First, society's response to possible future climate change is subject to many uncertainties. Second, we argue that society's mitigation action emerge out of the actions and interactions of the many actors in society. Together, these two factors imply that the overarching dynamics of society's response to climate change are unpredictable. In contrast to conventional processes of developing scenarios, in this study the emergence of climate change mitigation action by society has been represented in an agent-based model with which we developed two narratives of the emergence of climate change mitigation action by applying exploratory modelling and analysis. The agent-based model represents a two-level game involving governments and citizens changing their emission behaviour in the face of climate change through mitigation action. Insights gained from the exploration on uncertainties pertaining to the system have been used to construct two internally consistent and plausible narratives on the pathways of the emergence of mitigation action, which, as we argue, are a reasonable summary of the uncertainty space. The first narrative highlights how and when strong mitigation action emerges while the second narrative highlights how and when weak mitigation action emerges. In contrast to a conventional scenario development process, these two scenarios have been discovered bottom up rather than being defined top down. They succinctly capture the possible outcomes of the emergence of climate change mitigation by society across a large range of uncertain factors. The narratives therefore help in conveying the consequences of the various uncertainties influencing the emergence of climate change mitigation action by society.

The study aimed to develop an eco-school toolkit based on the assessed levels of carbon footprint status, climate change mitigation awareness and education for sustainable development perceptions of principals in the Island of Panay for the School Year 2019-2020. The researcher employed mixed method research design: quantitative and qualitative approach. A survey was conducted to the randomly selected 210 samples using the researcher-made questionnaires, and two sessions of focus group discussions were conducted to the Philippine - Open Government Partnership (P-OGP), National Executive Coordinating Council (NECC) and international philanthropists. The Eco-School Toolkit was adopted from the 4Ds Training Cycle Map Process by Samuel Phil (2010). The data was statistically interpreted through frequency counts, percentage, mean, standard deviation, Analysis of Variance, Pearson correlation coefficient at 0.05 level of significance. The results shows that RPMS-PPST rating revealed that principals with "outstanding" and "very satisfactory" ratings consume maximum energy and living a "carbon-unfriendly lifestyle" resulting to an increase in the carbon footprint status. This may create negative impressions among teachers that "outstanding" or "very satisfactory" principals are not manifesting carbon friendly habits, attitudes, practices and cultures. On the other hand, geographical location, age, sexual orientation and RPMS PPST Rating will not affect climate change mitigation awareness of principals. Further, geographical location, age, sexual orientation and RPMS PPST Rating will not affect education for sustainable development perceptions of principals. Carbon footprint status is a significant indicator of education for sustainable development. Climate change mitigation awareness is a significant indicator of education for sustainable development. The school principals' carbon footprint status influences their climate change mitigation awareness and the climate change mitigation awareness influences their education for sustainable development perceptions; and education for sustainable development perceptions influences their carbon footprint status. The interconnectedness, interrelationships and interrelatedness of carbon footprint status, climate change mitigation awareness and education for sustainable development perceptions may create ecological foundations for school principals to be eco-friendly leader, serving an eco-friendly school and promoting an eco-friendly community for an eco-friendly nation.

Intro -- Contents -- No Doubt About Climate Change and Its Implications for Water Suppliers -- How Should Water Utilities Prepare for Climate Change? -- Mountain Water and Climate Change -- Prevailing Water Demand Forecasting Practices and Implications for Evaluating the Effects of Climate Change -- Impacts of Climate Change and Variability on Source Water Quality of Lake Cachuma, California -- The Climate Footprint and the Practical Application at Water Companies in the Netherlands -- Climate Footprint and Mitigation Measures in the Dutch Water Sector -- The Water Footprint of Bio- Energy -- The Water- Energy- Climate Nexus- Systems Thinking and Virtuous Circles -- Energy Use in Urban Water -- WATERGY: Energy and Water Efficiency in Municipal Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment -- Station Efficiency Reduces Greenhouse Gas Emissions -- Climate Change- Mitigation Policy Issues -- Climate Change Mitigation Strategies in the Water Sector in Developing Countries -- Incorporating Climate Change in Water Planning -- Climate Change and Water Utilities -- Half Full or Half Empty? Either Way It's Time to Plan -- Climate Change Is Real: How Can Utilities Cope With Potential Risks? -- Planning Strategy in a Changing Climate -- Climate Change: Charting a Water Course in an Uncertain Future -- Implementation of Climate Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies for Drinking Water Production in the Netherlands -- Meeting the Challenges of Climate Change: Singapore -- Climate Change and Adaptation in Southern California -- Melbourne Water Climate Change Study -- Climate Change Impacts on Urban Drainage Systems in Scandinavia.

This is the second edition of the Best Policy Practices for Promoting Energy Efficiency publication prepared in the framework of the United Nations Development Account project "Promoting Energy Efficiency Investments for Climate Change Mitigation and Sustainable Development". It provides additional exemplars of the best policy practices for promoting energy efficiency in UNECE region and beyond. The objective of the publication is to present a structured framework of policies and measures to promote energy efficiency investments for climate change mitigation and sustainable development, as well as to develop a menu of energy efficiency policies and measures

A new perspective on a diabolical problem.Climate change, one of the most polarising issues of our time, has reached a political deadlock in the battle of sceptics and believers. But it doesn't have to be that way. In Why We Argue about Climate Change, Eric Knight unpicks the misconceptions that keep us arguing about, and stop us seeing, the nature of the problem - and its solutions.Why can't we learn anything about climate change from snowdrifts or scorching hot days? And whom should we listen to - scientists or politicians - to find answers? With optimism and clarity, Knight cuts through the

"For much of recent history, climate change policy has focused on mitigation. Reducing emissions and shifting energy sources away from fossil fuels, for example, are actions that could slow the pace of climate change. But despite these (uneven) domestic and international efforts, the climate is already changing in dramatic ways. With escalating risks now certain to occur, scientific projections offer a range of possible outcomes. Coastal communities are struggling with rising sea levels, farmers are grappling with shifts in the timing of seasonal events, and cities face more frequent storm cycles. As a result, policymakers have also begun to consider tools for adaptation, as they seek to build resilience at all scales of governance. Despite the relative nascence of the field, preliminary lessons offer important guidance. This book will provide an overview of the theory and practice that underlie global adaptation efforts. Understanding the challenges that climate change adaptation presents is essential for charting a path toward global sustainability. This book is organized around the thesis that focusing exclusively on climate change mitigation policy - as many analyses do -- does not address the vast majority of human societies now compelled to live within an altered weather system. While the thrust of this book is practical, focused on a range of tools that societies can employ to adapt and build dynamic resiliency, ethical concerns underlie the global dynamic around climate change as well. The author highlights ways the changing climate will have differential effects that can both reflect and intensify current patterns of poverty. Through this lens, the book also considers challenges associated with international development and disaster risk management. The manuscript's interdisciplinary framework includes perspectives from the natural sciences, law, architecture, anthropology, humanitarian aid, economics, and public policy. Case studies illustrate the ways vastly different social contexts and governance scales reflect both innovative solutions and stubborn barriers to effective climate adaptation."--