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Transnational studies are a newcomer in the landscape of migration studies. They are now regarded as the third pillar of migration studies, next to the study of integration in the receiving countries and of migration and development in the sending countries. This strand of research addresses the various forms of practices and socialities that migrants maintain across national boarders. As a political geographer, I am primarily interested in the intersection between transnational practices, power relations and state policies. How can we characterise migrants' transnational space-time compared to state territoriality? To what extent state policies shape or constrain the transnational engagements of migrants? Are the material (of people, goods and money) and immaterial (ideas, norms and symbols) flows induced by migrant transnationalism a chance or a challenge for state sovereignty?

In jüngster Zeit geäußerte Vorschläge, unter anderem von George Soros, sehen vor, die Flüchtlingskrise durch die Einrichtung von Sonderwirtschaftszonen in den Anrainerstaaten der Herkunftsländer der Migranten zu entschärfen. Würden dort Investitionen getätigt und Arbeitsplätze geschaffen, gäbe es weniger Anreize, nach Europa einzuwandern. Sind diese Vorschläge wirklich geeignet, die Migrationsursachen zu verringern? Nach Ansicht von Birgit Schmitz und Benjamin Schraven, Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik, Bonn, muss diese Frage grundsätzlich mit einem »Nein« beantwortet werden. Sonderwirtschaftszonen könnten eine enorme landesinterne Migration auslösen, diese führe aber nicht unbedingt zu weniger internationaler Migration. Die Erwartungen, dass Sonderwirtschaftszonen in Europas Nachbarschaft kurz- oder mittelfristig zu einer massiven Abnahme der Zuwanderung in den alten Kontinent führen würde, sollten also nicht allzu hoch gehängt werden. Grundsätzlich werde Europa nicht daran vorbeikommen, sich über eine gut gemanagte Zuwanderungspolitik Gedanken zu machen. Marco Lietz, sieht einen Lösungsansatz im Einsatz ausländischer Experten in Sonderwirtschaftszonen, da Fachleute aus Europa, Nordamerika, Australien oder Ostasien häufig über Know-how zur Verwaltung von Gewerbezonen oder Städten nach modernen Kriterien verfügen. Auf diese Weise könne eine erfolgreiche Standortpolitik zur Armutsreduzierung und damit zur Verringerung von Migration beitragen. So sei es beispielsweise für ausländische Experten bedeutend einfacher, mit Investoren aus Industrieländern zu verhandeln und sie davon zu überzeugen, ihr Unternehmen an einem bestimmten Standort anzusiedeln und so die dringend benötigten Arbeitsplätze zu schaffen.

Transnational studies are a newcomer in the landscape of migration studies. They are now regarded as the third pillar of migration studies, next to the study of integration in the receiving countries and of migration and development in the sending countries. This strand of research addresses the various forms of practices and socialities that migrants maintain across national boarders. As a political geographer, I am primarily interested in the intersection between transnational practices, power relations and state policies. How can we characterise migrants' transnational space-time compared to state territoriality? To what extent state policies shape or constrain the transnational engagements of migrants? Are the material (of people, goods and money) and immaterial (ideas, norms and symbols) flows induced by migrant transnationalism a chance or a challenge for state sovereignty?

After acknowledging the existence of different definitions of migrant, this work addresses the issue of achieving estimates that are comparable across time and space. Consequently, the first part of the work focusses on the definitions of migrant adopted by widely used statistical sources of migration data (ISTAT, UN, IOM, WORLD BANK, EUROSTAT). The second part critically analyses the migration data provided by ISTAT, EUROSTAT and UN, respectively referring to Italy, Europe and the world. As regards UN data on international migrations, the countries that define migrants by citizenship were kept separate from those that define them by place of birth. Finally, a comparison is offered between the data on immigration in Italy provided by UN (defined by place of birth) and those provided by ISTAT (defined by citizenship).

Для эффективного контроля и борьбы с нелегальными мигрантами, необходимо опираться на европейскую законотвор- ческую практику, которая может быть полезной российскому миграционному законодательству. При рассмотрении дан- ного явления использовались методы абстрагирования и анализа. Определена нормативная база регулирующая нелегаль- ную миграцию ФРГ и РФ. Обозначена очевидная необходимость иностранного опыта для развития и совершенствования национального миграционного законодательства. ; For the effective control and combating of illegal migrants, it is necessary to rely on European law-making practice, which may be useful to the Russian migration legislation. When considering this phenomenon we used methods of abstraction and analysis. Standard legal framework governing irregular migration in Germany and the Russian Federation. Indicated a clear need for foreign expertise to the development and improvement of national migration legislation.

AbstractAcademics and policy makers require a better understanding of the variation of policies that regulate global migration, asylum and immigrant naturalization. At present, however, there is no comprehensive cross‐national, time‐series database of such policies, rendering the analysis of policy trends across and within these areas difficult at best. Several new immigration databases and indices have been developed in recent years. However, there is no consensus on how best to conceptualize, measure and aggregate migration policy indicators to allow for meaningful comparisons through time and across space. This article discusses these methodological challenges and introduces practical solutions that involve historical, multi‐dimensional, disaggregated and transparent conceptualizing, measuring and compiling of cross‐national immigration policies. Such an approach informs the International Migration Policy and Law Analysis (IMPALA) database.

The awakening of several Arab countries on the southern and eastern rims of the Mediterranean in the winter 2010-2011 raised concerns, particularly in European countries, about the migration flows it could engender. It was considered that political instability and the ensuing economic slowdown would be at the origin of large migration flows. A senior political figure in the European Union (EU) warned of migration flows of "Biblical dimensions". The fact is that, despite some initial movements of contained magnitude in the spring 2011, the large flows did not materialize. In the largest country on the southern rim, Egypt, repeated surveys among young Egyptians indicated the desire to migrate did not increase in the two years of political changes that followed the breakout of the Arab Awakening. ; peer-reviewed

Ukraine's involvement in global migration processes after the fall of the Iron Curtain and dissolution of the Soviet Union has been a simple fact. But one of the negative consequences of the outward labor migration of Ukrainian nationals has been that human trafficking emerged and became increasingly frequent. In the 1990s and the early 2000s, Ukraine was a country of origin and to some extent a country of transit for persons who found themselves in the situation of slavery. Over recent years Ukraine has increasingly become a country of destination for human-trafficking victims, while cases of domestic trafficking within Ukraine are also widespread. ; Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration (CARIM-East) is co-financed by the European University Institute and the European Union

The transition and post-transition processes in Mongolia since 1989 have brought work insecurity to Mongolia. This research aimed at understanding diverse and complex urban livelihoods which emerged after the collapse of socialism, the evolving labour market, and increased migration. Despite its age, the Harris-Todaro model of migration is still a useful framework for understanding "excessive" migration in Mongolia. In Mongolia, people have been responding demographically, economically and socially to the changes in the political and economic system. We discover Mongolia has moved from dependent socialism (on FSU/Russia) to dependent capitalism (on China) since 1989 creating new forms of macro- economic imbalance. For the research, we conducted a household survey which covers 2,145 persons aged 12 and above in three urban locations in Mongolia.

Рассматриваются причины различных видов миграции и их взаимосвязь с условиями и причинами преступности. Исследуется целесообразность применения конкретных мер противодействия преступности мигрантов на основе учета особенностей определенного типа миграции; подчеркивается необходимость регулирования социальных, правовых, экономических аспектов. Незаконная миграция представлена как комплексная проблема, требующая взаимосвязанных мероприятий внутригосударственных органов и сотрудничества различных стран. ; The paper examines reasons for different kinds of migration and their interaction with conditions and reasons for crime. The author studies how reasonable it would be to take specific measures against crime among migrants basing on special features of different types of migration and underlines the necessity of regulation of social, legal and economic aspects of this problem. The article also deals with illegal migration as a complex problem demanding mutual efforts of government and different countries abroad.

Deprived and declining areas in Scotland have poorer health than other areas in the rest of Scotland. Using data from the Scottish Longitudinal Study, this paper examines whether differential migration over a one year period can explain these differences. Compared with migrants to and from deprived and declining areas, stable residents in those areas were generally older, less well educated and less affluent. Continued disproportionate loss of more affluent and better educated individuals could result in deprived and declining areas becoming even more deprived over time. Migrants appeared to be in better health; however, this finding was reversed on adjustment for age. It may be that while the relationship between migration and socio-economic status is immediately apparent, the relationship between migration and health could take longer to develop.

Internal migration rates in Germany are relatively low in international comparison. Identifying obstacles to interregional mobility is thus of major policy concern because the geographic mobility of labour may contribute to higher overall economic growth as well as a reduction of interregional employment disparities. This article presents a number of findings from a research project that aims at identifying institutional factors that reduce geographic mobility among unemployed jobseekers in Germany and that, at the same time, may also contribute to explaining the large gap in internal migration rates between qualified and unqualified workers. The findings indicate that a generous unemployment benefit system contributes to the observed phenomena. Workfare programs that reduce the partially high wage replacement rates among low-qualified unemployed might thus result in higher levels of internal migration in Germany.

Labor migration began to be promoted in the late 60s or early 70s by a number of Asian countries burdened by problems of unemployment, poverty, and scant foreign exchange. However, labor export was generally intended to be a stop-gap measure while governments were trying to implement policy reform to whip their economies into shape. Indeed, labor migration as policy has largely faded in many of our Asian neighbors but remains a major development policy plank in our country. What has made the Philippines specially cut out to be a labor exporter? What are the benefits and costs of migration? Is the export of labor sustainable? Are we content with being a labor exporter? Is there a need to rethink the country's labor export policy?

This research analyzes the Portuguese fertility transition combining Davis's multiphasic response perspective with Friedlander's system of multiples responses. Interaction between fertility decline and traditional mechanisms of population growth control (the European marriage pattern and out-migration) is the main basis on which to explore Portuguese demography between 1920 and 1960. A geographical approach shows an association among high marital fertility, emigration, and low nuptiality; a chronological perspective reveals that migration has an increasing trend until fertility transition began and that female nuptiality remains low during this period and afterward. The multiple response perspective stresses path diversity during fertility transitions. Econometric models for regional diversity during fertility transition show migration and nuptiality importance in the Portuguese case. A comparative analysis confirms this idea for Spain, Italy, and Germany.

The Australian government claims that its emphasis on skills in the migration program has paid off, with recent migrants achieving superior labour market outcomes to previous cohorts, and contributing more to the 'productive diversity' of the Australian workforce. Such sentiments are supported by most contemporary scholars of migration. Their conclusions stem from the adoption of a human capital approach where migrants' labour market outcomes are seen to directly reflect their individual skills and other attributes, as opposed to social and institutional practices such as discrimination or exclusion. In this article we subject the prevailing 'success story' about skilled migration to scrutiny, and point to alternative ways of interpreting the empirical evidence (namely, longitudinal survey data) as well as alternative ways of explaining the incorporation of migrants in the Australian workforce.