Suchergebnisse

This paper contributes to the debate on the social impact of globalization. It focuses on the mediating role of the sectoral pattern of transnational production relocation to the postcommunist economies of Eastern Europe. We argue that the collapse of the socialist heavy industries & the eastward relocation of traditional light industries initially forced the social conditions of the East European countries to converge at the bottom & deepened the gap between the West & the East. Later, the eastward migration of high-skilled labor & capital-intensive industries & jobs led to decreasing social disparity between the West & some of the former socialist countries. However, convergence appears uncertain, costly, & uneven, & coincides with increasing social disparity within the group of East European new members & candidates of the European Union. Adapted from the source document.

The successful return migration of 1.7 million displaced Mozambicans is studied for greater understanding of how peacebuilding at the local level was achieved through largely spontaneous repatriation. Although peacebuilding was influenced by many international actors, it only became effective when Mozambic's internal affairs, challenged by economic collapse, ecological disaster, & a military stand-off, fragmented to the point that Renamo allowed displaced populations to repatriate through various agreements outside the UN-chaperoned General Peace Agreement. The experience emphasizes that repatriation is a highly political activity & that the views of everyday peasant population must be considered along with that of the national political agenda. The contested northern district of Angonia, Tete Provance, is presented as a case study of repatriation, peacebuilding, & reconstruction efforts independent of the diplomatic efforts taking place in Maputo, Rome. 2 Tables, 92 References. L. A. Hoffman

In today's world, migrations of populations are increasingly more frequent due to a variety of reasons. Different states approach this issue in a different way. Thus, we may distinguish between those that employ more restrictive immigration policies & those that are open to immigration. The Republic of Croatia has built its immigration policy on the fact that it is among the countries with the biggest diasporas in the world. Since its people emigrated from Croatia for many years after WWII, the new Croatian government after the independence shaped its immigration policy that was supposed to stimulate its emigrants to return to Croatia. The Ministry of Immigration was founded with the task of implementing the state's policy of immigration regarding the return of emigrants. 3 Tables, 10 Figures, 1 Graph. Adapted from the source document.

Handwerkliche Tätigkeiten haben eine integrative Funktion. Die Kombination von niedrigeren schulischen Einstiegsbarrieren und Möglichkeiten der Weiterqualifikation kann die Arbeitsmarktintegration von Migranten unterstützen. Migranten arbeiten überproportional häufig in Handwerksberufen. Außerdem ist der Anteil von ausländischen Lehrlingen im Handwerk größer als der Ausländeranteil in nicht-handwerklichen Ausbildungsberufen. Die vorliegende Untersuchung zeigt auch, dass Arbeitsmarktintegration ein langfristiges Projekt ist. Es vergeht ca. eine Dekade ab dem Zeitpunkt der Ankunft, bis sich der Anteil einer Einwanderungskohorte, die im Handwerk arbeiten, an den Anteil der Deutschen im Handwerk anpasst. Längerfristig übersteigt der Handwerkeranteil unter Einwanderern aber den Handwerkeranteil unter Nicht-Migranten. Das Qualifikationsniveau von Migranten weist starke Defizite auf und stellt ein zentrales politisches Handlungsfeld dar, um eine erfolgreiche gesellschaftliche und berufliche Eingliederung zu befördern. Es gilt, innovative Wege zu finden, das standardisierte System des Übergangs vom Realschulabschluss zur Berufsausbildung, welches in der Abwesenheit von hoher Zuwanderung funktional war, partiell zu umgehen, dabei aber weiterhin eine gute Ausbildungsqualität zu gewährleisten. Fachkräfteknappheit kann nur in begrenztem Maße durch Migration ausgeglichen werden. Die jungen ausländischen Auszubildenden sind zwar häufig in handwerklichen Engpassberufen anzutreffen. Langfristig dürfte die Zahl der eingewanderten Personen aber nicht ausreichen, um die niedrige deutsche Geburtenrate zu kompensieren. Außerdem verfügt ein Großteil der Migranten nicht über einen Berufsabschluss. Die Einwanderer der ersten Generation arbeiten häufig als An- und Ungelernte in niedrigqualifizierten Berufen, bei denen keine erhöhte Fachkräfteknappheit vorliegt. Durch die Deregulierung der beruflichen Zugangsbeschränkung im Jahre 2004 wurde die Meisterpflicht für Unternehmer in einer Reihe von Gewerken abgeschafft. Diese Gesetzesänderung verursachte eine Erhöhung des Anteils von Personen mit ausländischer Herkunft im B1-Handwerk. Die Erhöhung des Migrantenanteils ist besonders stark ausgeprägt unter Selbstständigen. Es gibt aber auch Hinweise auf eine nennenswerte Erhöhung des Migrantenanteils unter abhängig Beschäftigten. ; The Crafts Sector plays a key role for the successful integration of immigrants into the German labor market. The combination of low educational entry barriers and the possibility of continuing qualification could represent an attractive option for immigrants with lower levels of qualification. The share of migrants who work in the crafts sector is larger than the share of Germans who works as craftsmen. Similarly, the share of foreign apprentices in the crafts is higher than the share of foreign apprentices in other branches of the economy. This study shows that labor market integration is a long term process. It takes at least one decade after arrival until the share of an immigrant cohort that works in the crafts sector is equal to the one among native born Germans. After that time period however, immigrants are more likely to work in the crafts sector than natives. The qualification level of immigrants is below the one of native born individuals and the catch-up process is slow. The re-design of qualification pathways in order to allow individuals without school degrees to enter vocational training, without jeopardizing the quality of training, appears to be the most pressing political task. The increasing scarcity of mid-level qualified labor will hardly be affected by immigration despite the fact that many immigrants undergo training in occupations characterized by increased levels of labor scarcity. First, there are many immigrants without formal training who mostly work in low level occupations. Second, the sheer quantity of immigrants does not suffice to compensate for the low birth rate in Germany. Finally, the deregulation of the German trades and Crafts code of 2004 has caused a rise in the share of foreign born entrepreneurs in the crafts sector. There is also some evidence for an increase in the share of foreign born employees. ; unReviewed

This working paper provides preliminary insights into public debates over Europeanisation and migration in Austria between 2011 and 2019. Based on a qualitative political claims analysis of 15 political speeches, 21 newspaper articles and nine stakeholder interviews, it provides an overview on how various actors problematized the EU, its Member States, and their policymaking and political targets in the realm of migration and asylum. Early research results show a widely shared discontent over the EU's asylum system. But although there is disagreement over responsible actors and failed policy rationales, we also find broad consensus on the idea that reforms must happen at the European level (with rightwing populist politicians being a major exception). Thereby, the EU as a polity and as a set of rules, beliefs and cultures is filled with different meanings.

Courbage, Y.: Migration internationale et transition demographique au Maghreb. S. 9-28. Benhaime, R.: Perspectives economique maghrebines. S. 29-44. Leveau, R.: Crise des Etats et transitions incertaines. S. 45-58

Since the failed coup attempt by parts of the Turkish military against
President Erdogan in the summer of 2016, the Turkish government has suspended
more than 100,000 civil servants on the pretext that they had planned
a coup. Out of fear of persecution and arbitrary arrests, around 21,000 Turkish
citizens have since applied for asylum in Germany. Many of them found refuge
in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW). At the same time, communities
of people with a migration background related to Turkey have been living in
this federal state, particularly in the large cities, since the 1960s. This Working
Paper examines how members of both groups in NRW perceive each other and
how they interact with each other in everyday life, which conflicts arise, and
how the political developments in Turkey affect these processes. The study
shows that Turkish refugees experience solidarity and sympathy from people
with a Turkey-related migration background and their organisations, but also
encounter some hostility from them in everyday life. This reflects the strong
polarisation within the communities of people with a Turkey-related migration
background in NRW since 2016, which the Working Paper also addresses. The
author advocates a differentiated, empirically-based approach to the subject
area and strongly warns against generalisations. Approaches to conflict resolution
must incorporate the complexity of actors and interactions, as well as
the diversity of opinions and positions within communities with a connection
to Turkey.

We measure selection among high-skilled emigrants from Germany using predicted earnings. Migrants to less equal countries are positively selected relative to nonmigrants, while migrants to more equal countries are negatively selected, consistent with the prediction in Borjas (1987). Positive selection to less equal countries reflects university quality and grades, and negative selection to more equal countries reflects university subject and gender. Migrants to the United States are highly positively selected and concentrated in STEM fields. Our results highlight the relevance of the Borjas model for high-skilled individuals when credit constraints and other migration barriers are unlikely to be binding.

Vorliegender Bericht nimmt zur Landjugendentwicklung in der DDR aus der Sicht der Jugendforschung Stellung. Es werden folgende drei Hauptthemen angeprochen: 1. Zur Reproduktion der Klasse der Genossenschaftsbauern und zur jugendpolitischen Arbeit auf dem Lande; 2. Arbeitseinstellung, Leistungsverhalten, Berufsorientierung und Ausbildung, Jugendbrigaden und MMM-/Neuererbewegung, Hoch- und Fachschulabsolventen; 3. Land- und Dorfverbundenheit, Migration und Freizeitgestaltung. (psz)

I examine the pattern of selection on education of asylum seekers recently arrived in Germany from five key source countries: Afghanistan, Albania, Iraq, Serbia, and Syria. The analysis relies on original individual-level data collected in Germany combined with surveys conducted at origin. The results reveal a positive pattern of selection on education for asylum seekers who were able to flee Iraq and Syria, and the selection is neutral for individuals seeking asylum from Afghanistan and negative for asylum seekers from Albania and Serbia. I provide an interpretation of these patterns based on differences in the expected length of stay at destination, the migration costs faced by asylum seekers to reach Germany, and the size of migration networks at destination.