International Taxation of Banking' introduces and analyses the international tax issues which relate to international banking activities. Banking is an increasingly global business, with a complex network of international transactions within multinational groups and with international customers. This book provides a thorough, practical analysis of international taxation issues as they affect the banking industry, and it includes the structures used in bank treasury operations and transfer pricing issues for multinational banking groups
New technologies, falling transportation costs, improvements in education, and increased opportunities for international business contributed to economic growth. Without political stability, however, world trade could not have flourished at a steady and healthy rate.
[v. 11] The initial triumph of the Axis, ed. by A. Toynbee and V. M. Toynbee. ; [v. 4] Hitler's Europe, ed. by A. Toynbee and V.M. Toynbee.--[v. 5] The Middle East, 1945-1950, by G. Kirk.--[v. 6] The realignment ofEurope, by F.C. Jones, H. Borton and R.R. Pearn.--[v. 8] Four-power control in Germany and Austria, 1945-1946. I. Germany. by M. Balfour. II. Austria. by J. Mair.--[v.9] The war and the neutrals, ed. by A. Toynbee and V.M. Toynbee.--[v. 10] The eve of war, 1939, ed. by A. Toynbee and V.M. Toynbee.-- ; The war-time series for 1939-46, ed. by A.J. Toynbee, comprises the following volumes: [v. 1] The world in March 1939, ed. by A.J. Toynbee and F.T. Ashton-Gwatkin.--[v. 2] The Middle East in the war, by G. Kirk.--[v. 3] America, Britain & Russia, their co-operation and conflict, 1941-1946, by W.H. McNeill.--[v. 4] Hitler's Europe, ed. by A. Toynbee and V.M. Toynbee.--[v. 5] The Middle East, 1945-1950, by G. Kirk.--[v. 3] America, Britain & Russia, by W.H. Mcneill.-- ; Vols. for 1920-23--1925, v. 1, 1926-1938, v. 1 ed. by A.J. Toynbee and others; 1925, v. 2 by C.A. Macartney and others; 1925, suppl. comp. by V.M. Boulter; 1938, v. 2-3 by R.G.D. Laffan; 1947-48-- by P.Calvocoressi. ; Some volumes have also distinctive titles: 1925, v. 1. The Islamic world since the peace settlement.--1925, suppl., Chronology of international events and treaties, 1st January 1920-31st December 1925.--1935, v. 2, Abyssinia and Italy.--1937, v. 2, The international repercussions of the war in Spain (1936-7).--l938, v. 2, The crisis over Czechoslovakia, January to September 1938. ; Some issues combined; some published in multi-volume parts. ; Includes supplements. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; "Issued under the auspices of the Royal Institute of International Affairs."
There has been an almost 50% increase in the volume of major conventional arms transfers over the past four years, reversing a downward trend after 1997. The USA and Russia were the largest suppliers in the five-year period 2002-2006, each accounting for around 30% of global deliveries. Exports from European Union (EU) members to non-EU countries accounted for just over 20% of global deliveries. Because of its very limited internal market, the Russian arms industry remains heavily dependent on exports -- most newly produced weapons in Russia are exported -- to maintain an arms industry and fund development of new weapons and technology. This limits the possibility that Russia will exercise restraint in its arms exports. The arms industries of the USA and EU members are in general far less export dependent. China and India remained the largest arms importers in the world. Also among the top 10 importers were five Middle Eastern countries. While much media attention was given to arms deliveries to Iran, mainly from Russia, deliveries from the USA and European countries to Israel, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates were significantly larger. Especially worrisome are deliveries of long-range conventional strike systems to these states and the effects this may have on regional stability. Because the development of large weapon systems is becoming increasingly costly, nearly all countries have become or soon will become dependent on other countries for weapons or weapon technology. This could lead to mutual dependency -- as in US-Europe relations -- or to one-sided dependency, as is the case for most developing countries. Some countries may be unwilling to accept dependency or be unable to access arms and technology. They may try, at high economic cost, to become autonomous in arms production or may focus on relatively cheap alternative weapons such as weapons of mass destruction, or war-fighting strategies such as terrorism and IT warfare. The problem of controlling state supplies of weapons to rebel groups, while not new, was highlighted in 2006 by the arsenal acquired by Hezbollah from Iran and used in its war with Israel, and by serious breaches by state actors of the UN arms embargo on Somalia. Transparency in arms transfers, which in the 1990s saw significant improvement, with more and better national export reports, has remained stagnant in the past few years. Adapted from the source document.
