Suchergebnisse

Health care systems across the European Union face a common challenge: the high cost of health care. Governments strive to ensure that cost pressures do not undermine values such as universal coverage and equitable financing and access. Focusing on the three health care financing functions - collection pooling and purchasing - as well as on coverage this book analyses the organization of health care financing in the Member States of the European Union discusses the principal financing reform trends of recent years and assesses their capacity to help ensure fiscal sustainability. The book inclu

We estimated risks of severe outcomes in 820,404 symptomatic paediatric COVID-19 cases reported by 10 European Union countries between August 2020 and October 2021. Case and hospitalisation rates rose as transmission increased but severe outcomes were rare: 9,611 (1.2%) were hospitalised, 640 (0.08%) required intensive care and 84 (0.01%) died. Despite increased individual risk (adjusted odds ratio hospitalisation: 7.3; 95% confidence interval: 3.3–16.2; intensive care: 8.7; 6.2–12.3) in cases with comorbidities, most (83.7%) hospitalised children had no comorbidity.

This book''s principal aim is to critically address the institutional and substantive legal issues resulting from European enlargement, chiefly those relating to the legal foundations on which the enlarged Union is being built. The accession of new Member States creates the potential for a stronger and more powerful Europe. Realising this potential, however, will depend on the ability of the EU to develop functional and effective governance structures, both at the European level and at the level of the individual Member States.

Teknoloji, ekonomi, politika ve birçok boyutta yaşanan değişimler insan kaynakları uygulamaları ve yönetimi konusunda bazı değişimlerin gerçekleşmesine neden olmuştur. Yaşanan değişimler ile beraber insan kaynaklarının hem yönetsel hem de uygulamaları konusunda yapısal değerlendirmelere olan ihtiyaç artmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye ve AB ülkelerindeki sağlık işletmelerindeki insan kaynakları uygulamaları ve insan kaynakları yönetimini karşılaştırarak değerlendirmektir. Bu amacın gerçekleşmesi için İKY'ye yönelik çalışmalar incelenmiştir. Yapılan incelemeler sonucunda sağlık kuruluşlarının insan kaynakları uygulamaları ve yönetimi konusunda Avrupa Birliği ülkeleri ile Türkiye arasında bazı farklılıkların bulunduğu gözlenmiştir. Türkiye ile Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinin benimsediği çalışana değer zihniyetinin farklı olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Türkiye'nin liyakat kuralları, tanıdıkların istihdamı gibi konularda Avrupa Birliği ülkeleri kadar duyarlı olmadığı gözlenmiştir. Türkiye'de sağlık insan gücünün iş yükünün fazla olması gibi yaşamakta olduğu sorunlar bulunmaktadır. Türkiye'nin yaşamakta olduğu sorunları AB ülkelerinin daha önceden yaşadığı ortaya çıkmıştır. Sağlık kuruluşlarının insan kaynakları uygulamalarındaki mevcut ve gelecekte olması muhtemel sorunların AB ülkelerinin uygulamalarının incelenmesiyle çözülebilecektir. ; The changes in technology, economy, politics and many dimensions have caused some changes in human resources practices and management. Together with the changes that have taken place, the need for structural evaluations of human resources both in managerial and practices has increased. The aim of the study is to evaluate human resources in the health business in Turkey and EU countries by comparing their human resources practices and human resources management. In order to achieve this aim, the studies on HRM were examined. As a result of the investigations it has been observed that there are some differences in human resources administration and management of health institutions between European Union countries and Turkey. Mentality of the value to employee adopted by the European Union countries and Turkey appeared to be different. It has been observed that Turkey is not sensitive on issues such as merit rules, employment of acquaintance as European Union countries. Health workforce in Turkey has existing problems such as high workload. It has been revealed that problems that are living in Turkey EU countries have lived these problems before. The current and future problems of human resources practices of health institutions can be solved by examining the applications of EU countries.

The paper presents the analysis of the convergence of household final consumption expenditures on food in the European Union countries in the period of 1999–2015, considering spatial and spatio‑temporal tendencies and dependencies. The aim of this research is to verify whether space significantly influences the convergence of the considered process. The subject of the investigation is the share of household final consumption expenditures on food in total final consumption expenditures of European countries. Spatial and spatio‑temporal tendencies and dependencies are surveyed using the conception of spatial and spatio‑temporal trends and spatial autocorrelation. The convergence of the process is investigated with the use of β‑convergence models for panel data (also in the spatial terms). Absolute and conditional convergence approaches are applied. For the conditional approach, the models are expanded to incorporate the influence of additional determinants, including space, disposable income and the level of food prices. ; Artykuł prezentuje analizę konwergencji finalnych wydatków gospodarstw domowych na konsumpcję żywności w krajach Unii Europejskiej w latach 1999–2015, uwzględniając tendencje i zależności przestrzenne oraz przestrzenno‑czasowe. Celem badania jest sprawdzenie, czy aspekt zróżnicowania przestrzennego istotnie wpływa na proces konwergencji tych wydatków. Przedmiotem badania jest udział wydatków gospodarstw domowych na żywność w wydatkach ogółem tych gospodarstw w krajach europejskich. Przestrzenne i przestrzenno‑czasowe tendencje i zależności są badane z wykorzystaniem koncepcji modeli trendu przestrzennego i przestrzenno‑czasowego oraz autokorelacji przestrzennej. Modele β‑konwergencji dla danych panelowych (również w ujęciu przestrzennym) służą wyjaśnieniu procesu konwergencji wydatków na żywność. Rozważane są dwa podejścia do analizy konwergencji – konwergencja absolutna oraz konwergencja warunkowa. W przypadku tej drugiej modele są rozszerzone o działanie dodatkowych determinant analizowanego procesu – dochodu rozporządzalnego oraz poziomu cen żywności.

The paper presents the analysis of the convergence of household final consumption expenditures on food in the European Union countries in the period of 1999–2015, considering spatial and spatio‑temporal tendencies and dependencies. The aim of this research is to verify whether space significantly influences the convergence of the considered process. The subject of the investigation is the share of household final consumption expenditures on food in total final consumption expenditures of European countries. Spatial and spatio‑temporal tendencies and dependencies are surveyed using the conception of spatial and spatio‑temporal trends and spatial autocorrelation. The convergence of the process is investigated with the use of β‑convergence models for panel data (also in the spatial terms). Absolute and conditional convergence approaches are applied. For the conditional approach, the models are expanded to incorporate the influence of additional determinants, including space, disposable income and the level of food prices. ; Artykuł prezentuje analizę konwergencji finalnych wydatków gospodarstw domowych na konsumpcję żywności w krajach Unii Europejskiej w latach 1999–2015, uwzględniając tendencje i zależności przestrzenne oraz przestrzenno‑czasowe. Celem badania jest sprawdzenie, czy aspekt zróżnicowania przestrzennego istotnie wpływa na proces konwergencji tych wydatków. Przedmiotem badania jest udział wydatków gospodarstw domowych na żywność w wydatkach ogółem tych gospodarstw w krajach europejskich. Przestrzenne i przestrzenno‑czasowe tendencje i zależności są badane z wykorzystaniem koncepcji modeli trendu przestrzennego i przestrzenno‑czasowego oraz autokorelacji przestrzennej. Modele β‑konwergencji dla danych panelowych (również w ujęciu przestrzennym) służą wyjaśnieniu procesu konwergencji wydatków na żywność. Rozważane są dwa podejścia do analizy konwergencji – konwergencja absolutna oraz konwergencja warunkowa. W przypadku tej drugiej modele są rozszerzone o działanie dodatkowych determinant analizowanego procesu – dochodu rozporządzalnego oraz poziomu cen żywności.

The paper investigates the impact of the selected factors on the healthy life years of men and women in the EU countries. The multiple quantile spatial autoregression models are used in order to account for substantial differences in the healthy life years and life quality across the EU members. Quantile regression allows studying dependencies between variables in different quantiles of the response distribution. Moreover, this statistical tool is robust against violations of the classical regression assumption about the distribution of the error term. Parameters of the models were estimated using instrumental variable method (Kim, Muller 2004), whereas the confidence intervals and p-values were bootstrapped. ; Celem pracy jest badanie wpływu wybranych czynników na średnią długość życia z zdrowiu kobiet i mężczyzn w krajach UE. Ze względu na fakt, że kraje Unii Europejskiej charakteryzuje silne zróżnicowanie pod względem średniej długości życia w zdrowiu oraz jakości życia obywateli, stosujemy w pracy modele wielorakiej kwantylowej autoregresji przestrzennej. Regresja kwantylowa umożliwia analizę zależności pomiędzy zmiennymi w różnych kwantylach rozkładu zmiennej niezależnej. Ponadto narzędzie to jest odporne na założenie klasycznej regresji dotyczące postaci wielowymiarowego rozkładu składnika losowego. Estymacji punktowej parametrów modeli dokonano przy użyciu zmiennych instrumentalnych (Kim, Muller 2004), natomiast do estymacji przedziałowej i weryfikacji hipotezy istotności parametrów wykorzystano metodę bootstrap.

Includes bibliographical references and index

The main purpose of the study is to analyse the poverty level changes in the chosen European Union countries in years 2006-2014. The poverty and inequality issue gained a global dimension. Income inequality in most countries is significantly higher than thirty years ago. Analysis was based on the statistical data source The European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) for four countries: the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia and the method of the data analysis has been used. The Gini coefficient and a people at-risk-ofpoverty or social exclusion indexes were used for this analysis. Differences in the level of poverty depends on the following determinants: the age, the territorial location, the size of the town and the most frequent activity status. Results of research shows that main groups exposed to the poverty in the chosen EU countries are above all unemployed persons and their families, young persons, children and inhabitants of towns, suburbs and rural areas. Inhabitants from outlying districts, far from the capital city of the country are threatened with the higher level of poverty in each analysed country. The results of the research prove that the poverty at different levels afflict different social groups. ; Glavna svrha ovog istraživanja je analizirati promjene razine siromaštva u odabranim zemljama Europske unije u godinama između 2006.-2014. Problem siromaštva i neravnopravnosti poprimio je globalnu dimenziju. Nejednakost dohotka u većini zemalja je znatno viša nego li prije trideset godina. Analiza se temelji na statističkim podacima EU statistike o dohotku i životnim uvjetima (EUSILC) u četiri zemlje: Češkoj, Mađarskoj, Poljskoj i Slovačkoj uz korištenje metode analize podataka. Koeficijent Gini i indeksi naroda s rizikom od siromaštva ili socijalne isključenosti koriste se za ovu analizu. Razlike u razini siromaštva ovise o sljedećim odrednicama: dobi, teritorijalnoj lokaciji, veličini grada i statusu najčešće aktivnosti. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da glavne skupine koje su izložene siromaštvu u odabranim zemljama EU su prije svega nezaposlene osobe i njihove obitelji, mlade osobe, djeca i stanovnici gradova, predgrađa i ruralnih područja. Stanovnicima iz okolnih općina, daleko od glavnoga grada prijeti viša razina siromaštva u svakoj od analiziranih zemalja. Rezultati istraživanja dokazuju da siromaštvo različitih razina pogađa različite društvene skupine.

Europe's financial crisis cannot be blamed on the Euro, Harold James contends in this probing exploration of the whys, whens, whos, and what-ifs of European monetary union. The current crisis goes deeper, to a series of problems that were debated but not resolved at the time of the Euro's invention. Since the 1960s, Europeans had been looking for a way to address two conundrums simultaneously: the dollar's privileged position in the international monetary system, and Germany's persistent current account surpluses in Europe. The Euro was created under a politically independent central bank to meet the primary goal of price stability. But while the monetary side of union was clearly conceived, other prerequisites of stability were beyond the reach of technocratic central bankers. Issues such as fiscal rules and Europe-wide banking supervision and regulation were thoroughly discussed during planning in the late 1980s and 1990s, but remained in the hands of member states. That omission proved to be a cause of crisis decades later. Here is an account that helps readers understand the European monetary crisis in depth, by tracing behind-the-scenes negotiations using an array of sources unavailable until now, notably from the European Community's Committee of Central Bank Governors and the Delors Committee of 1988–89, which set out the plan for how Europe could reach its goal of monetary union. As this foundational study makes clear, it was the constant friction between politicians and technocrats that shaped the Euro. And, Euro or no Euro, this clash will continue into the future.

The accountancy profession is based on standards, rests on their adoption and successful implementation, and is governed by the overarching principle of serving the public interest. These are complex sets of variables made even more difficult with sovereign interests and multiple stakeholders playing out on a global stage. The Evaluation of the status of accountancy education with its components of qualification, education and training in selected countries and Ballcan compared with the requirements of the IES. Nevertheless, the capital markets, in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, are demanding a single set of high quality internationally accepted accountancy standards where transparency, comparability and reliability of financial information is paramount. The importance of adoption and implementation of IES and the use of benchmarking in identifying country accomplishments and gaps from these standards. To enhance comparability a distinction is made between the four competency sub-pillars of accountancy education: personal development, professional accountancy education, professional development, and competence requirements for auditors. Together the sub-pillars cover all IES in a comprehensive approach that strengthens the statistical analysis of the results. Country overviews contain information about the adoption and implementation of International Education Standards (IES). The discussion of the regions includes country information, regional characteristics, adoption and implementation of IES, and recognition of qualifications.