The experience gained during COVID-19 crisis related to the suspension of contracts or reductions in working hours has led the legislator to establish, in a preventive manner, a specific system for future crisis. The "Mecanismo RED" ("net Mechanism") is activated by a political decision, and it will enable employers to carry out temporary redundancies under more favourable conditions for them and for the employees, under certain circumstances that are described in this paper and shall be proven. This paper analyses both the aspects relating to the functioning of the Mechanism in its two modalities, cyclical and sectoral, and the procedures agreed in the companies during its validity. Thus, it includes an analysis of the legal regime of exemptions from social security contributions and of the specific benefits that will be paid in these cases, as well as the important role played by the training of the workers affected. Finally, the mechanisms for financing these measures are analysed, as well as the tools for monitoring their correct functioning. ; La experiencia sobre la suspensión de contratos o reducciones de jornada acumulada durante la crisis económica vinculada a la sanitaria por la COVID-19 ha llevado al legislador a establecer, de forma preventiva, un sistema en el que, mediante una decisión política, se activa el "Mecanismo RED", que habilita a las empresas para, previa justificación de estar afectadas por las circunstancias que han motivado aquel, llevar a cabo ERTEs en unas condiciones más favorables para ellas y para las personas de su plantilla. En el estudio se analizan tanto los aspectos relativos al funcionamiento del Mecanismo en sus dos modalidades, cíclica y sectorial, como a los procedimientos acordados en las empresas durante su vigencia. Así, se incluye un análisis del régimen jurídico de las exoneraciones de cotizaciones sociales y de las prestaciones -diferentes de la de desempleo- que se generarán en estos casos, así como el relevante papel que adquiere la formación de las personas afectadas. Por último, se analizan los mecanismos de financiación de estas medidas, así como las herramientas de control de su correcto funcionamiento.
La democracia y los procesos políticos formales dependen fundamentalmente de una comunicación eficaz con los ciudadanos y de la toma de decisiones informada sobre temas públicos. La e-Participación puede ser entendida como el proceso de involucrar en los procesos de la administración pública a los ciudadanos a través de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación. De esta forma, fomentar la e-Participación requiere conocer cómo tanto los entes gubernamentales como los ciudadanos se expresan e interactúan en los diferentes medios de comunicación. Luego, este conocimiento hará posible la definición de estrategias de comunicación más efectivas, dando lugar a un proceso de toma de decisiones sobre temas públicos participativo, inclusivo, y colaborativo. En este contexto, este trabajo estudia y caracteriza por un lado cómo los entes gubernamentales se manifiestan en los medios sociales y sus distintas formas de transmitir información; y por otro cómo los ciudadanos interactúan y manifiestan su compromiso con los entes. Particularmente, el estudio se enfoca en los entes municipales de la Provincia de Buenos Aires en Argentina, por ser la que concentra la mayor cantidad de ciudadanos del país. ; Democracy and formal political processes fundamentally depend on the effective communication with citizens, and on informed decision making on public issues. E-participation can be understood as the process of involving citizens in political aspects of the public administration through information and communication technologies. In this way, promoting e-Participation requires knowing how both governmental entities and citizens express themselves and interact in the different media. Then, this knowledge will allow the definition of more effective communication strategies, giving rise to a participatory, inclusive, and collaborative decision-making process of public issues. In this context, this work studies and characterizes how government entities manifest themselves in social media and their different ways of transmitting information; and how citizens interact and express their commitment to the government entities. Particularly, the study focuses on the local government entities of the province of Buenos Aires in Argentina, as it concentrates the largest number of citizens in the country. ; Sociedad Argentina de Informática e Investigación Operativa
RESUMEN: El siguiente documento se presenta como producto académico del proceso de práctica profesional de Trabajo Social en el proyecto Cuerpos de Paz de la Gerencia de Paz y Posconflicto de la Gobernación de Antioquia, desarrollado durante el segundo semestre del año 2019 de manera presencial en la subregión Nordeste del departamento de Antioquia, el cual tenía por objeto la formación de las comunidades afectadas por el conflicto armado en la pedagogía de los acuerdos de paz y estrategias de construcción de paz. El presente documento presenta los resultados de dicho proceso, así como las dimensiones teórica, metodológica, técnica y de contexto que guiaron el mismo. Mediante un diagnóstico en la Ludoteca del municipio de Remedios, se identifican las necesidades más evidentes para este espacio y los grupos poblacionales beneficiados con los procesos allí desarrollados especialmente niños entre 4 y 12 años, para finalmente proponer la Huerta Escolar como estrategia para conjugar las necesidades de estos con las potencialidades del contexto. ; ABSTRACT: The following document is presented as the final academic product of the professional internship process of Social Work in the framework of the project Cuerpos de Paz of the Peace and Post-conflict Management of Antioquia Government, developed in-person during the second semester of the year 2019 in the Northeast subregion of the department of Antioquia. The aim of the project was to educate the communities affected by the armed conflict in the pedagogy of the peace agreements and strategies for the construction of peace. This document shows the results of this process, as well as the theoretical, methodological, technical and context aspects which guided the process. Through a diagnosis in the play centre of the municipality of Remedios, the most relevant necessities for this space and the population groups, which were beneficiaries by the process developed there, especially children between 4 and 12 years, are identified. Finally, a school garden was proposed as a strategy to combine the necessities of the population with the potentialities of the context.
The creation and the popularity of the auto-entrepreneur regime rests on the supposed absence of risk associated with this judicial status. By conditioning the payment of the social security contributions to the realization of a turnover, the legislator thought of eliminating any risk from deficit. However, the core theory of entrepreneur insists on the risky dimension associated with the creation of a business whereas, more recently, the multiform aspect of the risk has been enlightened. From this framework, and on the basis of sociological approach of the law, we propose to analyse a corpus made of 104 judicial decisions concerning auto-entrepreneurs. Our results clarify three families of risks. The first one is generated by the activity itself, the second group rises from the articulation with wage-earning and the third class results from the complexity of the rules. As the auto-entrepreneurs neither benefit from the protection of the legal entity, nor of the limited responsibility, they are thus confronted at significant risks that the levelling off of their income finally does not compensate. ; La création et la popularité du régime de l'auto-entrepreneur reposent sur l'absence de risque associée à ce régime. En conditionnant le paiement des cotisations sociales à la réalisation d'un chiffre d'affaires, le législateur a pensé éliminer tout risque de déficit. Or, dès ses tous premiers stades, la théorie de l'entrepreneur insiste sur la dimension risquée de la création d'une entreprise alors que, plus récemment, le caractère multiforme du risque d'entreprise a été mis en avant. A partir de cette grille, et sur la base d'une approche sociologique du droit, nous proposons d'analyser un corpus de 104 décisions de justice impliquant des auto-entrepreneurs. Nos résultats mettent en lumière trois familles de risques qui peuvent se combiner. La première est engendrée par l'activité elle-même, la deuxième découle de l'articulation avec le salariat et la troisième résulte de la complexité des règles. Ne bénéficiant de ...
The creation and the popularity of the auto-entrepreneur regime rests on the supposed absence of risk associated with this judicial status. By conditioning the payment of the social security contributions to the realization of a turnover, the legislator thought of eliminating any risk from deficit. However, the core theory of entrepreneur insists on the risky dimension associated with the creation of a business whereas, more recently, the multiform aspect of the risk has been enlightened. From this framework, and on the basis of sociological approach of the law, we propose to analyse a corpus made of 104 judicial decisions concerning auto-entrepreneurs. Our results clarify three families of risks. The first one is generated by the activity itself, the second group rises from the articulation with wage-earning and the third class results from the complexity of the rules. As the auto-entrepreneurs neither benefit from the protection of the legal entity, nor of the limited responsibility, they are thus confronted at significant risks that the levelling off of their income finally does not compensate. ; La création et la popularité du régime de l'auto-entrepreneur reposent sur l'absence de risque associée à ce régime. En conditionnant le paiement des cotisations sociales à la réalisation d'un chiffre d'affaires, le législateur a pensé éliminer tout risque de déficit. Or, dès ses tous premiers stades, la théorie de l'entrepreneur insiste sur la dimension risquée de la création d'une entreprise alors que, plus récemment, le caractère multiforme du risque d'entreprise a été mis en avant. A partir de cette grille, et sur la base d'une approche sociologique du droit, nous proposons d'analyser un corpus de 104 décisions de justice impliquant des auto-entrepreneurs. Nos résultats mettent en lumière trois familles de risques qui peuvent se combiner. La première est engendrée par l'activité elle-même, la deuxième découle de l'articulation avec le salariat et la troisième résulte de la complexité des règles. Ne bénéficiant de ...
"The Capitol Riots maps out the events of the January 6, 2021 insurrectionary riots at the United States Capitol building, providing context for understanding the contributing factors and ongoing implications of the uprising. This definitive text explores the rise of populism, disinformation, conspiracy theories, the alt-right, and white supremacy during the lead-up to and planning of the Stop the Steal campaign, as well as the complex interplay during the riots of political performances, costumes, objectives, communications, digital media, datafication, race, gender, and-ultimately-power. Assembling raw data from social media, selfie photos and videos, and mainstream journalism, the authors develop a timeline and data visualizations representing the events. They delve into the complex, openly shared narratives, motivations, and actions of people on the ground that day who violated the symbolic center of U.S. democracy. An analysis of visual data reveals an affective outpouring of mutually amplifying expressions of frustration, fear, hate, anger, and anomie that correspond to similar logics and counter-logics in the polarized and chaotic contemporary media environment that has only been intensified by COVID-19 lockdowns, conspiracy theories, and a call to action at the Capitol from the outgoing POTUS and his inner circle. The book will appeal to both a general audience of those curious about how and why the Capitol riots unfolded and to students and scholars of communications, political science, media studies, sociology, education, surveillance studies, digital humanities, gender studies, critical whiteness studies, and datafication studies. It will also find an audience within computer science and technology studies through its approach to big data, data visualization, AI, algorithms, data tracking, and other data sciences"--
"Essays examining the science behind markets in order to make ethical judgments. A clear understanding of fundamental concepts of economic science, such as profit, interest, and entrepreneurship, makes possible true statements about welfare economics, the morality of market transactions, and policy issues. From the impact of governmental regulation to the role of institutions in sustaining prosperity, this work shows that the free market is a necessary element in maintaining social harmony and bringing stability to the world."
"This multidisciplinary edited volume explores how the spread of the 'War on Terror' has entwined matters of state sovereignty and states of war into mutually-affecting relations. Pre-emptive attacks on terrorist groups in 'rogue' states; 'outsourcing' of state militancy; and the mutable state of armed conflict required to wage a 'hybrid war' have increasingly been issues for the 'War on Terrorism' (WoT). Taken together, they also provide just one example of how any detailed exploration of the states involved needs to address not only matters of nation-state sovereignty, but also the modes (states) of militancy that the War on Terror has assumed in spreading internationally. Moreover, such measures have seen the spread of the War on Terror to countries such as Israel, Russia, Ethiopia, and Uganda, all of whom have justified their own attacks in other nation-states as a war of 'self defence' against terrorism. And as the War on Terror has spread with the willingness of other countries to adopt it, those countries have in turn adapted emergency modes of war-- including targeted assassinations, indefinite detention, rendition, and torture. This work relates legal and political aspects of the War on Terror and also incorporates a 'war and society approach' in order to examine how society has effected changes in war, and how war and militarization have assumed various states in society. Doing so allows for consideration of how different 'states' have become interconnected in the War on Terror-- including states of warfare and national governance, and those of social affect. Part I offers a series of framing chapters that take a broad view of particular issues; After the framing chapters of Part One, the chapters in Part II examine how modes (states) of the War on Terror have spread as a result of being taken up in various nation-states. In relating various states of war and wars against states, this volume will be a significant and novel contribution to critical study of the War on Terror. While most other studies of it have limited their purview to a principal cast of nation-states (USA, UK, Iraq, Afghanistan), this volume focuses on ways in which the War on Terror has proliferated beyond those states. And whereas most other studies have limited their analysis of the modes of war to a particular perspective (e.g., international law, security, or development), this volume addresses how those modes have ramified and thus assumed various states in the process of being spread. This book will be of much interest to students of critical terrorism studies, "--
AbstractThe historical juncture of the 1840s to 1860s witnessed three developments: first, the introduction of the new means of communication (steamships and railways); second, new industrial and plantation investments in and outside of India, creating demand for labour; and third, the expansion of a print culture that went beyond the urban elite domain to reflect the world of small towns and villages. In this constellation of social, economic, and technological changes, this article looks at the idea of home, construction of womanhood and the interlaced lifecycles of migrant men and non-migrant women in a period of Indian history marked by "circulation". Moving away from the predominant focus on migrant men, the article attempts to recreate the social world of non-migrant women left behind in the villages of northern and eastern India. While engaging with the framework of circulation, the article calls for it to be redesigned to allow histories of mobility and immobility, male and female and villages and cities to appear in the same analytical field. Although migration has been reasonably well explored, the issue of marriage is inadequately addressed in South Asian migration studies. "Separated conjugality" is one aspect of this, and the displacement of young girls from their natal home to in-laws' is another. Through the use of Bhojpuri folksongs, the article brings together migration and marriage as two important social events to understand the different but interlaced lifecycles of gendered (im)mobilities.
Розкрито особливості забезпечення легітимності публічної влади в сучасних умовах України. Зазначено, що поняття "легітимність" враховує юридичну (законність певної дії чи статусу) і етико-психологічну (визнання та підтримка тієї чи іншої дії, явища, інституції як правомірних і справедливих). Доведено, що складові легітимності як результат інтеракції влади й громади характеризується постійною напругою відносин і потребує серйозного теоретико-методологічного забезпечення. Обґрунтовано низку положень про специфіку й напрями підвищення рівня легітимності публічної влади. ; Problem setting. Under the conditions of the modern development of democracy, public authorities and their officials become the subject of special attention from the public, and the level of trust to them becomes an indicator of the society's readiness for serious reforms. Positive perception and approval of the activities of public institutions (their legitimacy) increase the effectiveness of social and managerial transformations. At the same time, today in Ukraine there is a rather low level of public confidence in various public authorities that is related not only to the actual achievements of their activities but also to a large extent due to a negative assessment based on the emotional perception of the results. Consequently, the lack of public support for actions and programs that are implemented by public authorities contributes to the emergence of prerequisites for social tension, destructive processes and crisis situations in society.Recent research and publications analysis. The disclosure of this problem has been made in the writings of such classics as M. Weber, J. Habermas, J. Coleman, T. Parsons, R. Patnam, F. Fukuyama and others. The main element of their legitimacy is social trust. In the domestic scientific literature, for the most part, the problem of political trust is highlighted, which was studied, in particular, in the works of such scholars as E. Bystrytskyi, S. Biloshytskyi, E. Holovakha, V. Ihnatov, A. Kovalova, O. Krutii, V. Maltsev, I. Martyniuk , S. Naumov, V. Nechyporenko, N. Panina, A. Khokhlova and others.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. The works of the above-mentioned authors raise important aspects of achieving the legitimacy of public authority. However, in the science of public administration, these topics are considered sporadically, only some of its aspects are disclosed. The process of practical expansion of interaction between the authorities and the community forms the necessity for a more profound theoretical and methodological substantiation of the process of ensuring the legitimacy of public authority. The purpose of this article is to reveal the theoretical and methodological foundations for ensuring the legitimacy of public authority in the current conditions of Ukraine, that is, the determination of the principal provisions, the observance of which would promote the existence of high social trust in the implementation of social policy as an effective factor in the development of the society.Paper main body. In the article, the substantiation of the conclusions is based on the definition of the content of basic concepts. Thus, the notion of "legitimacy" (from the Latin legitimus - legality, lawfulness) includes both a legal component (the legality of a certain action or status) and ethical and psychological (recognition and support of one or another action, phenomenon, institution or official as lawful and fair). Legitimacy is, on the one hand, a characteristic of the power of managerial interaction, and on the other, the socio-civic side, it manifests itself as social trust. The dynamism of the indicated interaction leads to constant tensions of relations – reduction or increase of social trust and corresponding changes in legitimacy. Actually, the permanent process of restoration and strengthening legitimacy is defined as legitimization, and the possible state of its weakening is accordingly characterized by delegitimization. Therefore, the legitimacy of public authority means that its activity receives a high level of social trust – a positive perception and approval by the public. The article substantiates the position that a high level of legitimacy of public authority is ensured by a system combination of at least five areas of activity – conceptual-strategic, normative-legal, institutional-functional, performing and competency-based and informational-communicative. And because of the interactive nature of public governance, these areas should be supplemented and reproduced in the relevant perspectives of public perception and approval of the public policy. Conclusions and perspectives for further research. Thus, the problem of the legitimacy of public authority in modern conditions of Ukraine is very topical, since the further consolidation of relations between government and society, as well as the successful implementation of reforms, depends on its solution. Identifying and taking into account the theoretical and methodological foundations for ensuring the legitimacy of public authority will enable the establishment of effective dialogue with the public, and form a responsible attitude towards modernization. Prospects for further research on the proposed topic can be seen in the coverage of specific aspects of forming social trust in public authorities.
Розкрито особливості забезпечення легітимності публічної влади в сучасних умовах України. Зазначено, що поняття "легітимність" враховує юридичну (законність певної дії чи статусу) і етико-психологічну (визнання та підтримка тієї чи іншої дії, явища, інституції як правомірних і справедливих). Доведено, що складові легітимності як результат інтеракції влади й громади характеризується постійною напругою відносин і потребує серйозного теоретико-методологічного забезпечення. Обґрунтовано низку положень про специфіку й напрями підвищення рівня легітимності публічної влади. ; Problem setting. Under the conditions of the modern development of democracy, public authorities and their officials become the subject of special attention from the public, and the level of trust to them becomes an indicator of the society's readiness for serious reforms. Positive perception and approval of the activities of public institutions (their legitimacy) increase the effectiveness of social and managerial transformations. At the same time, today in Ukraine there is a rather low level of public confidence in various public authorities that is related not only to the actual achievements of their activities but also to a large extent due to a negative assessment based on the emotional perception of the results. Consequently, the lack of public support for actions and programs that are implemented by public authorities contributes to the emergence of prerequisites for social tension, destructive processes and crisis situations in society.Recent research and publications analysis. The disclosure of this problem has been made in the writings of such classics as M. Weber, J. Habermas, J. Coleman, T. Parsons, R. Patnam, F. Fukuyama and others. The main element of their legitimacy is social trust. In the domestic scientific literature, for the most part, the problem of political trust is highlighted, which was studied, in particular, in the works of such scholars as E. Bystrytskyi, S. Biloshytskyi, E. Holovakha, V. Ihnatov, A. Kovalova, O. Krutii, V. Maltsev, I. Martyniuk , S. Naumov, V. Nechyporenko, N. Panina, A. Khokhlova and others.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. The works of the above-mentioned authors raise important aspects of achieving the legitimacy of public authority. However, in the science of public administration, these topics are considered sporadically, only some of its aspects are disclosed. The process of practical expansion of interaction between the authorities and the community forms the necessity for a more profound theoretical and methodological substantiation of the process of ensuring the legitimacy of public authority. The purpose of this article is to reveal the theoretical and methodological foundations for ensuring the legitimacy of public authority in the current conditions of Ukraine, that is, the determination of the principal provisions, the observance of which would promote the existence of high social trust in the implementation of social policy as an effective factor in the development of the society.Paper main body. In the article, the substantiation of the conclusions is based on the definition of the content of basic concepts. Thus, the notion of "legitimacy" (from the Latin legitimus - legality, lawfulness) includes both a legal component (the legality of a certain action or status) and ethical and psychological (recognition and support of one or another action, phenomenon, institution or official as lawful and fair). Legitimacy is, on the one hand, a characteristic of the power of managerial interaction, and on the other, the socio-civic side, it manifests itself as social trust. The dynamism of the indicated interaction leads to constant tensions of relations – reduction or increase of social trust and corresponding changes in legitimacy. Actually, the permanent process of restoration and strengthening legitimacy is defined as legitimization, and the possible state of its weakening is accordingly characterized by delegitimization. Therefore, the legitimacy of public authority means that its activity receives a high level of social trust – a positive perception and approval by the public. The article substantiates the position that a high level of legitimacy of public authority is ensured by a system combination of at least five areas of activity – conceptual-strategic, normative-legal, institutional-functional, performing and competency-based and informational-communicative. And because of the interactive nature of public governance, these areas should be supplemented and reproduced in the relevant perspectives of public perception and approval of the public policy. Conclusions and perspectives for further research. Thus, the problem of the legitimacy of public authority in modern conditions of Ukraine is very topical, since the further consolidation of relations between government and society, as well as the successful implementation of reforms, depends on its solution. Identifying and taking into account the theoretical and methodological foundations for ensuring the legitimacy of public authority will enable the establishment of effective dialogue with the public, and form a responsible attitude towards modernization. Prospects for further research on the proposed topic can be seen in the coverage of specific aspects of forming social trust in public authorities.
A The globally distributed health impacts of environmental degradation and widening inequalities require a fundamental shift in understandings of healthy urbanism. This book redefines the meaning and form of healthy urban environments, urging planners and design professionals to consider how their work impacts population health and wellbeing at multiple spatial and temporal scales. The concepts of equity, inclusion and sustainability are central to this framing, reversing the traditional focus on individuals, their genes and 'lifestyle choices' to one of structural factors that affect health. Integrating theory and concepts from social epidemiology, sustainable development and systems thinking with practical case studies, this book will be of value for students and practitioners. Helen Pineo is Associate Professor in Healthy and Sustainable Cities in the Bartlett Faculty of the Built Environment at University College London, UK.
This book provides methods and practical cases and experiences with the aim of stimulating Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) through the direct engagement of researchers, Civil Society Organisations (CSOs), citizens, industry stakeholders, policy and decision makers, research funders and communicators. The book furthermore aims to advance debate on Responsible Research and Innovation and also to reinforce the RRI community identity. With chapters covering governance, public engagement and inclusion in responsible R&D and innovation processes; RRI actions in science education and communication; gender and ethical issues in RRI initiatives; and sustainability of RRI processes, the book is solidly part of the Europe 2020 strategy to promote a vision for a stronger collaborations between social, natural and physical scientists and the societal actors for a wider dimensions of science and innovation and the role in environmental preservation
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Israel and Palestine are water scarce. As the peace process continues amidst ongoing violence, water remains a political and environmental issue. Water Wisdom is model for those who believe that water conflict can be an opportunity for cooperation rather than violence. Thirty leading Palestinian and Israeli activists, water scientists, politicians, and others met to develop a future vision for the sustainable shared management of water resources. Their work explores the full range of scientific, political, social, and economic issues related to water use in the region; acknowledge areas of continuing controversy, from access rights to the Mountain Aquifer to utilization of waters from the Jordan River; and identify areas of agreement, disagreement, and options for resolution. Water Wisdom is model for those who believe that water conflict can be an opportunity for cooperation rather than violence.
1. Population change on the eve of the twenty-first century / Ray Hall and Paul White -- 2. Changes in the fertility rate and age structure of the population of Europe / Maria Carmen Faus-Pujol -- 3. Households, families and fertility / Ray Hall -- 4. The labour market aspects of population change in the 1990s / Anne E. Green and David Owen -- 5. Spatial inequalities of mortality in the European Union / Daniel Noin -- 6. The effects of the HIV epidemic on the population of Europe / Markku Loytonen -- 7. Internal migration, counterurbanization and changing population distribution / Tony Champion -- 8. The future of skill exchanges within the European Union / Allan M. Findlay -- 9. East-west movement: old barriers, new barriers? / Paul White and Deborah Sporton -- 10. Future migration into southern Europe / Maura Misiti, Calogero Muscara, Pablo Pumares, Vicente Rodriguez and Paul White.
