Suchergebnisse

В статье рассматриваются вопросы повышения эффективности управления финансовыми ре- сурсами регионов. В качестве основной гипотезы обоснован тезис о том, что оптимизация управ- ления региональными финансовыми потоками должна осуществляться на основе учета мульти- пликативных экономических эффектов, позволяющих более полно оценивать результативность ре- гиональной социально-экономической политики. В статье представлена многофакторная модель управления финансовыми потоками на региональном уровне — матрица финансовых потоков, ос- нованная на принципах теории общего экономического равновесия, балансовом методе «затраты — выпуск» и методологии системы национальных счетов. В качестве важного структурного элемента модели представлен сводный бюджетный баланс региона. Разработана методика интегрирования сводного бюджетного баланса региона в матрицу финансовых потоков. На примере отдельных субъ- ектов Федерации рассчитаны матричные мультипликаторы сводного бюджетного баланса, позво- ляющие моделировать мультипликативные экономические эффекты, возникающие в результате воздействия различных видов экзогенных экономических факторов на развитие регионов — прогно- зировать влияние изменения налогово-бюджетного перераспределения на ВРП и доходы населения, оценивать воздействие внешних инвестиций на экономический рост регионов и исследовать на ре- гиональном уровне эффективность федеральной налоговой политики. В статье показано, что ве- личина мультипликативного эффекта зависит от ряда факторов, в том числе от внешнеторговых связей региона, его импортозависимости, доли добавленной стоимости в валовом выпуске, а также от склонности домашних хозяйств к сбережению. Авторский подход может использоваться орга- нами власти различного уровня при разработке стратегий социально-экономического развития, оценке степени и направления влияния различных экзогенных факторов на экономику территории, а также анализе инвестиционных инициатив со стороны частного сектора, претендующих на фи- нансовую поддержку проектов со стороны государства. Предложены направления совершенствова- ния управления финансовыми потоками на основе максимизации мультипликативных экономиче- ских эффектов в краткосрочной и среднесрочной перспективах для регионов, имеющих различный уровень бюджетной обеспеченности. ; The article deals with questions of increasing the management efficiency of the regional financial resources. As the main hypothesis, the idea of the optimization of the management of the regional financial flows based on the multiplicative economic effect is proved. This measure will allow to evaluate more efficiently the impact of the regional socio-economic policy. The article presents a multifactor model of the management of the regional financial flows on the regional level — the matrix of financial flows, based on the principles of the general economic equilibrium theory, the balance method of «input-output» and the methodology of national accounts. The paper introduces a methodology for the integration of the regional consolidated budget balance in a matrix of financial flows. Matrix multipliers of the consolidated budget balance are calculated for some regions of the Russian Federation allowing to model the economic multiplicative effects resulting from impact of different types of exogenous factors on the economic development of the regions, such as to predict the impact of fiscal redistribution on the GRP and income, to assess the impact of foreign investment on economic growth, to explore the effectiveness of the federal tax policy at the regional level. The article shows that the multiplier effect depends on several factors, including the foreign trade relations of the region, its dependence on imports, the share of value added in gross output, as well as the household savings. Various levels of government can use the author's approach during development of strategies for socio-economic development, in assessing the extent and direction of the influence of exogenous factors on the economy of the territory, as well as in analyzing the investment initiatives from the private sector applying for state financial support for projects. In the conclusion, the ways of improving the management of financial flows on the basis of maximizing the multiplicative economic effects in the short and medium term for regions with a different level of budgetary provision are proposed.

В статье рассматриваются трансформации количественной составляющей человеческого капитала, являющегося главным фактором экономического роста, в материальном, институциональном и ментальном пространствах. В материальном пространстве, в соответствии с авторской концепцией стратифицированного пространства, осуществляются процессы самовоспроизводства и самообновления системы. В демографической подсистеме это фиксируется по рождаемости, смертности и миграции. В институциональном пространстве осуществляется процесс саморегулирования системы на основе законодательных актов и образцов поведения. Институциональные трансформации проявляются, в том числе, в реализации федеральных целевых программ социально-экономического развития, влияющих на состояние демографической подсистемы. В ментальном пространстве разворачиваются процессы саморефлексии, самоопределения и саморазвития. Ментальные трансформации в демографической подсистеме проявляются в изменении ценностных ориентаций. В соответствии с системами ценностей, концептуализированными в современных стратегиях развития, выделены модели Человека экономического, социоэкономического (проживающего в центрах агломераций и на периферии), социоприродного (Человек экологический и Человек-домохозяин) и инновационного. Демографические сдвиги исследованы по 83 регионам России по детерминантам рождаемости и смертности населения. Анализируемый период трансформаций 2005 и 2012 годы. Для визуализации процесса демографических сдвигов использованы методы матричного анализа. На основе полученных многофакторных моделей демографических коэффициентов естественного прироста дается оценка трансформаций сфер стратифицированного регионального пространства. Выявлены снижение уровня и вариации коэффициента смертности, повышение значимости и дифференциации регионов по коэффициенту рождаемости, а также эффективность введения института материнского капитала с позиций широкого охвата типов ментальности населения России. Предложенный формат исследования позволяет учитывать при разработке региональной политики не только дифференциацию социально-экономического развития территорий, но и различия в ментальности населения, проживающего в крупных агломерациях и на периферии. ; The paper considers the transformations of the quantitative components of human capital, which is the main driver of economic growth in the material, institutional and mental space. According to the author's concept of stratified space, the processes of self-reproduction and self-renewal of a system are carried out in the material space. This can be determined by the indicators of fertility, mortality and migration in the demographic subsystem. The process of self-regulation of a system on the basis of legislative acts and behavior patterns is carried out in the institutional space. Institutional transformations are also manifested in the implementation of federal target programs for socio-economic development, affecting the state of the demographic subsystem. The processes of self-reflection, self-determination and self-development are carried out in the mental space. Mental transformations in the demographic subsystem are manifested in the change of value orientations. In accordance with the system of values that are conceptualized in modern development strategies the authors define the following models of Man: Economic Man, Socio-Economic Man (who lives in agglomeration centers and at the periphery), Socio-Natural Man (Environmental Man and Householder Man) and Innovative Man. Demographic shifts are investigated in 83 Russian regions on the determinants of birth rate and mortality. The analyzed period of transformation covers 2005 and 2012. Methods of matrix analysis are used to visualize the process of demographic shifts. The assessment of transformation of the stratified regional space spheres is given on the basis of the multifactor models of the population natural growth rate. The paper reveals the reduction in the level and variation of mortality rate, the increasing importance and differentiation of regions according to fertility rate, and the effectiveness of introducing the institution of maternity capital from a perspective of the wide coverage of mentality types of Russia's population. When developing regional policy, the proposed research format takes into account not only the differentiation of socio-economic development of territories, but also the differences in the mentality of people, who live in large metropolitan areas and in the periphery.

Background: Scientists and development stakeholders argue that health interventions proven effective in randomized efficacy trials should be translated into large-scale programs to benefit public health. Substantive evidence supports the scale-up of numerous health interventions, such as water, sanitation, and deworming interventions, and since the establishment of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) the funding and motivation for such scale-up has grown. In the field of water and sanitation, numerous interventions have been demonstrated to be efficacious in the reduction of diarrhea and soil-transmitted helminth infection. However, scaling up these interventions to regional or national levels frequently presents implementation challenges, and systematically studying the reasons for scale-up success or failure is essential to refine and sustain public health programs. Another important feature of scaling up interventions is determining how best to integrate interventions at scale and whether intervention delivery should be focused at the individual, household, or community level. Population attributable fraction (PAF) parameters and a new class of parameters which build upon the PAF can be used to estimate the effect of large-scale programs on population health. Evaluation of interventions at scale poses unique questions, and epidemiologic designs and analyses need to be tailored to answer these particular questions. Modern approaches to PAF estimation allow for parameter definition to be tailored one's particular research question and are well suited to the evaluation of population-level effects of large-scale health interventions.Methods: In this dissertation, I illustrate and apply methods to evaluate population-level effects of water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions. I specifically focus on methods for and applications with observational, cross-sectional data, and I discuss generalizations to other study designs. In the first chapter, I quantify the association between deworming, improved sanitation, and hygiene interventions and soil-transmitted helminths in a population in rural Bangladesh. I assess the potential for interactions between these interventions and explore associations at both the individual and village level. In the second chapter I assess the quality of implementation of a large-scale water, sanitation, and hygiene intervention implemented by UNICEF and the Government of Bangladesh in rural Bangladesh. It was found that this intervention did not meet most of its health and behavior targets in an interim evaluation. To help understand why, I envision a scenario in which implementation had been better in all areas, and I estimate how much outcomes may have changed under this scenario compared to the outcomes that were observed. In the third chapter, I discuss parameters appropriate for estimating population-level effects of health interventions. Specifically, I describe the estimation of the PAF and two modern parameters which build upon the PAF: the population intervention model and stochastic intervention model parameters. I provide a didactic description of the estimation of these parameters.Significance: This dissertation illustrates the use of rigorous methods to systematically evaluate the effect of individual and combined interventions at scale. Rigorous assessment of water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions is difficult, even for small-scale interventions, and very few large-scale WASH interventions have been evaluated rigorously. The parameters I illustrated and estimated in this dissertation have broad applicability to similar assessments of other large-scale public health programs. My findings contribute to the growing empirical evidence base describing best practices for and barriers to delivering interventions at scale. This evidence may contribute to improvements in design, delivery, and prioritization of interventions which in turn could increase the health impact of such interventions when delivered at scale.

Drinking water utilities face increasing demands for drinking water that is not only safe and affordable, but also healthy and produced without negative environmental and societal impacts. Hard water contributes to consumer inconvenience by causing lime scaling in household installations and appliances, and by increasing soap use. Water softening is increasingly implemented to increase consumer convenience and can potentially provide socioeconomic and environmental benefits in areas with hard water. Although softening may appear as just a matter of removing hardness (i.e. Ca2+ and Mg2+), softening technologies also change the overall mineral composition of the drinking water. If a process design for softening does not consider these changes, they may lead to adverse effects on e.g. human health and corrosion. Indicators predict the effects from water quality changes and are used in decision support to evaluate the performance of technologies. However, the potential is still unexploited for using water quality indicators as decision support in implementation of softening. This PhD thesis builds on the hypothesis that by carefully selecting indicators and by considering the overall motivation for softening, the actual implementation can be optimized for local conditions, including source water quality. The hypothesis was investigated through a case study: implementation of softening in Denmark. Historically, softening has been implemented to meet regulatory guidelines for mainly copper and lead, which can be released from pipe materials. Today, softening is predominantly implemented to increase consumer convenience, and softening has thereby shifted from being a "need to have" to a "nice to have" technology without a fixed guideline concentration as treatment objective. The softening technology which is the most suitable for reducing lead release from pipe materials may not be the best for reducing lime scaling in household appliances. Consequently, the overall treatment objective for softening should be clearly defined prior to designing the softening process to ensure that it is fit-for-purpose. Decision support systems (DSSs) integrate various information and models to evaluate decision alternatives. In water treatment, DSSs often encompass technical, economic, environmental and social dimensions in a broad systems perspective. Unfortunately, the broad focus often reduces evaluation of water quality changes to removal of a single target compound (e.g. Ca2+), which is insufficient to evaluate the overall effects from softening on water quality. Decision support can be improved by expanding the traditional frameworks by evaluation of additional water quality indicators. Softening is currently being implemented for the first time in Denmark to increase consumer convenience and provide socioeconomic and environmental benefits. If softening is not implemented centrally at the drinking water treatment plant, consumers may purchase decentralized softening units in their homes. Unfortunately, decentralized softening can result in increased water usage, lack of control with the drinking water quality, and can compromise the socioeconomic and environmental benefits from centralized softening. The indicator Calcium Carbonate Precipitation Potential (CCPP) is important to include when implementing softening in Denmark. CCPP predicts the maximum potential for lime scaling in open (e.g. shower and kettle) and closed (e.g. distribution networks) systems. Other relevant indicators include corrosion indicators from the Danish Code of Practice (DS 439), investment and operating costs, building area/height requirements, by-product reuse possibilities (if pellet softening is implemented), wastewater quality and quantity, and magnesium removal for health reasons. Denmark is almost exclusively supplied by groundwater and many water utilities face recent findings of pesticides that threaten the drinking water quality. This should be considered when implementing softening by ensuring that the treatment process can be extended with pesticide removal or that hardness and pesticides are removed simultaneously by membranes. The case study of softening in Denmark revealed that it is important to consider local conditions when evaluating softening scenarios. Water quality indicators provide valuable decision support, but also increase data requirements and analysis complexity. In practice, the level of information should be balanced to provide adequate decision support. This thesis has demonstrated that water quality is not only a technical issue but affects also human health, socioeconomy, the environment etc. Optimizing one aspect can result in suboptimal conditions in other aspects. In a given case, the best softening technology meets the treatment objectives and legislative guidelines, while balancing the remaining indicators to maximize the benefits from softening, identify possible adverse effects and support environmental and socioeconomic sustainability.

La presente investigación analiza el Buen Vivir (BV) como una alternativa al desarrollo sostenible en Ecuador. En primer lugar, presenta una visión general de las principales teorías del crecimiento y los modelos económicos aplicados en Ecuador. En segundo lugar, se estudia el BV exponiendo una revisión de sus principales significados, origen y su evolución histórica. A continuación, se incluye una revisión de los planes de desarrollo, en referencia a los principales lineamientos de política económica respecto a: la igualdad, cohesión, inclusión y equidad social; calidad de vida y el trabajo estable, justo y digno; así como los Objetivos 2, 4 y 9, que están relacionados con la pobreza, empleo, subempleo y la informalidad. Además, se exponen los 3 casos seleccionados, Bono de Desarrollo Humano, Bono Joaquín Gallegos Lara y los Centros de Desarrollo Infantil, como mecanismos de implementación directa de las políticas públicas. Estos son concebidos, considerando el marco constitucional vigente, como estrategias e instrumentos que garanticen derechos y aporten a construir el nuevo sistema económico, social y solidario para el BV. Finalmente, se construye un índice que sirva para medir el Buen Vivir. El indicador propuesto se calcula a través de diferentes sub-indicadores de bienestar, como la felicidad y la satisfacción con la vida, la confianza y la satisfacción con el gobierno y la comunidad, la seguridad del individuo, las características físicas de la vivienda y la preocupación medioambiental, analizando datos de la población ecuatoriana en el período 2014-2016. Los datos provienen de la información a nivel individual y de hogares que se toma de la Encuesta Nacional Empleo, Desempleo y Subempleo. La metodología elegida fue data-driven, usando Análisis de Componentes Principales (PCA) y asignando pesos derivados de sus varianzas. En general, se puede concluir que en Ecuador el nivel de bienestar es relativamente bueno, aunque con factores importantes que mejorar. El indicador económico es uno de los aspectos más débiles de la sociedad ecuatoriana, mientras que la felicidad parece estar desligada parcialmente de este. Así, todavía quedan muchos objetivos para reducir la brecha entre los hogares. Las políticas eficientes solo se pueden implementar con una comprensión adecuada de las múltiples dimensiones de una población y lo que significa vivir bien para ellas. Abstract: This research analyzes Buen Vivir (BV), Living-well in English, as an alternative to sustainable development in Ecuador. Firstly, it presents an overview of the main growth theories and economic models applied to Ecuador. Secondly, BV is studied reviewing its main meanings, origin and historical evolution. Next, a revision of the development plans is included, in reference to the main economic policy guidelines regarding: equality, cohesion, inclusion and social equity; quality of life and stable, fair and dignified work; as well as Goals 2, 4 and 9, which are related to poverty, employment, underemployment and informality. In addition, the 3 selected cases, Human Development Bonus, Joaquín Gallegos Lara Bonus and Child Development Centers, are exposed as mechanisms for direct implementation of public policies. These are conceived, considering the current constitutional framework, as strategies and instruments that guarantee rights and contribute to building the new economic, social and solidarity system for BV. Finally, an index is constructed that serves to measure BV. The proposed indicator is calculated through different sub-indicators of well-being, such as happiness and satisfaction with life, trust and satisfaction with the government and the community, individual safety, the physical characteristics of the home and environmental concern, analyzing data from the Ecuadorian population in the period 2014-2016. The data come from information at the individual and household leveltaken from the National Survey on Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment. The chosen methodology was data-driven, using Principal Component Analysis (PCA)and assigning weights derived from their variances. In general, it can be concluded that in Ecuador the level of well-being is relatively good, although with important factors to improve. The economic indicator is one of the weakest aspects of Ecuadorian society, while happiness seems to be partially disconnected from it. Thus, there are still many objectives to reduce the gap between households. Efficient policies can only be implemented with a proper understanding of the multiple dimensions of a population and what it means to live well for them

This report is a synthesis of the technical assistance (TA) and recommendations, carried out by the World Bank water and sanitation program (WSP) since September 2014. To achieve the target of 100 percent improved sanitation, there is a national drive to improve fecal sludge management (FSM). This TA recognizes that to achieve the goals it is necessary to support the development of national FSM policies, regulations, and guidelines, while also improving capacity at the local level by supporting the implementation of improved FSM models in target cities. The objective of the TA was to provide government with tested advice on how to scale up improved septage management nationwide through: (i) improvement of septage management in three cities through the application of new management models (local level); and (ii) assistance to national government in training and capacity building and the formulation of policies and regulations to improve septage management at scale (national level). This report is structured as follows: chapter one is the executive summary; chapter two gives the background to sanitation in Indonesia and to fecal sludge management in particular; chapter three provides an overview of the TA approach; chapter four gives details of the implementation of the TA; chapter five summarizes the lessons learned; and chapter six outlines the recommendations and next steps.

En este estudio se realizó una encuesta de preferencias declaradas con un diseño experimental D-eficiente utilizando el software Ngene, a una muestra representativa de la ciudad de CuencaEcuador, para un viaje desde el hogar ya sea al lugar de trabajo o al centro de estudios, para lo cual se seleccionaron aleatoriamente ocho parroquias urbanas, a su vez, de cada parroquia seleccionada se eligieron sectores de manera aleatoria para la aplicación de la respectiva encuesta. Luego, con los datos conductuales recogidos se estimaron, mediante el software BIOGEME (Bierlaire, 2003, 2009), ocho modelos de elección discreta, de los cuales, las mejores especificaciones resultaron ser el modelo Logit Multinomial (LMN) y Logit Anidado con los que se obtuvo evidencia de que para un día sin lluvia el valor de los ahorros de tiempo de viaje estaría entre $2,40/hora (MNL) y $0,60/hora (NL); el valor de los ahorros de tiempo de espera fue de $1,80/hora (MNL y NL)) y el valor de los ahorros por cuadra caminada estaría entre $0,27/cuadra (MNL) y $0,22/cuadra (NL); mientras que para un día con lluvia el valor de los ahorros de tiempo de viaje estaría entre $4,20/hora (MNL) y $6,60/hora (NL); el valor de los ahorros de tiempo de espera sería de $3,60/hora (MNL) y $6,00 (NL) y el valor de los ahorros por cuadra caminada estaría entre $0,59/cuadra (NL) y $0,39/cuadra (MNL). Además, se evidencia que hogares que en promedio tienen ingresos mensuales altos, entre $1001-$3000 o más, valoran entre 83% y 91% más su tiempo de viaje; entre 40% y 53% más su tiempo de espera y entre 10% y 43% más sus cuadras caminadas en un día sin lluvia y con lluvia respectivamente. Los resultados válidos tanto para realizar la valoración de los atributos de servicio de transporte, como para hacer predicciones o inferencias son los reportados por el modelo Logit Anidado (NL), ya que este relaja algunos de los supuestos restrictivos del modelo Logit Multinomial (MNL); sin embargo, se presentan los resultados de los dos modelos con fines comparativos. En el análisis de escenarios de política pública se encuentra que si la Dirección de Gestión de Movilidad planifica impulsar el uso del tranvía como columna vertebral del sistema de movilidad en Cuenca un incremento en su tarifa podría no ser la vía más adecuada, pues provocaría una disminución sustancial de su demanda que podría hacer no sostenible la explotación de este servicio, además si se desea impulsar la demanda de buses, una disminución en el tiempo de espera de bus generaría un notable aumento de su demanda debiéndose aumentar la capacidad del sistema para hacer frente a la demanda esperada; de la misma forma, si se decide aumentar el costo de viaje de los buses habría un efecto sustitución desde los buses hacia el tranvía. Así mismo, si se desea mitigar la demanda de vehículos privados, aumentos en los costos de estacionamiento y costos de viaje como impuestos al rodaje junto a mejoras de variables de servicio como menores tiempos de viaje o de espera de transporte público, vinculado con la reducción de frecuencias de servicio de buses y una adecuada red vial en Cuenca en el modelo de demanda de transporte estimado, podrían resultar políticas públicas eficientes para democratizar el espacio público y reducir la congestión, obteniendo de esta forma beneficios económicos sociales en la reducción del tiempo de viaje de los usuarios. De esta manera se obtiene evidencia empírica de que la sensibilidad de los usuarios actuales o potenciales de los diferentes modos de transporte urbano cambia significativamente ante variaciones en las variables de nivel de servicio de los diferentes modos de transporte. ; In this study a stated preference survey was conducted with a D-efficient experimental design using Ngene software, to a representative sample of the city of Cuenca-Ecuador, for a trip from home either to the workplace or to the study center, for which eight urban parishes were randomly selected, in turn, from each selected parish sectors were randomly chosen for the application of the respective survey. Then, with the behavioral data collected, eight discrete choice models were estimated using BIOGEME software (Bierlaire, 2003, 2009), of which the best specifications were the Multinomial Logit model (LMN) and the Nested Logit model, with which evidence was obtained that for a day without rain the value of travel time savings would be between $2.40/hour (MNL) and $0.60/hour (NL); the value of wait time savings was $1.80/hour (MNL and NL) and the value of savings per block walked would be between $0.27/block (MNL) and $0.22/block (NL); while for a day with rain the value of travel time savings would be between $4.20/hour (MNL) and $6.60/hour (NL); the value of waiting time savings would be between $3.60/hour (MNL) and $6.00 (NL) and the value of savings per block walked would be between $0.59/block (NL) and $0.39/block (MNL). In addition, it is evident that households that on average have high monthly incomes, between $1001-$3000 or more, value between 83% and 91% more their travel time; between 40% and 53% more their waiting time and between 10% and 43% more their blocks walked on a non-rainy and rainy day respectively. The valid results for both the valuation of transportation service attributes and for making predictions or inferences are those reported by the Nested Logit (NL) model, since it relaxes some of the restrictive assumptions of the Multinomial Logit (MNL) model; however, the results of the two models are presented for comparative purposes. In the analysis of public policy scenarios, it is found that if the Directorate of Mobility Management plans to promote the use of the tramway as the backbone of the mobility system in Cuenca, a fare increase may not be the most appropriate way, since it would cause a substantial decrease in demand, which could make the operation of this service unsustainable; moreover, if it is desired to boost the demand for buses, a decrease in bus waiting time would generate a significant increase in demand and the system's capacity would have to be increased to meet the expected demand; Likewise, if it is decided to increase the cost of bus travel, there would be a substitution effect from buses to the streetcar. Likewise, if it is desired to mitigate the demand for private vehicles, increases in parking costs and travel costs such as road taxes together with improvements in service variables such as reduced travel times or waiting times for public transport, linked to the reduction of bus service frequencies and an adequate road network in Cuenca in the estimated transport demand model, could result in efficient public policies to democratize public space and reduce congestion, thus obtaining social economic benefits in the reduction of travel time of users. In this way, empirical evidence is obtained that the sensitivity of current or potential users of the different modes of urban transport changes significantly in response to variations in the level of service variables of the different modes of transport. ; Magíster en Economía ; Cuenca

Dwarfing the direct losses due to ruminant abortions and flock mortality, the main economic impact of RVF is systemic and ensues from the trade restrictions aimed at its containment. Indeed, past outbreaks of RVF in East Africa and Middle East came as disturbing events in a commercial context of high specialization in trade of small ruminants and interdependence between East-African exporters and the Middle-Eastern importing countries. The two successive bans imposed by Middle-Eastern countries on livestock products coming from the Horn of Africa in 1998-1999 and 2000-2002 highlighted this interdependence. Both bans caused an abrupt stop in exportations from IGAD countries. Nevertheless, the impact of the outbreaks motivating these bans differed due to their unique timing with regard to the Muslim celebrations that trigger the main flow of livestock from the Horn of Africa to Mecca. Hence, in 2000, the worst impact was observed on pastoralist households because the ban was imposed in September, prior to the Haj festival, when the main seasonal export flow had not been realized yet. Regarding the 1997 outbreak, the ban was implemented only in February 1998, after the main trade flow had occurred. The impacts of the bans on Somalia were particularly severe, due to the high specialization of the concerned region in an export-oriented livestock sector, benefitting from a niche market organized around the above-mentioned religious festivals and Arab consumers preferences. The country was all the more affected, as they own two main ports involved in this trade, i.e. Berbera (Somaliland) and Bossaso (Puntland). Prior to the bans, the size of the export market from Somalia to Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates was estimated around US$600 million, with Saudi Arabia representing 66% of the total. The bans led the Somali livestock market to collapse. Losses for the livestock industry were estimated at US$109 million and US$326 million, for the first and second ban respectively. The government also directly incurred an important loss around US$45 million from foregone export taxes and docking fees. In the same time, livestock exporters lost a net cumulative profit of US$330 million, whereas producers estimated their annual losses at over US$8 million. Hence, the successive RVF-related trade bans impacted the employment rate, the public treasury, the exchange rate of national currency and thus, the price of imported goods, inducing a general inflationary pressure and important socio-economic upheavals. More generally, the livestock market in the whole East Africa was affected, due to the fall in prices caused by the loss of outlets for livestock. Using market equilibrium models taking these shocks into account, the impact of the trade bans on the Somali region of Ethiopia were estimated at a 36% fall of the GDP. Other impacts originated in the closure of markets inside East Africa, being part of national control strategies. In Kenya, e.g., the closure of the Garissa Market, which is a major outlet for Somali and Ethiopian livestock, resulted in a more than 25% decrease in the price of cattle, inducing a total loss of US$10 million for the value chain. The emergency destocking response of distressed households also participated to the fall in prices and worsening of terms of trade. Together with flock mortality and abortion, destocking moreover affects the herds' dynamics on the long run and the commercial potential of households. These mechanisms show greater impact on smallholders, due to threshold effects in livestock capitalisation and the loss in risk management ability in such variable environmental conditions. In the Middle East too, the bans showed drastic economic impacts. In Yemen, e.g., the bans caused a loss of US$15 million from foregone custom taxes and US$27 million profit losses for traders. The two bans, combined with the prolonged ban maintained till 2009 by Saudi Arabia on Somalia, contributed to a restructuration of trade within and between the two regions. Indeed, trade actors soon reorganized their activity, as highlighted through official figures, notwithstanding the importance of informal trade. Hence, Yemen and the United Arab Emirates appeared as major alternative entry points on Arab Peninsula for Somali livestock. The latter could also transit through Djibouti or Sudan to reach Saudi Arabia. Benefitting from the prolonged bans on Somalia, the port of Djibouti emerged as a major player in the region between 2006 and 2009, thanks to massive investment in port infrastructures and agreements with Saudi importers. Therefore the private sector played a considerable role in adapting to new risks. The Djibouti port diverted much of the livestock trade previously handled at the Berbera and Bossaso ports. On this occasion, as it has been the case in Somalia after ban lifting in 2009, the Middle East has been a source of investment for the Horn of Africa for biosecurity infrastructure. Finally, the second ban led to the emergence of Australia as a major livestock supplier for Saudi Arabia from 2000 till now, and to a certain a point Australia has been a country of major Saudi investments which is seen as another way of adapting for some major value chain agents. In the two last decades, the intraregional livestock trade grew rapidly in East Africa, spurred by the urban demand. Most of this trade is informal, thus lacking official figures. It nevertheless shows a great importance regarding poverty alleviation aspects, the small to medium actors being the main operators of this trade. In recent years, a considerable growth in recorded intraregional trade is noticed, mainly due to a growth of recorded exports from Ethiopia to neighboring countries, as a result of a policy aiming at the facilitation of registration procedures through the CAC/AP-system. As a conclusion, livestock export to Middle East and the growing intraregional East-African livestock trade are both threatened by RVF-linked bans due to loss of outlets and price volatility. Thus, stability of the livestock sector being crucial to human and economic development in the region, a high priority must be given to RVF prevention and control, as supported by figures of impact of past outbreaks. ; Peer reviewed

Introduction & BackgroundCurrent research in people's diet habits has been very focused in the food environment: the different contexts in which people engage with the food system. Originally, this concept referred to the physical presence of food in a person's surroundings, which affects their ability to access different foods.
The food environment has been transformed in the past decade, with the development of new services such as online grocery and take away delivery services. Alongside a shift towards more out-of-home-food consumption and the unique current historical context (COVID-19 pandemic and the cost-of-living crisis).
Previous work carried out by Keeble et al (2021) has looked at association between area outlet availability, online delivery platform usage and area deprivation, showing a positive association between number of food outlets available only, online delivery service usage, and area deprivation using scraped and self-reported data. However, no work to date has been able to look at transaction record to validate these results and better understand the demographic characteristics of ordering populations.
Objectives & ApproachTo better understand consumer habits around takeaway purchasing, and how the growth of online food delivery services has shaped new behaviours, we have partnered with a large online takeaway delivery platform to use their transaction data in order to shed light on how changing customer habits are shaping the food environment.
Over 5 million rows of transaction data for online food purchasing were provided by the data partner, a large online food delivery service. The data included anonymised customer reference id, location and order information, as well as food outlet details. Data were accessed through the retailer's own secure platforms. Data analysis was carried out in two phases: an exploration of the locational characteristics of these classifications and distribution across UK geography, and exploration of fitted linear regression models to explain median basket price per output area.
Geodemographic data was sourced from the 2011 and 2021 census at the Output Area Level (approximately 125 households) and retailer data were matched using postcode information.
Model performance was estimated using the adjusted R2 coefficient and p-value for statistical significance, and further diagnostics tests included different residuals plots.
Relevance to Digital FootprintsSelf-reported nutrition data has been notoriously difficult to work with due to unreliability of memory and stigma.
Understanding people's eating habits is important if we are to understand how nutrition impacts health outcomes, how people interact with the food environment, which interventions are working, and to identify vulnerable populations.
Much research using digital footprints data to carry out nutrition research has focused around supermarket transaction data, which is limited as it does not clarify how the food is consumed if at all.
The current rise of the online food delivery market is helping create a shape the digital food environment, which is affecting and displacing the physical food environment. The data generated by users of online food delivery platforms is allowing us to closely understand how people are interacting with the food systems by adding a higher level of detail than self-reported data could.
ResultsWe found that OAs with higher percentages of affluent homes had lower order frequency, with car ownership playing the biggest role.
We carried out a geospatial analysis of basket price, order frequency and percentage of deprived homes in Leeds and found that higher percentage of deprived homes mapped well over areas with high order frequency and low basket price.
Conclusions & ImplicationsWe found that demographic markers of affluence were highly associated with a higher median basket price and lower order frequency, and these were significantly able to predict median basket price per OA using fitted linear regression models.
The best predictors of median basket spend were car ownership and output area classification supergroup. We believe there to be a complex interplay of deprivation and access factors which are best captured by these measures.
We found that more deprived population have a higher number of orders with lower basket prices. We have seen that higher order frequency is associated with a higher number of orders to restaurants which cuisine type is defined as burgers. Cuisine type preferences might be able to explain median basket price difference between affluent and deprived populations. Further work should look to see whether availability of different cuisine types differs by area to understand how access is driving cuisine preference.

The aim of this dissertation is to broaden our current knowledge of the effects of teachers and their qualifications, as key school inputs, on the human capital accumulation of kindergarten and primary school children in Ecuador, a developing economy, and Germany, a developed one. Even though these two countries are vastly different in their economic, scientific, social and cultural characteristics, their contexts are similar in that little research has been conducted there on teachers in the framework of the education production function, and particularly of research with causal interpretation. This dissertation consists of an introduction and three independent scientific articles organized into Chapters. Introductory Chapter 1 reviews theoretical and empirical literature on teachers as a school input affecting students' human capital accumulation in the education production function framework. In Chapter 2, I evaluate whether Ecuador's new teacher recruitment process, which requires teacher candidates to pass national entrance tests before they are allowed to participate in merit-based competitions for tenure at public schools, has served as an effective screening device and ultimately helped to improve student achievement in the first grades of primary school. To answer these questions, I analyze data from a unique Ecuadorian survey of schools in the academic year 2011-2012, which I match to individual teacher recruitment records from Ecuador's Ministry of Education. I first estimate a value-added to student achievement model using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS). I then use Propensity Score Matching (PSM) to simulate a random assignment of students to teachers and estimate causal treatment effects. The evidence suggests that teachers awarded tenure through the new policy (test-screened tenured teachers) were no more effective overall in improving students' achievement in reading or math. Nonetheless, the OLS and PSM results also suggest that these teachers had a significant positive effect on reading achievement for students from poor households. The PSM estimations show an average treatment effect of about a 9 percent of a standard deviation in reading achievement for students living in poverty. In Chapter 3, Guido Heineck, Yyannú Cruz-Aguayo and I implement an experimental evaluation of the impact of Ecuador's new teacher recruitment process for kindergarten. We link administrative teacher information from Ecuador's Ministry of Education to data from a unique experimental study where almost 15,000 kindergarten children were randomly assigned to their teachers in the 2012-2013 school year. Our results show positive and significant effects of test-screened tenured teachers of at least an 11 percent of a standard deviation for language, and a 9 percent of a standard deviation for math. These effects persist even after controlling for teacher academic degree, experience, cognitive ability, personality traits and classroom practices. In addition, our estimations show that tenured teachers significantly outperform contract teachers in Ecuador, which contrasts with recent evidence on the positive effects of fixed-term contract teachers in other developing countries. Furthermore, we confirm that the effects of test-screened tenured teachers on language learning are stronger for vulnerable children who started the school year with lower baseline test scores or came from socioeconomically disadvantaged families. Johanna Sophie Quis and I also study the effect of teachers on skill formation in Chapter 4, but in the context of a developed country, Germany. We use primary school data from the German National Educational Panel Study (NEPS) to estimate classroom effects on mathematical and language competence development, which are driven by teacher quality differences across classrooms. We estimate a value-added model with individual classroom fixed-, as well as random effects. Both model specifications apply empirical Bayes shrinkage to adjust the classroom effects' estimates by their level of precision. Our results show substantial classroom effects and quality differences across the first grades of German primary school. One standard deviation increase in classroom effectiveness is associated with at least a 12 percent of a standard deviation increase in student mathematical competence scores, and at least 14 percent of a standard deviation increase in language competence scores. In addition, we find that none of the teacher characteristics typically used in teacher recruitment processes significantly explain the classroom quality differences. Interestingly, as parental assessment of teacher quality is the only indicator significantly associated with classroom effectiveness in language competence development, parents seem to be able to identify more effective language teachers.

De 1970 à 1988, la part du budget de l'Etat consacré à la santé passait de 9% à 4%; de 1983 à 1997, les investissements dans le secteur santé passaient de 52% à 9% (17). Face à cette crise dans le secteur de la santé, les populations se sont organisées pour assurer la prise en charge de leur santé. C'est ainsi qu'est né en 1988, la première association de santé communautaire du Mali dans le quartier péri-urbain de Banconi. En réponse à cette nouvelle réalité, les populations se sont organisées pour assurer la mobilisation sociale et le recouvrement des coûts de leur structure de santé. La santé communautaire constitue aujourd'hui la base de la politique nationale en matière de santé. Le but du présent article est d'analyser ce modèle de recouvrement des coûts et de mobilisation sociale en termes d'enjeux actuels et des perspectives. La méthode est basée sur une étude rétrospective avec analyse documentaire et entretien des acteurs clés. L'analyse montre que l'avènement de la santé communautaire a crée de nouveaux enjeux d'ordre politique et de pouvoir liés à la nature des rapports entre les autorités sanitaires et les communautés, et économique par la contribution effective des ménages (75%) dans les dépenses de santé y compris les investissements. Au plan social, l'extension de la couverture sanitaire s'est nettement améliorée avec en 1998, près de 21 % de la population situé à moins de 5 Km d'une formation sanitaire. De même 75 % des consultations médicales et 70 % des accouchements ont lieu dans un centre de santé communautaire. En terme d'extension de la couverture sanitaire, elle s'est nettement amélioré avec près de 958 associations de santé communautaires crées entre 1989 et 2008. Bien que la modèle de santé communautaire a nettement amélioré l'offre et la qualité des services, il reste néanmoins confronté à certaines défis relatifs à l'insuffisance de vie démocratique et de transparence dans la gestion et les difficultés pour l'état de jouer son rôle de tutelle, ainsi que l'instabilité du personnel qu'il occasionne du fait de l'insécurité de l'emploi et du plan de carrière. Ses défis méritent que les principaux acteurs de cette politique y réfléchissent au risque de compromettre la pérennisation du modèle. ; From 1970 to 1988, the share of the budget of the State devoted to health passed from 9% to 4%; from 1983 to 1997, the investments in the Health sector passed from 52% to 9% (17). Vis-a-vis this crisis in the sector of health, the populations were organized to ensure the assumption of responsibility of their health. Thus was born in 1988, the first Community association of health of Mali in the perish-urban district of Banconi. In response to this new reality, the populations were organized to ensure the social mobilization and the covering of the costs of their structure of health. Community health constitutes today the base of the national policy as regards health. The goal of this article is to analyze this model of covering of the costs and social mobilization in term of current stakes and of the prospects. The method is based on a retrospective study with abstract and maintenance of the key actors. The analysis shows that the advent of Community health A creates new stakes of a political nature and of capacity related to the nature of the relationship between the medical authorities and the community, and economic by the effective contribution of the households (75%) in the expenditure of health including the investments. In the social plan, the extension of the medical cover clearly improved with in 1998, nearly 21 % of the population located at less than 5 km of a medical formation. In the same way 75 % of the medical consultations and 70 % of the labour take place in a Community center of health. In term of extension of the medical cover, it clearly improved with nearly 958 Community associations of health create between 1989 and 2008. Although models it Community health clearly improved the offer and quality of the services, there remain nevertheless confronted with certain challenges relating to the insufficiency of democratic life and transparency in management and the difficulties for the state of playing its role of supervision, as well as the instability of the personnel which he causes because of insecurity of the use and the plan of career. Its challenges deserve that the principal actors of this policy think on it of the risk to compromise the perennisation of the model.

Korea and Thailand are regarded as tiger economies for their success in achievingimpressive economic growth during the last three decades Along with their illustriousgrowth performances, both economies have experienced significant changes in inequalityand poverty over the last decade of the twentieth century The issues associated witheconomic growth and shifts in inequality and poverty are multi-dimensional andcomplex This thesis deals with these three phenomena examining both themethodological and empirical aspects Korea and Thailand are the subjects of myempirical analysisThe study uses unit-record micro data that include the Family Income and ExpenditureSurvey and the Survey of the Economically Active Population for Korea, and the SocioeconomicSurvey and the Labour Force Survey for Thailand, with all surveys coveringthe period from 1990 to 1999. These data sources, obtained from the National StatisticalOffices in the two countries, are used extensively throughout the study.The study focuses on the following issues: (a) the relationship between growth, inequalityand poverty, (b) the role of education in explaining individual earnings, (c) economiccrisis, (d) empirical analysis of inequality and poverty, (e) decomposition of measures ofinequality and poverty through savings, and (f) assessing government fiscal policies fromthe perspective of equityEconomic growth is closely interrelated and intertwined with inequality and poverty Thisstudy analyses these three phenomena in view of the economic development that hastaken place in Korea and Thailand during the last three decades of the twentieth centuryThe accumulation of human capital through learning-by-doing and education plays apivotal role in determining a nation's economic growth. Using a regression model, thisstudy looks into the effect of education on earnings in the labour market The studyconfirms the hypothesis that those who have a higher education credential have greaterreturns than those with a lower education credential. Moreover, the study finds that anindividual who completed a degree earns more than one who did not complete his or herdegree The study develops the earnings-education model controlling for factors such asyears of work experience, hours of work, residential region and area, migration status,gender and formal or informal sector.Another essential element to promote economic growth is a well functioning labourmarket Through introducing the long-term trend index, this study shows that when Koreaand Thailand both experienced rapid economic growth in the early and mid 1990s, openunemployment rates were very low and employment and the labour force participationrates were rising. The study also develops the crisis index that captures the adverse effectof the 1997 economic crisis on the Korean and Thai labour market in terms ofemployment, unemployment, and the labour force participation rate The study finds thatwhile the Korean economy has been affected more severely by the crisis than the Thaieconomy has been, the crisis has more adversely affected the vulnerable groups msociety, such as the elderly and women.Finding the factors that contribute to inequality is a difficult task and has not been dealtwith well in the relevant literature This study attempts to explain inequality in terms ofmany socioeconomic and demographic characteristics using the idea of relativedeprivation. The regression model developed to explain the relative deprivation sufferedby individuals is utilised to project inequality in the future.Another important finding of the thesis is that the difference in income-based andconsumption-based inequality or poverty estimates can be explained by different savingsbehaviour across households, which has seldom attracted attention in the existingliterature According to my empirical analysis, in Thailand inequality of income is higherthan inequality of consumption, whereas in Korea consumption is more unequallydistributed than income. This is explained through the difference in the concentration ofsavings between the two economies Similarly, the difference in the pattern of povertybetween Korea and Thailand is analysed in terms of the differences in average savingsrates and the relative distributions of consumption and income among householdsThe study also develops a methodology to assess government fiscal policies from anequity point of view. Through this method, a government can assess whether its publicexpenditures benefit the poor or the rich in society Likewise, this methodology alsohelps to review whether a government's tax policies are pro-poor or pro-rich This idea ofassessing a government's public policy is applied to both Korea and Thailand Theempirical study demonstrates that there is considerable scope to make present fiscalpolicies in Korea and Thailand more equitable In particular, the Thai system is found tobe regressive and benefits the rich proportionally more than the poor The Korean systemis found to be less regressive than the Thai system.

The objective of this thesis is to contribute as well on the theoretical level as empirical to the research on the links between the macro-economic policies and the social indicators and that in a context of the post-conflict country, the case of Rwanda.The main issue raised here to know what is really the economic policies which can be set up in a country post-conflict in order to reduce poverty within the households? Our thesis is based on two assumptions: First, the economic reforms should converge towards the economic growth and the reduction of poverty in the only condition which this growth is equitably distributed. In addition, we consider the political good-will and the stable macroeconomic environment.It is clear that it is difficult for a poor country as Rwanda which underwent during four years of the ethnic conflicts leading to a genocide waits at intervals of fast growth of its GDP per capita without setting up a parallel program of family planning in order to reduce the growth rate of its population estimated currently at 2,9%. It s required also a solid program of the social sectors through the education and the health.To try to answer this question, we used the Model developed by the World Bank called Poverty Analysis Macroeconomic Model . PAMS is a model which link the households survey to the macro-economic framework. It s evaluate the impact of macro-economic policies - in particular those associated the strategies of reduction of poverty - on employment with the centre of the various socio-economic groups, the households s income, the incidence of poverty and the distribution of income.This thesis is articulated on four chapters; the first one which tried to the poverty under all its dimensions, it weaves the difference between the thresholds of poverty according to various authors; it analyzes then and measures the indicators relating to poverty. This first part of the thesis also makes the overall picture of the empirical literature in context of poverty, etc; finally, it defined and analyzes the Millenium Development Goals, and set out the level that Rwanda reached and the challenges to reach the vision 2020.The second chapter try to set out the links between economic growth and monetary and non monetary dimensions of poverty; it examine the inequalities resulting from this growth . It presents and analyzes briefly the evolution of the certain macroeconomic aggregates and principal measurements of economic policies in post-conflict context. The third chapter analyzes the decade 1990-2000, it makes initially the diagnosis of the year 1990, it analyzes different macro-economic incoherencies on which Rwanda Government was faced too during the period, the impact of the international community, the principal products of exports of Rwanda (coffee and tea), it makes then an outline on the political tendencies and the origin of the genocide of 1994 in Rwanda and the effects of this one on the socio-economic situation; this chapter releases the role of the international community in the genocide and finally compares the results of the economic reforms in end period 1990- 1995-2000. The fourth chapter finally brings additional information on the links between the growth and the poverty reduction using PAMS. This chapter makes simulations on the economic policies and judges the effect on poverty against different external shocks, the goal being not to reduce the poverty of half in a 2020, poverty located at 60% in 2003 but a scenario much more realistic to reduce poverty to 45, 6% in 2020.From the reference scenario, other simulations of economic policy were made by analyzing their effects on poverty and inequalities among different quintiles. We selected five of them:(I) modification of the volume of exports; (II) increase in the agricultural production; (III) the rise of the civil servant salaries and; (iv) modification of the composition of GDP growth and finally, to take an economic socio group like target of economic policy. In conclusion, this analytical work formulated some simulations and recommendations within the macroeconomic framework. ; L objectif de cette thèse c est de contribuer tant sur le plan théorique qu empirique à la recherche des liens qui existent entre les politiques macroéconomiques et les indicateurs sociaux et cela dans un contexte des pays sortant des guerres.La question principale qui attire notre attention est la suivante : quelles sont les politiques économiques à mettre en place dans un pays post-conflit afin de réduire sensiblement la pauvreté au sein des ménages ?Notre thèse s appuie sur deux hypothèses : D une part, nous pouvons souligné que toutes les réformes économiques devraient converger vers la croissance économique et la réduction de la pauvreté à la seule condition que cette croissance soit équitablement répartie. D autre part, nous considérons la volonté politique et l environnement macroéconomique stable.Il est clair que c est difficile pour qu un pays pauvre comme le Rwanda qui a subi pendant quatre ans des conflits ethniques aboutissant à un génocide s attende à un rythme de croissance rapide de son PIB par tête sans mettre en place un programme parallèle de discipline du planning familial afin de réduire le taux de croissance de sa population estimé actuellement à 2,9% et un programme solide des secteurs sociaux à travers l éducation et la santé de sa population.Pour tenter de répondre à cette question, nous utilisons le Modèle développé par la Banque mondiale appelé Simulateur Macroéconomique pour l Analyse de la Pauvreté . PAMS est un modèle qui lie les enquêtes sur les conditions de vies des ménages à des cadres macro-économiques. Il permet d'évaluer l'impact de politiques macro-économiques - en particulier celles associées aux stratégies de réduction de la pauvreté - sur l'emploi au sein des différents groupes socio-économiques, les revenus des ménages, l'incidence de la pauvreté et la distribution du revenu.Cette thèse s articule sur quatre chapitres ; le premier chapitre qui s'inscrit dans le débat actuel de la définition de la pauvreté sous toutes ses dimensions, il tisse la différence entre les seuils de la pauvreté selon différents auteurs ; il analyse ensuite et mesure les indicateurs relatifs à la pauvreté. Cette première partie de la thèse fait également le tour de la littérature en rapport avec le concept de la pauvreté, etc ; enfin, il défini et s interroge sur les Objectifs du Développement du Millénaire, en analysant le niveau que le Rwanda a atteint et le défis qu il doit lever afin d atteindre l horizon 2015.Le second chapitre essaye de tisser des liens entre la croissance et les dimensions monétaires et non monétaires de la pauvreté ; il examine les inégalités issues de cette croissance une fois réalisée dans un sens global.Il présente et analyse brièvement l évolution des certains agrégats 2 macroéconomiques et les principales mesures de politiques économiques qui ont été mises en place pendant la période post-conflit.Le troisième chapitre en revanche fait le bilan de la décennie 1990-2000, il fait d abord le diagnostic de l année 1990, il analyse les différents déséquilibres macro-économiques dont souffrait l économie Rwandaise pendant cette période, l impact des cours internationaux sur les principaux produits d exportations du Rwanda (café et thé), il fait ensuite un aperçu sur les tendances politiques et l origine du génocide de 1994 au Rwanda et les effets de celui-ci sur la situation socio-économique ; ce chapitre dégage le rôle de la communauté internationale dans le génocide et enfin compare les résultats des réformes économiques en fin période 1990- 1995-2000.Le quatrième chapitre finalement apporte des informations supplémentaires sur les liens entre la croissance et la réduction de la pauvreté au moyen du SMAP. Ce chapitre fait des simulations des politiques économiques permettant de juger l effet sur la pauvreté de différentes voies de croissance et des chocs exogènes, le but étant non pas de réduire la pauvreté de moitié en 2020, une pauvreté situé à 60% en 2003 mais un scénario beaucoup plus réaliste de réduire la pauvreté à 45,6% en 2020.A partir du scénario de référence, d autres simulations de politique économique ont été faites en analysant leurs effets sur la pauvreté et les inégalités. Nous en avons sélectionné cinq :(i) la modification du volume des exportations ; (ii) l augmentation de la production agricole ; (iii) la hausse des traitements des fonctionnaires et ; (iv) la modification de la composition de la croissance du PIB et enfin, prendre un groupe socio économique comme cible de politique économique. Pour conclure ce travail, sur base des simulations faites, les recommandations ont été formulées dans le cadre de la politique économique.

The article analyzes the contribution of women in family farming and delves into the possibility that women have to access land, credit and technology, elements that generate agricultural development and why not, enhancers of the economic autonomy of the producers. The social and production relations present in peasant family agriculture present peculiar contexts in relation to other types of agricultural models, one of them refers to the work of women and the magnitude of their labor contribution in the family establishment, in addition to be the fundamental pillar in the promotion of food security. The economic and social contribution of women in family farming should be made visible and subject to public policies to promote gender equality in the rural context, meaning the generation of channels for the participation of women throughout the development of the chain. value of production, promoting the recognition of women as main actors in the sustainability of the agro-family model and food sovereignty. Regarding the methodology, it is developed from an analysis of quantitative information, for which use was made of the data provided by the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock through the Directorate of Agrarian Extension (DEAg) with all the programs that intervene in Family Farming and the National Statistics Institute (DGEEC) with the Permanent Household Survey (EPH) and the Time Use Survey (EUT), considering for the Household Survey a temporality of 10 years and, for the case of the time use survey corresponding to the year 2016, as well as the National Agricultural Census (CAN) of the year 2008. Among the main results, it can be observed that rural women suffer more strongly from poverty, 23.0% of them are in poverty and 8.7% in extreme poverty, 24% of rural women work As family workers without receiving any salary, when it comes to agricultural exploitation, women are at a greater disadvantage than men, in the stratum of less than one hectare they represent 36% of the producers, while their participation is reduced to 15 % in those with more than 1,000 hectares. 44% of inactive rural women indicate as the main reason to perform housework, which is consistent with the greater burden of unpaid work that they must endure, which means greater problems of insertion into the labor market, greater labor informality and, hence the impossibility of developing a full life, this coupled with the little participation that they have in the productive and financing projects developed by the government and the almost zero access to land ownership. ; El artículo tiene como objetivo visibilizar la contribución de las mujeres en la agricultura familiar campesina y profundizar en la posibilidad que tienen las mismas, para acceder a la tierra, al crédito y a la tecnología, elementos generadores de desarrollo agrícola y por qué no, potenciadores de la autonomía económica de las productoras. Según (Kempf et al., 2019), las relaciones sociales y de producción presentes en la agricultura familiar campesina presentan contextos peculiares con relación a otros tipos de modelos de agricultura, uno de ellos, se refiere al trabajo de las mujeres y la magnitud de su contribución laboral en el establecimiento familiar, además de ser el pilar fundamental en la promoción de la seguridad alimentaria. La contribución económica y social de las mujeres en la agricultura familiar debe ser visibilizada y sujeta de políticas públicas para fomentar la igualdad de género en el contexto rural, significando esto, la generación de canales de participación de las mujeres en todo el desarrollo de la cadena de valor de la producción, impulsando el reconocimiento de las mujeres como actoras principales en la sostenibilidad del modelo agro-familiar y la soberanía alimentaria. En cuanto a la metodología, esta se desarrolla a partir de un análisis de la información cuantitativa, para lo cual se hizo uso de los datos secundarios proveídos por el Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería a través de la Dirección de Extensión Agraria (DEAg) con todos los programas que intervienen en la Agricultura Familiar y el Instituto Nacional de Estadística (DGEEC) con la Encuesta Permanente de Hogares (EPH) y la Encuesta de Uso del Tiempo (EUT), considerando para la Encuesta de Hogares una temporalidad de 10 años y, para el caso de la encuesta de uso del tiempo correspondiente al año 2016, así como el Censo Agropecuario Nacional (CAN) del año 2008. Entre los principales resultados se puede observar que las mujeres rurales padecen más fuertemente la pobreza, el 23,0% de ellas se encuenta en situación de pobreza y el 8,7% en condición de pobreza extrema, el 24% de las mujeres rurales trabaja como trabajadoras familiares sin percibir salario alguno, cuando se trata de explotación agropecuaria las mujeres se encuentran en mayor desventaja que los hombres, en el estrato de menos de una hectárea ellas representan el 36% de los productores, mientras que su participación se reduce al 15% en las de más de 1.000 hectáreas. El 44% de las mujeres inactivas rurales señala como razón principal el realizar labores del hogar, lo que concuerda con la mayor carga de trabajos no remunerados que ellas deben soportar, lo que significa mayores problemas de inserción al mercado laboral, mayor informalidad laboral y por ende la imposibilidad de desarrollar una vida plena, esto aunado a la poca participación que ellas tienen en los proyectos productivos y de financiamiento desarrollados por el gobierno y el casi nulo acceso a la propiedad de la tierra.

International audience ; Artículo publicado eThe article analyzes the contribution of women in family farming and delves into the possibility that women have to access land, credit and technology, elements that generate agricultural development and why not, enhancers of the economic autonomy of the producers. The social and production relations present in peasant family agriculture present peculiar contexts in relation to other types of agricultural models, one of them refers to the work of women and the magnitude of their labor contribution in the family establishment, in addition to be the fundamental pillar in the promotion of food security. The economic and social contribution of women in family farming should be made visible and subject to public policies to promote gender equality in the rural context, meaning the generation of channels for the participation of women throughout the development of the chain. value of production, promoting the recognition of women as main actors in the sustainability of the agro-family model and food sovereignty. Regarding the methodology, it is developed from an analysis of quantitative information, for which use was made of the data provided by the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock through the Directorate of Agrarian Extension (DEAg) with all the programs that intervene in Family Farming and the National Statistics Institute (DGEEC) with the Permanent Household Survey (EPH) and the Time Use Survey (EUT), considering for the Household Survey a temporality of 10 years and, for the case of the time use survey corresponding to the year 2016, as well as the National Agricultural Census (CAN) of the year 2008. Among the main results, it can be observed that rural women suffer more strongly from poverty, 23.0% of them are in poverty and 8.7% in extreme poverty, 24% of rural women work As family workers without receiving any salary, when it comes to agricultural exploitation, women are at a greater disadvantage than men, in the stratum of less than one hectare they represent 36% of the producers, while their participation is reduced to 15 % in those with more than 1,000 hectares. 44% of inactive rural women indicate as the main reason to perform housework, which is consistent with the greater burden of unpaid work that they must endure, which means greater problems of insertion into the labor market, greater labor informality and, hence the impossibility of developing a full life, this coupled with the little participation that they have in the productive and financing projects developed by the government and the almost zero access to land ownership ; El artículo tiene como objetivo visibilizar la contribución de las mujeres en la agricultura familiar campesina y profundizar en la posibilidad que tienen las mismas, para acceder a la tierra, al crédito y a la tecnología, elementos generadores de desarrollo agrícola y por qué no, potenciadores de la autonomía económica de las productoras. Según (Kempf et al., 2019), las relaciones sociales y de producción presentes en la agricultura familiar campesina presentan contextos peculiares con relación a otros tipos de modelos de agricultura, uno de ellos, se refiere al trabajo de las mujeres y la magnitud de su contribución laboral en el establecimiento familiar, además de ser el pilar fundamental en la promoción de la seguridad alimentaria. La contribución económica y social de las mujeres en la agricultura familiar debe ser visibilizada y sujeta de políticas públicas para fomentar la igualdad de género en el contexto rural, significando esto, la generación de canales de participación de las mujeres en todo el desarrollo de la cadena de valor de la producción, impulsando el reconocimiento de las mujeres como actoras principales en la sostenibilidad del modelo agro-familiar y la soberanía alimentaria. En cuanto a la metodología, esta se desarrolla a partir de un análisis de la información cuantitativa, para lo cual se hizo uso de los datos secundarios proveídos por el Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería a través de la Dirección de Extensión Agraria (DEAg) con todos los programas que intervienen en la Agricultura Familiar y el Instituto Nacional de Estadística (DGEEC) con la Encuesta Permanente de Hogares (EPH) y la Encuesta de Uso del Tiempo (EUT), considerando para la Encuesta de Hogares una temporalidad de 10 años y, para el caso de la encuesta de uso del tiempo correspondiente al año 2016, así como el Censo Agropecuario Nacional (CAN) del año 2008. Entre los principales resultados se puede observar que las mujeres rurales padecen más fuertemente la pobreza, el 23,0% de ellas se encuenta en situación de pobreza y el 8,7% en condición de pobreza extrema, el 24% de las mujeres rurales trabaja como trabajadoras familiares sin percibir salario alguno, cuando se trata de explotación agropecuaria las mujeres se encuentran en mayor desventaja que los hombres, en el estrato de menos de una hectárea ellas representan el 36% de los productores, mientras que su participación se reduce al 15% en las de más de 1.000 hectáreas. El 44% de las mujeres inactivas rurales señala como razón principal el realizar labores del hogar, lo que concuerda con la mayor carga de trabajos no remunerados que ellas deben soportar, lo que significa mayores problemas de inserción al mercado laboral, mayor informalidad laboral y por ende la imposibilidad de desarrollar una vida plena, esto aunado a la poca participación que ellas tienen en los proyectos productivos y de financiamiento desarrollados por el gobierno y el casi nulo acceso a la propiedad de la tierra.