Suchergebnisse

This study assessed personal values and positive growth experiences, possible changes in these factors, and interpersonal functioning in a two-man expedition team that successfully reached the North Pole in 55 days without outside support. Personality measures were administered before expedition, weekly rating forms were completed on the ice, and semi-structured interviews and several repeat measures were carried out at the end of the expedition and at a 6-month follow-up. Both team members had high scores on the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ) Social Closeness, Social Potency, and Positive Emotionality Scales, and on the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) Extraversion Scale. The Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ) findings indicated that for both team members, Self-direction and Stimulation were strong personal values; Power, Tradition, and Conformity were low on the values hierarchy. The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) assessments indicated different aspects of personal growth for each team member from postexpedition to the follow-up. Contrary to previous findings, this all-male team did not exhibit strong competitiveness with each other.

The article considers how twins discursively negotiated and performed their twinship over the twentieth century through an examination of the jointly written narratives of self of three sets of identical, female, American twins. These years witnessed a shift in the academic, medical, and lay attitudes toward twins—a historical and social shift that I argue is reflected in their narratives and in their perceptions of self. Taken together these three joint autobiographies suggest that researchers' findings regarding the movement of twins along a scale from compliance to contestation to denial is also a temporal movement, reflecting a gradual shift in social and gender expectations regarding twinship. The article sheds light on the history of the lived experience of twinship, in particular that of female twins, and reflects on a more general historical evolution of twentieth-century women's performance of their individuality. After an introduction to the six women and their narratives of self, I turn to outline how each set of twins presented their twinship and individuality in their narrative. I conclude by considering some aspects concerning the historicity and gendering of twinship.

'Some aspects of the Southern question' (1926) established a strain of thought in Antonio Gramsci's questioning of conditions of uneven and combined development in Italy, which encompassed complex relations of class stratification, racial domination, colonial rule, the social function of intellectuals, and how best to mobilise against the bourgeois state. This strain of thought was then extended, in his carceral research, through his sustained and wide-ranging historical sociological focus on passive revolution as a condition of modern state formation. This article sets up the importance of passive revolution as a backdrop to approaching passive revolutions of diverse varieties, which is the subject of this wider special issue, stressing 'approaching' (as transitive verb) in terms of setting about the task of assessing the theoretical import of passive revolution; and 'approaching' (as intransitive verb) in terms of the advance of passive revolutions that are contemporary to us, and those that are in the process of becoming. The continuum of passive revolution is thereby asserted in a historically specific sense, capturing transitions to and transformations of the social relations of capitalist production, rather than as some transhistorical affirmation of intersocietal existence.

Résumé Boris Eltsine est aujourd'hui une figure politique au regard du processus de démocratisation en Russie. Considéré comme un opposant au régime communiste, dont il est par ailleurs l'un des produits, il est perçu comme l'initiateur de la transition vers un régime démocratique en Russie. Par delà les jugements émis sur le sens de l'action politique de Boris Eltsine, nous voudrions, en soulignant ce que ces derniers doivent d'une part à un travail de production journalistique et d'autre part à une stratégie de présentation de soi poursuivie par Boris Eltsine lui-même, déterminer les conditions sociales d'émergence d'une figure politique d'homme providentiel. En ce sens il s'agira de mettre en évidence les caractéristiques d'une conjoncture de crise politique qui rendent possible l'avènement d'une figure providentielle en Russie dès 1989. Cette conjoncture se donne à voir sous deux aspects : une crise de l'instance dominante de la représentation politique en URSS, le PCUS, et une crise de l'instance de la représentation de l'État soviétique, l'URSS. Ces phénomènes sont selon nous la traduction politique d'une crise de la reproduction sociale des élites politiques en URSS.

For many writers, politicians and courtiers in early modern Spain, to raise the topic of poetry was to raise the topic of masculinity. In Spain, the sixteenth century marks a particular threshold – we might consider it the "early" early modern – during which the country's subjects and perhaps especially its ranks of elites adjusted to a new national identity: Spain under the Habsburgs ceased to be a self-contained peninsular kingdom dominated by Castile and became a seat of a pan-European and incipiently global empire. Surprisingly, perhaps, one aspect of accommodating this shift was accepting a profound revision in the ways in which relationships between masculinity and nation, masculinity and letters, masculinity and poetry, and poetry and identity were conceived of in the social and cultural imagination. A survey of the so-called "new" art composed during this period (poetry based on Italian models and forms, primarily sonnets and songs) demonstrates that writers perceived a fundamental link between poetry and some of the historical, political and social processes that were transforming Spanish codes of gender, power and privilege.

Set in the criminalized, racialized, and sexualized streets of Salvador da Bahia, this article presents experimental ethnographic glimpses of the deeply transnational aspects of desire, suffering, and violence in the disintegrating public spaces of a Northeastern Brazilian city famous for its global tourism fuelled by transnational desire for and consumption of Afro-Brazilian culture and bodies. The author reflects on the possibility of critical engagement between academic ethnographers from the North and the sex workers, street kids, crack users, and other marginalized social actors who make a living in the street. Refraining from facile, depoliticized celebrations of grassroots "critical" anthropology and other fantasies about empowering the subaltern, the author depicts the terror-as-usual at Bahian-street livelihoods from the necessarily exploitative position of a gringo ethnographer who is also making a living and a career from writing about the suffering of others. While this article, like all of Veissière's work, is ultimately committed to a search for postcolonial social justice and critical dialogues between intellectuals and the subaltern, it also contemplates the horror of being an academic pimp who sustains a livelihood from exploiting human suffering and violence.

For disabled and older people, journeys need to be seamless – with no failures in access from origin to destination. Because the public transport environment, including walking and cycling modes, is not accessible, the use of private cars remains essential to social inclusion. Consequently, social goals relating to private car use in relation to health, environment and land-use will be harder to achieve. Greater attention needs to be paid to the detail of the "journey chain" with access consistently provided throughout, making for seamless journeys. This attention needs to be paid in all aspects of transport planning as well as delivery, including in the appraisal process. In transport projects appraisal, the costs of providing access are monetized, but not the benefits. The author undertook an experiment to value the benefits of step-free access for everyone and found significant economic benefit that enhanced the benefit:cost ratio. Until the benefits of accessible transport are properly considered for everybody across the whole planning process including appraisal, providing access will continue to be an uphill struggle and access throughout the journey chain will remain hit and miss.

This article analyses if and how recent changes within the Swiss political system have influenced different aspects of protest politics (e.g. level, issues, action repertoires, and transnationalization). We argue that opportunities for mobilization have emerged in recent years due to changes in the institutionalized political context and that these changes have at least partially led to a resurgence of protest activities in the early 2000s. In a longitudinal perspective, it is however rather moderate. Additionally, new social movements still dominate Swiss protest politics. Although social and migration‐related questions gained in salience, the changes are not as dramatic as in the case of party politics. The rise of a new integration‐demarcation cleavage has not (yet) shaken Swiss protest politics as heavily as Swiss party politics. Finally, even though they are not integrated into a pronounced new protest cycle, the early 2000s are marked by the global justice movement. In this context, we observe a slight radicalization of the action repertoire and police reactions, which is at least partially explained by the emergence of new "transnational" sites of contention.

One of the most curious aspects of the 2004 presidential election was the strength and resilience of the belief among many Americans that Saddam Hussein was linked to the terrorist attacks of September 11. Scholars have suggested that this belief was the result of a campaign of false information and innuendo from the Bush administration. We call this the information environment explanation. Using a technique of "challenge interviews" on a sample of voters who reported believing in a link between Saddam and 9/11, we propose instead a social psychological explanation for the belief in this link. We identify a number of social psychological mechanisms voters use to maintain false beliefs in the face of disconfirming information, and we show that for a subset of voters the main reason to believe in the link was that it made sense of the administration's decision to go to war against Iraq. We call this inferred justification: for these voters, the fact of the war led to a search for a justification for it, which led them to infer the existence of ties between Iraq and 9/11.

Globalisation is a relatively new concept in social sciences, especially in educational research and there is no agreement on its essence. The article presents three stances within globalisation theory - the hyperglobalist , the sceptical and the transformational, reflect disputes concerning new global trends. The discussion highlights social, economic and political aspects globalization theory deals with. The article focuses on the effects of globalisation over education and the demands it has introduced to the field. Historically However, there is strong support to the assumption that globalisation poses a threat to small nations and ensures the dominance of Anglo-Saxon culture over the others. The article argues that globalisation, state and education are closely linked notions and if any of the components lacks, often it is difficult to have a thorough understanding of each of them. And in spite of some stances indicating to the demise of the nation states and the national education systems, the argument is developed that in the global era the role and along policies full of contradictions, the transformationalist stance suggests that positive and balanced approach be employed to react to global changes.

Why and how did ADHD become the most commonly diagnosed mental disorder among children and adolescents, as well as one of the most controversial? Stimulant medication had been used to treat excessively hyperactive children since the 1950s. And the behaviors that today might lead to an ADHD diagnosis had been observed since the early 1930s as "organic drivenness," and then by various other names throughout the decades. The authors argue that a unique alignment of social and economic trends and incentives converged in the early 1990s with greater scientific knowledge to make ADHD the most prevalent pediatric mental disorder. New movements advocating for the rights of children and the disabled and a massive increase in Medicaid spending on psychotropic drugs all contributed to the dramatic spike in ADHD diagnoses and stimulant use. Medicating Children is unique in that it integrates analyses of the clinical, political, historical, educational, social, economic, and legal aspects of ADHD and stimulant pharmacotherapy. Thus, it will be invaluable to educators, clinicians, parents, and policymakers, all of whom are trying to determine what is in the best interest of millions of children. ; https://scholarship.richmond.edu/bookshelf/1140/thumbnail.jpg

A series of six papers on "Youth Development in Europe: Transitions and Identities" has now been published in the European Psychologist throughout 2008 and 2009. The papers aim to make a conceptual contribution to the increasingly important area of productive youth development by focusing on variations and changes in the transition to adulthood and emerging identities. The papers address different aspects of an integrative framework for the study of reciprocal multiple person-environment interactions shaping the pathways to adulthood in the contexts of the family, the school, and social relationships with peers and significant others. Interactions between these key players are shaped by their embeddedness in varied neighborhoods and communities, institutional regulations, and social policies, which in turn are influenced by the wider sociohistorical and cultural context. Young people are active agents, and their development is shaped through reciprocal interactions with these contexts; thus, the developing individual both influences and is influenced by those contexts. Relationship quality and engagement in interactions appears to be a fruitful avenue for a better understanding of how young people adjust to and tackle development to productive adulthood.

RESUMEN: Las múltiples dimensiones de la crisis brasileña han quedado oscurecidas por su vertiente económica. Por esta razón, la problemática de la gobernabilidad ha sido abordada en la gran mayoría de los estudios desde la óptica del ajuste macroeconómico, centrado en la crisis fiscal del Estado. No obstante, es necesario atender a diversos problemas políticos -tanto a estructuras institucionales como a dinámicas sociales específicas- que inciden sobre el tipo governance que se configura desde el aparato de estado e influyen en el carácter incluyente (democrático o no) de la resolución de la coyuntura de crisis.ABSTRACT: The multiple dimensions of brazilean crisis have been covered by its economic aspect. For this reason, the problem of govemability has been analyzed in the most of the studies from the perspective of the macroeconomic adjustment, centered in the state fiscal crisis. However, it is necessary to attend the different political problems, in terms of institutional structures and specifical social dynamics, which affect the type governance configured from the state aparatus and which influence the inclusing character (democratic or non) to solve the critical conjucture.

Smokers' expectancies regarding the effects of cigarette use are powerful predictors of smoking motivation and behavior. However, studies have not investigated the consequences that smokers expect when they attempt to quit smoking: abstinence-related expectancies. The primary goal of this qualitative study was to gain initial insight into smokers' expectancies for abstinence. Eight focus groups were conducted with 30 smokers diverse with respect to age, gender, and ethnoracial background. Content analyses indicated that smokers anticipate a variety of outcomes from abstinence. The most frequently reported expectancies included pharmacologic withdrawal symptoms, behavioral withdrawal symptoms, decreased monetary expense, and immediate improvement of certain aspects of physical functioning and health. Additional expectancies concerned weight gain, improved attractiveness, enhanced social functioning/self-esteem, long-term health outcomes, and loss of relationships. Finally, a number of relatively unheralded expectancies were revealed. These involved NRT effectiveness, alcohol and other drug use, vigilance to cue reactivity, cessation-related social support, aversion to smoking, and "political process" implications. This study provides a preliminary step in understanding smokers' expectancies for abstinence from cigarettes.

This article analyses if and how recent changes within the Swiss political system have influenced different aspects of protest politics (e.g. level, issues, action repertoires, and transnationalization). We argue that opportunities for mobilization have emerged in recent years due to changes in the institutionalized political context and that these changes have at least partially led to a resurgence of protest activities in the early 2000s. In a longitudinal perspective, it is however rather moderate. Additionally, new social movements still dominate Swiss protest politics. Although social and migration-related questions gained in salience, the changes are not as dramatic as in the case of party politics. The rise of a new integration-demarcation cleavage has not (yet) shaken Swiss protest politics as heavily as Swiss party politics. Finally, even though they are not integrated into a pronounced new protest cycle, the early 2000s are marked by the global justice movement. In this context, we observe a slight radicalization of the action repertoire and police reactions, which is at least partially explained by the emergence of new 'transnational' sites of contention. Adapted from the source document.