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Argues that Carl Schmitt & Thomas Hobbes are separated by an unbridgeable gap in their thinking about the concept of conscription. Hobbes's theory of political obligation is based on two assumptions: the need to hold a negative view of human nature; & the supreme importance of security. Consideration is given to Hobbes's claim that self-preservation can impose limits on civil obedience & his belief that citizens owed obedience to the state only as long as such obedience was not repugnant to the laws of God. Attention is given to Hobbes's critique of theories of civil disobedience, especially his belief that the English Civil War was largely due to the spread of inaccurate information that induced people to disobey the King. Schmitt felt Hobbes's position on the separation between private & public domains undermines his theory of absolute state sovereignty. A comparison of their views on conscription & emergency reveals serious disagreement about Schmitt's claims that all emergencies are public & citizens should be denied the right to challenge the state sending them to war. Adapted from the source document.

Los agro-bio-combustibles han sido promovidos como una prometedora alternativa al petróleo. La industria, los gobiernos y científicos impulsores de los biocombustibles afirman que servirán como una alternativa al petróleo que se agota, mitigando el cambio climático mediante la reducción de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, aumentando los ingresos de los agricultores y promoviendo el desarrollo rural. Sin embargo, rigurosas investigaciones y análisis realizados por respetados ecologistas y científicos sociales sugieren que el boom de la industria de biocombustibles a gran escala será desastroso para los agricultores, el ambiente natural, la preservación de la biodiversidad y para los consumidores, particularmente los pobres. ; Industry, governments, and scientists that promote biofuels think these will become an alternative to oil, which is running out. These new fuels are supposed to help in containing climate change through greenhouse gas emission reduction, increasing farmers´ incomes, and promoting rural development. However, rigorous research and analyses undertaken by serious ecologists and social scientists suggests that the current boom in biofuels industry will be disastrous for farmers, the natural environment, the preservation of biodiversity, and particularly for poor consumers.

Выход украинской делегации на мирные переговоры в Брест-Литовске противоречил международному праву. Вместе с тем, большевистское правительство России, не заботясь о территориальной целостности страны, допустило это и своими необдуманными действиями вынудило страны Четверного союза признать независимость Украины и использовать «украинскую карту» в игре против самих большевиков. Украинская государственность не получила признания международного сообщества, кроме стран Четверного союза и большевистского правительства России. Вместе с тем, и те и другие не сильно заботились о сохранении суверенитета Украины. ; Participation of Ukraine in Brest-Litovsk peace negotiations was certain violence of international law. At the same time, the Bolshevist government of Russia, without caring of territorial integrity of the country, has admitted it and as the rash actions has compelled the countries of the Fourfold union to recognize independence of Ukraine and to use the Ukrainian card in the game against Bolsheviks. The Ukrainian statehood has not received recognition of the international community, except the countries of the Fourfold union and the Bolshevist government of Russia. At the same time, both those and others had not strongly cared of preservation of the Ukraine sovereignty

The article deals with discourses on governance in cultural policy in a context of radical political change. Drawing on an in-depth analysis of qualitative interviews, it explores how the meaning of "Soviet" cultural policy was retrospectively constructed by Lithuanian cultural operators as they talked about the post-1990 democratisation. The informants mobilised a complex discursive strategy of alienation and defamiliarisation which made sense of Soviet cultural policy and reconciled change with preservation of its elements. Particular attention is paid to the ways in which the informants perceived the changes in the distribution of power in which was associated with decentralisation reforms. The findings suggest that the distinction between authoritarian and democratic cultural policy models to a large extent came to be constructed in rather utilitarian terms and was strongly dependent on the contemporary practical issues. The conclusion therefore suggests we avoid essentialising the categories "authoritarian" and "democratic" in the theoretical construction of state cultural policy models. Instead, it points out that it is vital to examine the components of these categories as a subject of historically situated discursive negotiations.

Research and policy on the geography of assisted housing is dominated by a powerful conventional wisdom: Project-based subsidies are presumptively bad because they anchor assisted households in poor, racially segregated neighborhoods, while vouchers are inherently good because they promote deconcentration and integration through tenant choice. Unfortunately, this consensus is based on geographical assumptions that have been subverted by the dramatic restructuring of cities with tight housing markets over the last generation. In this study, we use the case of New York City to analyze these spatial contradictions. Project-based subsidized housing is disappearing from yesterday's poor neighborhoods that have been remade by gentrification at the urban core, while recipients of Housing Choice Vouchers are concentrated in today's poor neighborhoods of color farther from the city center. If the policy goal is to break the link between housing assistance and the stereotypes of "projects" in the worst neighborhoods, then in the case of tight, expensive urban housing markets, voucher-driven deconcentration will be less successful than the preservation of the existing project-based housing stock.

The Texas Military Forces (TXMF) conducts military training on Camp Swift, an approximately 11,500-acre tract in northern Bastrop County, Texas. TXMF is responsible for complying with federal legislation regarding the assessment and management of environmental and cultural resources. This cultural resource inventory by the Center for Archaeological Studies (CAS), Texas State University- San Marcos, was conducted between November 2005 and October 2006, under Section 106 and 110 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA). During the survey of 3,475 acres, 168 sites were recorded and 110 of these were newly discovered sites; however, five of these sites were outside of the survey boundary. Fifty-eight sites had been discovered by previous archaeological projects, but four of them could not be relocated. The 54 sites that were relocated were more fully documented in this report. Based on area, the site densities have increased three-fold. These results provide a more accurate inventory of prehistoric and historic sites at Camp Swift and demonstrate that intensive surveys linked with systematic shovel test excavations are the most dependable method for discovering sites at this facility.

We present performance data relating to the use of migration in a system we are creating to provide web access to heterogeneous document collections in legacy formats. Our goal is to enable sustained access to collections such as these when faced with increasing obsolescence of the necessary supporting applications and operating systems. Our system allows searching and browsing of the original files within their original contexts utilizing binary images of the original media. The system uses static and dynamic file migration to enhance collection browsing, and emulation to support both the use of legacy programs to access data and long-term preservation of the migration software. While we provide an overview of the architectural issues in building such a system, the focus of this paper is an in-depth analysis of file migration using data gathered from testing our software on 1,885 CD-ROMs and DVDs. These media are among the thousands of collections of social and scientific data distributed by the United States Government Printing Office (GPO) on legacy media (CD-ROM, DVD, floppy disk) under the Federal Depository Library Program (FDLP) over the past 20 years.

Can the West promote democracy? An examination of one critical case, the 2004 Orange Revolution in Ukraine, offers a unique method for generating answers to this important theoretical and policy question. Tracing the causal impact of external influences first requires a theory of democratization composed exclusively of domestic factors, specifically the changing distribution of power between the autocratic regime and democratic challengers. Once these internal factors have been identified, the extent to which external factors influenced either the strength of the autocratic regime or the democratic challengers can be measured. Domestic factors accounted for most of the drama of the Orange Revolution, but external factors did play a direct, causal role in constraining some dimensions of autocratic power and enhancing some dimensions of the opposition's power. International assistance in the form of ideas and financial resources was crucial to only one dimension of the Orange Revolution: exposing fraud. Yet significant international inputs also can be identified regarding the preservation of semi-autocracy, the nurturing of an effective political opposition, the development of independent media, and the capacity to mobilize protesters after the falsified presidential vote.

Issue Number 22: Spring 2007 A MESSAGE FROM THE Director- Linda Wolcott on our mission and strategic planning. SECURING OUR FUTURE- Information on USU's new campaign, "Honoring Tradition, Securing the Future" INSPIRED BY THE MASTERS: PRESERVATION LIBRARIAN ALSO A FINE ARTIST-The talented Mr. Noel A. Carmack LATINO VOICES PROJECT-Patrick Williams describes the latest oral history project by Special Collections & Archives MERRILL-CAZIER LIBRARY STRATEGIC PLAN-The mission; the vision; the values. THE VAN DER PAS COLLECTION & DIGITAL LIBRARY PROJECT-A gift of precious science books and a grant to preserve it. LIBRARY DIRECTOR LINDA L. WOLCOTT ANNOUNCES HER RETIREMENT-Effective June 30, 2007. Staff bids bon voyage! OLD LIBRARIANS DON'T RETIRE, THEY JUST GET DE-CLASSIFIED: Government Documents Librarian Steve Weiss. 100: A CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION-How USU became a Federal Depository for Government information. FRIENDS SPRING LECTURE: Q & A WITH RICHARD TURLEY- On the Mountain Meadows Massacre. SO, WHAT DO U THINK? The LibQUAL survey results are coming soon. FRIENDS GENEROSITY RECOGNIZED IN NEW BOOKS READING LOUNGE-A special space, much appreciated.

Kravkov A. analises the major problem for the leaders of the modern Vietnam is the relations with the hill tribes (jarai, rhade, banhar), living in the Central Highlands. The lack of the central bodies attention to the poor socioeconomic situation in the plateau in 1990s lead to considerable actions of the Montagnards in 2001 and 2004. Warning to Hanoi, these protests were widely highlighted on the West by human rights organizations like the Human Rights Watch and the Montagnard Foundation. Moreover, the US used the subject to bring pressure on Vietnam when discussing the key bilateral issues. For this reason, the Vietnamese government since 2001 carries on a complex policy aimed at poverty reduction, rapid industry development, building economic and social infrastructure. The great efforts were made to resolve the main problems, including the preservation of the hill tribes traditional land-using methods and providing religious freedom. This resulted in progressive improvement of Montagnards living standards and also in the US decision to remove Vietnam from the Country of Particular Concern (CPC) list in the end of 2006.

The first period of Albanian rule in Northern Epirus, from 1912 to 1945, witnessed a continuation of the oral tradition enriched by the experience of the unceasing struggle for liberation. It should be stressed that what we now call "literature of the ethnic Greek minority of Albania" is in fact nothing but an integral part of Greek literature. It is the literary output of the Greek inhabitants of the area who, despite the adverse political developments that left them outside the borders of the Greek state, maintained their creativity and their Greek identity. From 1945 onwards, with the establishment of the People's Republic of Albania, any attempt to assess the literature of the Greek minority in Northern Epirus stumbles upon the political and national dichotomy of the land and its people. Firstly, the writers who identified themselves with the Communist ideals were following the principles of Socialist Realism. Secondly, those who followed a path of silent resistance and struggled for the preservation of the Greek language reverted to allegory and cryptic writing.

From a libertarian perspective, the state is critiqued, focusing on the circumstances in New Orleans, LA, following Hurricane Katrina. Advocated is a radical move away from public ownership toward private property, individual initiative, free markets, & laissez-faire capitalism, offering public policy recommendations that ought to transform New Orleans from its current manifestation under what is deemed socialist control. After likening Post-Katrina congressional hearings to Soviet bureaucratic actions, the government response to the hurricane is lambasted, asserting that its prime directive is self-preservation, far ahead of the public interest. Various examples of government failure to do what it promised & stymieing of private efforts to help victims are presented. The upshot of this, it is asserted, is the government's use of this failure to promote a further expansion of its powers, ie, a continuation down a path to fascism marked by militarization. Some optimism is registered at the thought that the government cannot realize such centralization & that libertarians & other partisans of freedom & private enterprise will be available to rescue liberty. D. Edelman

This paper examines the role of Supporters Direct, a sports policy initiative launched by the British Labour government in 2000. The objective of Supporters Direct is to democratise football clubs by intervening in what it views as the unequal relationship that exists between the relatively powerless supporters of football clubs and private shareholders who have organisational control of clubs. They hope to achieve this by facilitating mutual forms of ownership and control of clubs via supporters' trusts. With respect to this objective, established research concerning Supporters Direct emphasises this initiative as an inherently progressive development for the football industry. The aim of this paper is to situate the development of Supporters Direct in the wider context of the British Labour Government's policy of social inclusion. On the basis of a textual analysis that draws on current literature in the area of culture and economy - with specific reference to processes of commodification - we reveal an alternative view of Supporters Direct. The Supporters Direct initiative, we conclude, is an integral part of a social policy aimed at the preservation and extension of commodified social relations.