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La cobertura de las elecciones ha puesto desde hace varios años menos énfasis en los aspectos sustanciales de la política relativos a los temas públicos o propuestas de política, para resaltar un tratamiento dominado por una lógica mediática, con elementos de interés humano, conflicto y escándalo. Este fenómeno se ha relacionado con la creciente comercialización de los medios informativos y en particular la prensa de referencia, que, sometida a un decremento constante de lectoría, alta competitividad en Internet y acaparamiento de intereses corporativos, ha intentado apelar a mercados de lectores poco politizados a través de dichos tratamientos. Para verificar este supuesto realizamos análisis de contenido longitudinal de las últimas cuatro elecciones presidenciales mexicanas (1994, 2000, 2006 y 2012) utilizando encuadres de tipo temático, que representan el contenido sustancioso, y encuadres de tipo estratégico, que indican la presencia de una lógica mediática. Los hallazgos apuntan al incremento tan sólo del encuadre de conflicto, a la vez que se preserva un encuadre centrado en el proceso electoral antes que en los temas de campaña, de manera que no se constata una relación lineal entre un comercialismo ascendente y los encuadres vinculados con la lógica mediática. ; In recent years, election coverage has deemphasized the substance of politics (content related to issues or policy) to focus on a media logic treatment, as in the case of stories on human interest, conflict, and scandal. The latter has been connected to the increasing commercialism of news media, the printed press in particular; which - besides a constant decrease of readership, high competition from the Internet, and corporate acquisition - has tried to appeal to a less politicized market through that kind of treatment. In order to prove this assumption, we conducted a longitudinal content analysis of the last four Mexican presidential elections (1994, 2000, 2006 and 2012). The aim was to evaluate – on one hand - the presence of thematic meta-frames that represent the political substance, and – on other – the strategic frames, that manifest a media logic in action. The findings pointed out an increase only in the conflict frame, whilst the political process frame was steady across the elections, and higher than the issue frame. Our data does not allow us to establish neither a significant nor linear relationship between an ongoing commercialism of the press and the frames linked to media logic.

Rumah Sakit Umum Bangli yang masuk dalam jajaran SKPD Kabupaten Bangli sebagai entitas akuntansi yang menjadi bagian dari sistem akuntansi dan pelaporan keuangan pemerintah daerah tentunya memegang peranan penting dalam menyediakan data dan informasi yang lengkap dan benar demi tercapainya kualitas Laporan Keuangan. Analisis ini sendiri terfokus pada SKPD yang berkaitan dengan penerapan peraturan pemerintahan no. 71 tahun 2010 tentang standar akuntansi pemerintah berbasis akrual pada Rumah Sakit Umum Kabupaten Bangli. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian kualitatif yang menghasilkan data-data deskriptif berupa kata-kata tertulis atau lisan yang didasari oleh orang atau perilaku yang diamati. Dalam penerapan Peraturan Pemerintah No. 71 tahun 2010 tentang Standar Akuntansi Pemerintah Berbasis Akrual pada Rumah sakit Umum Kabupaten Bangli masih belum optimal dikarenakan sumber daya manusia masih terkendala dalam pemahaman peraturan pemerintah no. 71 tahun 2010, serta masih adanya kendala dengan sistem informasi akuntansi karena masih kurangnya pemahaman terhadap sistem yang diberikan dan dalam mengaplikasikannya. Sehingga pemahaman mereka mengenai PP No. 71 tahun 2010 tidak sepenuhnya dimengerti dan masih memerlukan bantuan dari pihak lain untuk memahami dan mampu mempraktekannya sesuai dengan pedoman PP No. 71 tahun 2010.Kata Kunci : PP No. 71 Tahun 2010, Standar Akuntansi Pemerintah, Basis Akrual. Bangli General Hospital that is part of Bangli District's SKPD as an accounting entity which is part of the accounting system and financial reporting of local governments certainly played an important role in providing complete and correct data and information in obtaining qualified Financial Reports. This analysis itself focused on SKPD which was related to the application of government regulation no. 71 year 2010 about accrual-based government accounting standards at Bangli General Hospital. This study employed a qualitative research that produced descriptive data in the form of written or spoken words obtained from a person or behavior observed. In the application of Government Regulation no. 71 year 2010 about accrual-based government accounting standards at General Hospital in Bangli Regency was still not optimal because the human resources still had some constrains in understanding the government regulations no. 71 year 2010, and still had some obstacles with the accounting information system because there was still lack of understanding on the given system and in applying it. Thus, their understanding of PP. 71 year 2010 was not fully understood and still required some assistance from other parties to understand and practice it in accordance with PP. 71 year 2010 guide.keyword : Keywords: PP. 71 Year 2010, Government Accounting Standards, Accrual Basis.

[EN]Background: Deception detection has been a longstanding concern throughout human history. It has also interested scientists, who have explored psychological and behavioral differences between liars and truth tellers, as well as ways to improve detection accuracy. Method: In recent years, substantial advances have been made in the fi eld. Some of these advances are briefly reviewed in the current article. Results: A description is provided of (a) research and contemporary theories on how people (try to) detect deception; (b) recent advances on strategic interviewing to detect deception; (c) the integrative findings of recent meta-analyses on systematic verbal lie detection approaches; and (d) several important aspects concerning psychophysiological detection of deception. Also, some emerging trends and research needs for the future are outlined at the end of the article. Conclusions: Deception detection research is a lively and dynamic area of applied psychology that has experienced substantial developments in recent times. Much (though not all) of these research efforts have focused on developing empirically-based lie-detection procedures to be used by practitioners (e.g., the police) in applied settings. A number of new topics are just starting to be examined. These novel research avenues will surely yield interesting new findings in the future. ; [ES]Antecedentes: la detección de mentiras ha interesado a la humanidad a lo largo de la historia. También a los científicos, quienes han explorado diferencias psicológicas y conductuales al mentir vs. decir la verdad, así como modos de aumentar la precisión de la detección. Método: recientemente se han hecho avances sustanciales en esta área. En el presente artículo se revisan algunos de ellos. Resultados: se describen (a) las investigaciones y teorías contemporáneas sobre cómo la gente (intenta) detecta(r) mentiras; (b) los avances en procedimientos estratégicos de entrevista para detectar mentiras; (c) los hallazgos de meta-análisis recientes sobre aproximaciones sistemáticas para la detección verbal del engaño; y (d) algunos aspectos importantes de la detección psicofisiológica de la mentira. Al final del artículo se esbozan algunas tendencias emergentes y necesidades de investigación de cara al futuro. Conclusiones: el área de investigación de la detección de mentiras ha experimentado grandes desarrollos en tiempos recientes. A menudo (aunque no siempre) se ha centrado en desarrollar procedimientos de detección de mentiras de base empírica para su utilización en contextos aplicados (p. ej., por la policía). Algunas vías de indagación novedosas están empezando a explorar temas nuevos y, seguramente, darán lugar a futuros hallazgos nuevos e interesantes.

We explored the role of the Krebs cycle enzyme fumarate hydratase (FH) in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Mice lacking Fh1 in pancreatic beta cells (Fh1 beta KO mice) appear normal for 6-8 weeks but then develop progressive glucose intolerance and diabetes. Glucose tolerance is rescued by expression of mitochondrial or cytosolic FH but not by deletion of Hif1 alpha or Nrf2. Progressive hyperglycemia in Fh1bKO mice led to dysregulated metabolism in b cells, a decrease in glucose-induced ATP production, electrical activity, cytoplasmic [Ca2+](i) elevation, and GSIS. Fh1 loss resulted in elevated intracellular fumarate, promoting succination of critical cysteines in GAPDH, GMPR, and PARK 7/DJ-1 and cytoplasmic acidification. Intracellular fumarate levels were increased in islets exposed to high glucose and in islets from human donors with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The impaired GSIS in islets from diabetic Fh1bKO mice was ameliorated after culture under normoglycemic conditions. These studies highlight the role of FH and dysregulated mitochondrial metabolism in T2D. ; Wellcome Trust ; Yamagata Prefectural Government ; City of Tsuruoka ; Swedish Research Council ; Knut and Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse ; FAPESP ; Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology ; Royal Society/Wolfson merit award ; ERC ; Diabetes UK ; Univ Oxford, Churchill Hosp, Radcliffe Dept Med, OCDEM, Oxford OX3 7LE, England ; Univ Oxford, Nuffield Dept Med, Henry Wellcome Bldg Mol Physiol, Oxford OX3 7BN, England ; Univ Oxford, NDMRB, Nuffield Dept Med, Oxford OX3 7FZ, England ; Univ Oxford, Nuffield Dept Med, Jenner Inst, Oxford OX3 7FZ, England ; Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Biophys, BR-04023062 Sao Paulo, Brazil ; Ramon & Cajal Hosp, Inst Ramon & Cajal Invest Sanitaria IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain ; Queen Mary Univ London, Barts & London Sch Med & Dent, Blizard Inst, Ctr Genom & Child Hlth, London E1 2AT, England ; Lund Univ, Dept Chem, Ctr Anal & Synth, Box 124, S-22100 Lund, Sweden ; Keio Univ, Inst Adv Biosci, 246-2 Mizukami, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 9970052, Japan ; Univ Oxford, Nuffield Dept Med, Target Discovery Inst, Oxford OX3 7FZ, England ; Univ Complutense Madrid, Sch Med, Biochem Dept, E-28040 Madrid, Spain ; Lund Univ, Malmo Univ Hosp, Clin Res Ctr, Diabet Ctr,Unit Mol Metab, S-20502 Malmo, Sweden ; Univ South Carolina, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol Physiol & Neurosci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA ; Univ Oxford, Dept Physiol Anat & Genet, Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PT, England ; Univ Gothenburg, Dept Physiol, Inst Neurosci & Physiol, S-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden ; Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Biophys, BR-04023062 Sao Paulo, Brazil ; Web of Science

The objective of this paper is to clarify the conditions of Venezuela's progress towards the Information Society (SI), based on the policies implemented in the information and communications technology (ICT) sector, during the governments of Hugo Chavez (2001-2007 and 2007-2013) and Nicolás Maduro (2013-2019). A documentary type investigation was carried out using the technique called critical analysis on various documents based on the elements found in them through the analytical summary. The theories that support the study belong to: Guerra and Jordan (2010); Vila (2002); De La Riva (2012); Hernandez (2008); Gomez and others (2008); among others. It is concluded that the policies of the ICT sector during the Chavez and Maduro governments are oriented towards the achievement of an IS focused on human development, but in practice neglects digital literacy and information of the population, ethics and participation. In terms of access to technology, Venezuela lags behind other Latin American countries, due to the limited capacity of domestic industry to supply the domestic market, import restrictions and high prices that make it inaccessible to the population electronic equipment. ; El objetivo del presente trabajo es precisar las condiciones del avance de Venezuela hacia la Sociedad de la información (SI), a partir de las políticas implementadas en el sector de las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones (TIC), durante los gobiernos de Hugo Chávez (2001-2007 y 2007-2013) y Nicolás Maduro (2013-2019). Se realizó una investigación de tipo documental, con empleo de la técnica denominada análisis crítico sobre variados documentos a partir de los elementos hallados en ellos mediante el resumen analítico. Las teorías que fundamentan el estudio pertenecen a: Guerra y Jordán (2010); Vila (2002); De La Riva (2012); Hernández (2008); Gómez y otros (2008); entre otros. Se concluye que las políticas del sector TIC durante los gobiernos de Chávez y Maduro están orientadas hacia la consecución de una SI centrada en el desarrollo humano, pero en la práctica se descuida la alfabetización digital e informacional de la población, la ética y la participación. En materia de acceso a las tecnologías, Venezuela se encuentra rezagada en comparación con otros países de América Latina, producto de la limitada capacidad de la industria nacional para abastecer el mercado interno, de las restricciones en las importaciones y de los altos precios que hacen inaccesibles a la población los equipos electrónicos.

Abstract. The existence of budgetary reform in local financial management from traditional budget to performance budget requires DPRD members as executive partners to know and understand performance-based budgeting. This study is intended to investigate and obtain evidence empirically concerning knowledge and understandings of DPRD members on Performance-Based Budgeting and factors influencing them. It also includes the implementation of Performance-Based Budgeting in Bitung city. The study is a qualitative exploratory research. Respondents were chosen by purposive sampling. Data were collected by interviews, observation and documentation. Triangulation was conducted to validate data. This study concludes: (1). As many as 58% DPRD members did not understand the concept of Performance-based budgeting; (2). Educational background and length of tenure do not affect the level of knowledge and understandings of the DPRD members; (3) they often to attend trainings and technical meetings but the results have not been fullest; (4). Legislative and Executive communicate to support implementation; (5). Obstacles found are regulation, group or personal interests, leader commitment, or implementation execution, limited budget and insufficient of elements and indicators.Keywords: Knowledge, Understandings, Human Resources, Communication, Interests, CommitmentAbstrak. Adanya reformasi penganggaran dalam pengelolaan keuangan daerah dari traditional budget ke performance budget menuntut anggota DPRD sebagai mitra eksekutif untuk mengetahui dan memahami apa itu penganggaran berbasis kinerja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi dan memperoleh bukti secara empiris mengenai pengetahuan dan pemahaman Anggota DPRD tentang Penganggaran Berbasis Kinerja, dan faktor–faktor yang mempengaruhi pengetahuan dan pemahaman anggota DPRD tentang PBK serta implementasinya di Kota Bitung. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan eksploratif (exploratory approach). Pemilihan responden menggunakan purposive sampling. Teknik pengumpulan data digunakan teknik wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi. Untuk validitas data digunakan metode triangulasi. Berdasarkan hasil analisis dan pembahasan maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa: (1). Sebanyak 58% dari anggota dewan cenderung tidak memahami konsep dasar dari penganggaran berbasis kinerja; (2). Latar belakang pendidikan dan lamanya masa jabatan tidak mempengaruhi tingkat pengetahuan dan pemahaman para anggota dewan; (3). Dalam meningkatkan kualitas sumber daya manusia pelatihan atau bimbingan teknis menjadi salah satu sarana yang sering diikuti oleh para anggota dewan tetapi hasilnya belum maksimal; (4). Komunikasi menjadi faktor pendukung ditahapan PBK dalam hubungan kemitraan antara legislatif dan eksekutif; (5). Regulasi, kepentingan pribadi atau kelompok, komitmen pimpinan atau pelaksana implementasi, keterbatasan anggaran serta tidak terpenuhinya elemen dan indikator PBK menjadi kendala dalam pelaksanaan PBK di Kota Bitung.Kata Kunci: Pengetahuan, Pemahaman, SDM, Komunikasi, Kepentingan, Komitmen.

This paper analyzes some legal and bioethical problems that are not solved by the legislation applicable to assisted reproduction, one of the most controversial fields of medicine and human biotechnology. It focuses especially on the area of new heterosexual and homosexual fami-ly models, as well as the case of couples with a pre-existing disease, the controversy regarding the selection of non-disease carrier embryos in the case of preimplantation genetic diagnosis, sex selection, mixed in vitro fertilization, and post mortem procreation, among others. In short, attention is paid to the way in which regulation and ethical assessments have been carried out, with the purpose of reaching conclusions after knowing the arguments emitted by the doctrine and reflecting on the improbable aspects of our legislation, with concrete propo-sals for lege ferenda. ; Este trabajo analiza algunos problemas jurídicos y bioéticos que no están resueltos por la legislación aplicable a la reproducción asistida, uno de los campos más controvertidos de la medicina y la biotecnología humana. Se centra especialmente en el ámbito de los nuevos modelos familiares heterosexuales y homosexuales, así como el caso de parejas que tengan una enfermedad preexistente, la controversia referente a la selección de embriones no portadores de enfermedades en el caso del diagnóstico genético preimplantatorio, la selección del sexo, la fecundación in vitro mixta, y procreación post mortem, entre otros. En definitiva, se presta atención al modo en que se ha efectuado la regulación y a las valoraciones éticas, con el propósito de alcanzar unas conclusiones tras conocer los argumentos emitidos por la doctrina y reflexionar acerca de los aspectos mejorables de nuestra legislación, con propuestas concretas de lege ferenda. ; Este trabalho analisa alguns problemas jurídicos e bioéticos que não são resolvidos pela le-gislação aplicável à reprodução assistida, um dos domínios mais controversos da medicina e a biotecnologia humana. Concentra-se especialmente no campo de novos modelos familiares heterossexuais e homossexuais, bem como no caso de casais com doença pré-existente, a con-trovérsia referente à seleção de embriões não portadores de enfermidades no caso do diagnós-tico genético pré-implantação, a seleção de sexo, a fertilização mista in vitro, procriação post mortem, entre outros. Em suma, é dada atenção à forma como a regulamentação foi realizada e as avaliações éticas, com o objetivo de chegar às conclusões após conhecer os argumentos emitidos pela doutrina e refletir sobre os aspectos melhoráveis de nossa legislação, com propostas concretas de lege fe-renda.

In order to limit the impact of air quality on human health, public authorities need reliable and accurate information on the sources contribution. So, the identification of the main sources of PM2.5 is the first step to adopt efficient mitigation policies. This work carry out in this thesis take place in this issue and was to determine the main sources of PM2.5 inside an industrial area. To determinate the main sources of PM2.5, two campaigns were lead to collect daily PM2.5 to: 1/ determine the enrichment of atmospheric pollutants downwind from the main industrial activities and 2/ collect PM2.5 in urban areas characteristic of the population exposition. Results allowed to obtain very representative profiles for the main industrial activities implanted inside the studied area. ME-2 analysis, combined to radiocarbon measurements, allowed to highlight the very high impact of Biomass Burning sources for all the PM2.5 pollution events recorded from early autumn to March. This study showed that industrial sources, even if they are the major sources during spring and summer, are not the major PM2.5 driver. However, this study highlights that industrial sources impact significantly the aerosol population (size, composition, etc.) in the studied area. ; La connaissance des principales sources de l'aérosol permet d'améliorer, d'adapter et de cibler les mesures prises pour réduire les concentrations de particules fines. Ainsi, l'identification et la hiérarchisation des sources de particules fines sont des étapes essentielles à la mise en place d'une politique efficace d'amélioration de la qualité de l'air. Le travail mené durant cette thèse s'inscrit dans cette démarche puisqu'il avait pour objectif de quantifier les sources de PM2.5 en milieu industriel. Afin de répondre à cet objectif, deux campagnes de prélèvements ont été réalisés dont une sous les vents des principales activités industrielles afin de caractériser leurs émissions (profils) et une en zones urbaines caractéristiques de l'exposition de la population aux particules fines. Les résultats ont permis d'obtenir des empreintes représentatives des principales activités industrielles de la zone d'étude. L'analyse ME-2 menée a permis, avec la combinaison d'analyses radiocarbones, de déterminer que la source de combustion de biomasse est la source majoritaire pendant l'automne et l'hiver où les épisodes de PM2.5 ont été observés. La source industrielle est la source majoritaire des PM2.5 au printemps et en été mais ne constitue pas un driver fort de la concentration des PM2.5. Toutefois, cette étude a montré que les sources industrielles impactent significativement la population de particules (taille, composition, etc.) dans la zone d'étude.

La escuela pública responde a un conjunto de presiones desde política pública, globalización, contexto y tradición, que configuran y buscan orientar, controlar y explicar las versiones discursivas en los procesos generados en su interior. En ese marco, la presente tesis se propone indagar y reflexionar el saber disciplinar escolar. ¿Cómo pasa una disciplina académica o científica a ser objeto de enseñanza y medio de formación? ¿Qué queda de la disciplina en ese proceso? Desde un análisis arqueológico, se abordan los discursos de la legislación en dos coyunturas: la emergencia de las leyes 115/94 y 715/01, identificando cinco objetos de discurso que se configuran como dispositivos de control de los procesos escolares: la financiación, la gestión escolar, el horizonte de formación, el currículo y la evaluación. Prácticas discursivas que se han implantado en la escuela y que involucran también el ejercicio del poder como flujo tensional de las relaciones humanas influenciando la posición particular de sujeto - maestro respecto a su saber disciplinar. El análisis arqueológico se complementa con un estudio autobiográfico pedagógico por los autores, (formados en una disciplina: Filosofía, Educación Física y Ciencias Sociales) que permite enlazar los objetos de discurso con las contingencias emergentes en la cotidianidad escolar. ; Public schools answer to a set of pressures from the public policies, globalization, context and tradition, which configure and seek to guide, control, and explain the discursive versions in the internal generated processes. In this area, this thesis proposes to inquire and reflect the disciplinary knowledge of the school. How does an academic or scientific discipline become a teaching object and an education mean? What is left from the discipline in this process? From an archeological analysis, legislation discourses are dealt from two junctures: The emergence of the laws 115/94 and 715/01, identifying five discourse objects which are configured as control devices of school processes: Funding, scholar management, formation s horizon, curriculum and evaluation. Discursive practices which have been implemented in school and that involve also the exercise of power as a tensional flux of the human relations , influencing the particular position of the subject the master with respect to his disciplinary knowledge. The archeological analysis is complemented by an autobiographic-pedagogic study (formed in a discipline: Philosophy, physical education and social sciences) which allows to link the discourse objects with the emergent contingences of the school everydayness .

Предмет. В сентябре 2015 г. в Нью-Йорке состоялось важное историческое событие саммит ООН по принятию повестки дня в области развития на период после 2015 г., основная задача которого заключалась в рассмотрении и утверждении 17 «Целей устойчивого развития» и 169 задач на период до 2030 г. Новые цели и задачи будут направлены на улучшение благосостояния человека и защиту окружающей среды. Достижение заявленных целей Российской Федерацией возможно за счет перехода субъектов страны к экологоориентированной экономике. Цели. Обоснование необходимости перехода субъектов Российской Федерации к экологоориентированной экономике. Методология. На основе сбора, обработки и анализа статистических показателей субъектов Северо-Западного федерального округа за 2000 и 2013 гг. выявлена динамика эколого-экономического развития регионов. Результаты. Разработана и апробирована методика оценки экологизации развития территорий Российской Федерации, основанная на расчете интегрального индекса. Для определения его значения проанализировано 15 базовых показателей, определяющих экономический рост и охрану окружающей среды в субъектах государства. Результаты расчетов показали, что в таких субъектах Северо-Западного федерального округа, как Республика Карелия, Архангельская, Вологодская, Мурманская области и г. Санкт-Петербург наблюдается процесс деэкологизации хозяйственной деятельности, что требует незамедлительного перехода субъектов государства к экологоориентированной экономике. Применение. Результаты разработанной методики определения уровня экологизации региона могут быть интересны работникам государственных органов власти для корректировки региональных программ в ходе выполнения «Целей устойчивого развития» до 2030 года. Выводы. Показана необходимость перехода к экологоориентированной экономике, которая станет моделью новой региональной экономики, направленной на повышение ценности природных благ и ресурсосбережение. ; Importance September 2015, the UN Sustainable Development Summit took place in New York. New goals and tasks aim at improving human well-being and environmental protection. These goals are feasible if the Russian Federation adopts the green economy course. Objectives The research substantiates the transition of the Russian regions towards environmentally focused economy. Methods Based on collected, processed and analyzed statistical data of the regions in the Northwestern Federal District for 2000 and 2013, I traced trends in the environmental and economic development of the regions. Results I devised and tested methods for evaluating the greening level of the Russian regions' development on the basis of the integral index. To estimate the integral index, fifteen baseline indicators were analyzed on economic growth and environmental protection in regions. Conclusions and Relevance I demonstrate the need to switch to the green economy, which will shape a new regional economy and increase the value of natural resources, services and resource conservation. The results might be of interest for governmental authorities to adjust regional programs as part of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals.

The article has as an objective to put into evidence the progression from biological totalitarianism to tota-litarianism of the life-death market in world society. With this end a track is marked through the history ofthanatopolitics and its etymological relationship. Methodically, a document review was carried out to set the general antecedents associated with the principle techniques of power that culminate with the prioritization of biological politics: with this the principle aspects that characterize thanatopolitics are described, and achieved is an analysis of some of the characteristics on which the universalization of economic rationality are based, especially in Germany and the United States. It is concluded that today in the neoliberal market human beings have been reduced to mere capital, due to the invasion of economic rationality in all the spheres of out society. ; El artículo tiene como objetivo evidenciar el paso del totalitarismo de lo biológico al totalitarismo del mercado de la vida-muerte en la sociedad mundial. Con este fin se hace un recorrido por la historia de la tanatopolítica y su relación etimológica. Metodológicamente, se realiza una revisión documental para plantear los antecedentes generales asociados con las principales técnicas de poder que culminan con la priorización de una política biológica; con ello se describen los principales aspectos que caracterizan la tanatopolítica y se logra el análisis de algunas características que fundamentan la universalización de la racionalidad económica, especialmente en Alemania y en los Estados Unidos de América. Se concluye que hoy en el mercado neoliberal el ser humano ha sido reducido a mero capital, debido a la invasión de la racionalidad económica en todas las esferas de la sociedad. ; O artigo tem como objetivo colocar em evidência a progressão do totalitarismo biológico ao totalitarismo da vida-morte do mercado na sociedade mundial. Com esta finalidade, é feito um percurso pela história da tanatopolítica e sua relação etimológica. Metodologicamente, é realizada uma revisão dos documentos para expor os antecedentes gerais associados com as principais técnicas de poder, que culminam com a priorização de uma política biológica: com isto, os principais aspectos que caracterizam a tanatopolítica são descritos e se alcança a análise de algumas características que fundamentam a universalização da racionalidade econômica, especialmente na Alemanha e nos Estados Unidos da América. Conclui-se que hoje, no mercado neoliberal, o ser humano foi reduzido a um mero capital, devido à invasão da racionalidade econômica em todas as esferas da sociedade.

Die Mantik bezeichnet zum einen die Praktik göttliche Botschaften zu erlangen, indem diese heraufbeschworen oder beobachtet werden. Zum anderen dient die Mantik der Entschlüsselung der erhaltenen göttlichen Offenbarungen. Die unterschiedlichen mantischen Techniken Orakel, Träume, Vorzeichen und die Opferschau ermöglichen es den Menschen zukünftige Ereignisse und anderes verborgenes Wissen in Erfahrung zu bringen. In den Historien des Herodot nehmen die genannten mantischen Verfahren eine zentrale Stellung ein, weshalb sich dieses Geschichtswerk besonders gut für eine Untersuchung zur Mantik eignet. Herodot räumt dem göttlichen Eingreifen im Kriegsgeschehen eine entscheidende Rolle ein.Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es festzustellen, welche Bedeutung der Mantik im militärischen Kontext zukommt. In den vier Hauptkapiteln werden die Belegstellen zu den jeweiligen mantischen Disziplinen gesammelt und eingehend untersucht. In diese Sammlung werden einerseits Götterbotschaften aufgenommen, die vor oder während eines militärischen Unternehmens auftreten. Andererseits werden Äußerungen des göttlichen Waltens berücksichtigt, welche sich erst nach einer Militäraktion ereignen und auf das vorangegangene Kriegsgeschehen Bezug nehmen. Im Zentrum der Betrachtungsweise stehen die Frage nach der Funktion der mantischen Praktiken und ihre Auswirkungen auf die Kriegsführung. Im ersten Ergebniskapitel wird dargelegt, wie sich die unterschiedlichen mantischen Disziplinen gegenseitig ergänzen und beeinflussen. Das Zusammenspiel der mantischen Praktiken wird am Feldzug des Xerxes verdeutlicht. Im zweiten Ergebniskapitel kommt der Beantwortung der Frage, welche Auswirkungen die göttlichen Offenbarungen auf die Kriegsführung haben, besonderes Gewicht zu. Dabei zeigt sich, dass der Einfluss der Mantik noch vor der Entscheidung für ein militärisches Unternehmen einsetzt und bis in die Kampfhandlungen hineinreicht. ; Divination on the one hand refers to obtaining divine messages by means of evocation or observation. On the other hand, divination also means deciphering the divine will. Various divinatory practices such as oracles, dreams, portents and sacrificial rituals allow human beings to get an insight into future events and other mysteries. In Herodotus? Histories, the practices named above feature prominently, which is why his work proved excellent material for this thesis. According to Herodotus, divine intervention plays a crucial role during wars.The aim of this thesis is to define the role of divination in military context. In four main chapters, Herodotus? references to divinatory practices are collected and analysed in detail. On the one hand, this corpus of references contains divine messages which occurred before or during a military intervention. On the other hand, phenomena which occurred after a military action and relate to the past war events are considered as well. The focus of this work is the purpose of divinatory practices and their influence on warfare. The first concluding chapter explains how the various divinatory practices support and influence one another. This is shown by the example of Xerxes? campaign. In the second concluding chapter, the question which effect divine messages have on warfare is discussed in detail. It is shown that the influence of divination starts even before the decision for military action is taken and continues until after the fighting has started. ; vorgelegt von Monika Koch ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Zsfassungen in dt. und engl. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2014 ; (VLID)243074

Abstrack : Leadership style is the way in which a leader in directing and influencing others to have the motivation to achieve goals. Consists of three kinds, namely autocratic leadership style, democratic, and laissez-faire. Work stress is a human reaction to an external stimulus which is considered as a threat. The purpose of this study to determine the relationship of leadership style of head room with the stres level of nurses working in general hospital area Bitung. This research is a descriptive analytic design cross sectional study. The sampling technique used is totally till where the entire population were sampled as many as 53 people. Data analysis using chi-square test wit significance level α = 0,05. The result showed that leadership style room has a relationship with stress level of nurses in general hospital area Bitung with value p = 0,009 < α = 0,05, which means that Ho is rejected. The conclusion of this study that there is a relationship between leadership style room with a stress level of nurses in a general hospital area Bitung. The advice in this study is expected to be given training nurse-specific training to address specific problems in nursing stress especially in the working nurse. Key Words : Leadership Style, Work Stess Abstrak : Gaya kepemimpinan merupakan cara yang dilakukan seorang pemimpin dalam mengarahkan dan mempengaruhi orang lain untuk memiliki motivasi dalam mencapai tujuan. Terdiri dari 3 macam gaya kepemimpinan yaitu otokratik, demokratik, dan laissez-faire. Stres Kerja adalah reaksi manusia terhadap stimulus eksternal yang dianggap sebagai ancaman. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan gaya kepemimpinan kepala ruangan dengan tingkat stres kerja perawat di ruang rawat inap RSUD Bitung. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif analitik dengan rancangan cross sectional. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan yaitu total sampling, dimana seluruh populasi dijadikan sampel yaitu sebanyak 53 orang. Teknik analisa data dengan menggunakan uji chi-square dengan tingkat kemaknaan α = 0,05. Hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa gaya kepemimpinan kepala ruangan memiliki hubungan dengan tingkat stres kerja perawat di ruang rawat inap RSUD Bitung dengan nilai p = 0,009 < α = 0,05 yang berarti Ho ditolak. Kesimpulan penelitian ini yaitu terdapat hubungan antara gaya kepemimpinan kepala ruangan dengan tingkat stres kerja perawat di ruang rawat inap RSUD Bitung. Adapun saran dalam penelitian ini adalah diharapkan perawat bisa diberikan pelatihan-pelatihan khusus untuk mengatasi masalah dalam keperawatan terlebih khusus stres perawat dalam bekerja. Kata Kunci : Gaya Kepemimpinan, Stres Kerja

International audience ; In all natural protected areas, irrespective of the type, it is the managers' role to reconcile environmental protection with their sites' opening to the public. Visitor impacts on protected habitats and species must be restricted, while fostering the positive effects of tourism on a social, cultural and/or economic level. To implement sustainable, balanced management, managers need to define the ecological conservation status of their site, and quantify and qualify the human activities to which it plays host. Knowledge of the natural environment has traditionally been the priority focus in protected areas. Managers have long used environmental conservation monitoring tools. Tools for monitoring visitor uses and the related socio-economic aspects, however, are less extensively developed and respond to more recent concerns. Today, managers are in search of standardised visitor use monitoring tools that will provide the data required to render visitor use compatible with site conservation, improve visitor and local community wellbeing, boost the positive effects of tourism, improve internal management and plan for future changes. This guide is the result of work carried out in cooperation by Mediterranean MPA managers and a team of scientists which has tested methods for studying visitor use with Port-Cros National Park in France. ; Afin de développer un tourisme écologiquement responsable, il est souhaitable de planifier la gestion des activités touristiques dans le cadre d'un plan de gestion qui est généralement associé aux aires marines protégées. Dans cette perspective, la connaissance et le suivi scientifique de la fréquentation et des impacts du tourisme sont une nécessité pour les gestionnaires soucieux de conserver un bon état environnemental à l'aire marine protégée. Les AMP doivent se donner les moyens, même minimum, pour suivre l'évolution des pratiques touristiques, avec la même conviction et des moyens comparables à ceux qui sont engagés pour le suivi du patrimoine naturel. L'observation régulière des usages, touristiques ou non, est une composante aujourd'hui incontournable pour une bonne gestion des espaces. La connaissance fine des activités touristiques permet au gestionnaire de mettre en œuvre les mesures de gestion nécessaires telles que le contingentement des visiteurs, l'aménagement des sites (mouillages organisés par exemple), les politiques tarifaires, la gestion des déchets, etc. Produit par le projet européen MedPAN Nord, coordonné par le WWF-France sous l'égide du réseau MedPAN des gestionnaires d'aires marines protégées de Méditerranée, le présent guide " Observer et suivre la fréquentation dans les aires marines protégées de Méditerranée " a pour vocation d'aider les gestionnaires à connaître et à mettre en œuvre les suivis des usages touristiques dans leur aire marine.

International audience ; In all natural protected areas, irrespective of the type, it is the managers' role to reconcile environmental protection with their sites' opening to the public. Visitor impacts on protected habitats and species must be restricted, while fostering the positive effects of tourism on a social, cultural and/or economic level. To implement sustainable, balanced management, managers need to define the ecological conservation status of their site, and quantify and qualify the human activities to which it plays host. Knowledge of the natural environment has traditionally been the priority focus in protected areas. Managers have long used environmental conservation monitoring tools. Tools for monitoring visitor uses and the related socio-economic aspects, however, are less extensively developed and respond to more recent concerns. Today, managers are in search of standardised visitor use monitoring tools that will provide the data required to render visitor use compatible with site conservation, improve visitor and local community wellbeing, boost the positive effects of tourism, improve internal management and plan for future changes. This guide is the result of work carried out in cooperation by Mediterranean MPA managers and a team of scientists which has tested methods for studying visitor use with Port-Cros National Park in France. ; Afin de développer un tourisme écologiquement responsable, il est souhaitable de planifier la gestion des activités touristiques dans le cadre d'un plan de gestion qui est généralement associé aux aires marines protégées. Dans cette perspective, la connaissance et le suivi scientifique de la fréquentation et des impacts du tourisme sont une nécessité pour les gestionnaires soucieux de conserver un bon état environnemental à l'aire marine protégée. Les AMP doivent se donner les moyens, même minimum, pour suivre l'évolution des pratiques touristiques, avec la même conviction et des moyens comparables à ceux qui sont engagés pour le suivi du patrimoine naturel. L'observation régulière des usages, touristiques ou non, est une composante aujourd'hui incontournable pour une bonne gestion des espaces. La connaissance fine des activités touristiques permet au gestionnaire de mettre en œuvre les mesures de gestion nécessaires telles que le contingentement des visiteurs, l'aménagement des sites (mouillages organisés par exemple), les politiques tarifaires, la gestion des déchets, etc. Produit par le projet européen MedPAN Nord, coordonné par le WWF-France sous l'égide du réseau MedPAN des gestionnaires d'aires marines protégées de Méditerranée, le présent guide " Observer et suivre la fréquentation dans les aires marines protégées de Méditerranée " a pour vocation d'aider les gestionnaires à connaître et à mettre en œuvre les suivis des usages touristiques dans leur aire marine.