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The importance of legal literacy in conducting business dealings has long been argued by the academics. Besides aiming for profit, entrepreneurial activities are important in meeting the social obligations of the government to ensure the development of a resilient economy. Business schools are required to promote integrated curriculum to ensure entrepreneurs will not only be able to identify business opportunities supported by required management skills. The integrated curriculum besides providing students with the ability to comprehend the key business disciplines will also need to nurture the humanistic skills, ethics and values. The incorporation of these elements will help create entrepreneurs with civic-mindedness, excellent interpersonal communication and leadership skills as well as be resilient. This paper singles out the ideology in promoting integrated curriculum for entrepreneurs training in the Malaysian context particularly the importance of inculcating legal knowledge to ensure the entrepreneurs will manage their activities within the permitted limits of the Malaysian law and global requirements. A comprehensive set of questionnaire containing 68 questions were administered to 543 entrepreneurs using convenience sampling. The rational of the practice of selecting local entrepreneurs as a sample for the study is to obtain their opinions on the relevant skills needed in managing their business. This can help identify aspects that can be incorporated to improve the current entrepreneur's training curriculum. The survey revealed that inculcating Islamic principles and ethics in entrepreneur's activities can increase their credibility in conducting business with others besides being resilient in developing the business (concept of taqwa). The study provides significant information to the academic and business community including private corporations and governments on the essential elements that need to be incorporated in conducting business. Finally, the study concludes with proposing the important aspects to be incorporated in the entrepreneurs training curriculum in Malaysia specifically the Muslim world in general.

Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales. Maestría en Derecho ; In accordance with the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, valid since 1917, a federal government system has been implemented in our country; This means that the federative entities that make up the Republic have freedom and sovereignty in their internal regime, which guarantees their operation in total independence with respect to the federal power, with the only restriction of not contravening any aspect emanated from the federal pact. In 2014, the constitutional reform in electoral political matters was approved, which, among other aspects, incorporated the transformation of the electoral authority, converting it into a national authority, attributing powers and faculties to intervene in local and federal elections. With the emergence of the National Electoral Institute (INE), the freedom and independence that the general Constitution itself grants to the federative entities, is in question, because as a result of this reform the local electoral authorities acquire a level of subordination and dependence on the central authority. For what is considered important, conduct a study of the genesis of the aforementioned electoral reform, and especially the impact that it has had on the legal, political and electoral system, depending on federalism, seen the latter, as a central pillar in the foundation and consolidation of the Mexican State. The primary objective of this paper is to elucidate how the constitutional hierarchy in Mexico, at least in electoral matters, has weakened, by incorporating into the supreme norm, guiding principles of political organization, which are not respected and respected in the performance of public functions, as is the electoral function. ; De acuerdo con la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, vigente desde 1917, en nuestro país se ha implementado un sistema de gobierno federal; esto quiere decir que las entidades federativas que integran la República, cuentan con libertad y soberanía ...

Nachhaltig und Geschäftsprozesse sind häufig benutzte Schlagworte der heutigen Zeit, vor allem in Politik und Wissenschaft. Auch deren Verbindung nachhaltige Geschäftsprozesse hat Aufnahme in den allgemeinen Sprachgebrauch und Wortschatz gefunden. Das Ziel nachhaltiger Geschäftsprozesse ist es, die Effektivität und Effizienz des Unternehmens langfristig zu verbessern, ohne die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit des Unternehmens zu beinträchtigen. Nachhaltige Geschäftsprozesse fokussieren dabei insbesondere auf drei unterschiedliche Aspekte: Ökonomie, Ökologie und Soziales. Diese Aspekte sind unter dem allgemeinen Grundsatz der Nachhaltigkeit zu betrachten und in das bestehende Management zu integrieren. Auch dieses funktionale Managen von Geschäftsprozessen oder der Nachhaltigkeit ist zwischenzeitlich wissenschaftlich bearbeitet worden. Dessen Umsetzung in der Wirtschaft lässt jedoch zu wünschen übrig. Diese Arbeit hatte sich daher zur Aufgabe gemacht, das funktionale Managen, d. h. das Planen, das Steuern und Kontrollieren von nachhaltigen Geschäftsprozessen in einen Kontext zu bringen. Dabei wurde unter den Gesichtspunkten der Effektivität und der Effizienz geprüft, ob für dieses komplexe Management ein separates Konzept notwendig wird. Es wurde daher untersucht, ob sich mit dem Geschäftsprozessmanagement die Nachhaltigkeitsaspekte planen, steuern und kontrollieren lassen. Zur Prüfung dieser These wurden die deutschen Automobilhersteller als Validierungsobjekte herangezogen. ; Sustainable and business processes are frequent used catchwords of the today's time, above all in politics and science. Also their connection sustainable business processes has found admission in the general usage and vocabulary. The aim of sustainable business processes is to improve the long term effectiveness and efficiency of the enterprise, without compromising the competitiveness of the enterprise. Sustainable business processes focus in particularly on three different aspects: Economy, ecology and social. These aspects are to consider at the general principle of sustainability and to integrate into the existing management. Also this functional managing of business processes or sustainability has academically been worked on in the meantime. Nevertheless, his conversion in the economy leaves much to be desired. Hence, this thesis had associated functional managing, i.e. the planning, the operating and the controlling of sustainable business processes. Besides, it was checked under the points of view of the effectiveness and the efficiency whether a separate conception becomes necessary for this complicated management. It was examined that the sustainability can planned, operated and controlled by business process management. The German car manufacturers served for the check of this thesis.

Abstract Introduction: Speech delay in a child could be the cause and/or result of the emotional disorder. The child rearing attitude that the parents have accepted could have both positive and negative effects on the personality of the child. Objective: The current study aimed to investigate the sociodemographic features and the mothers' anxiety of children with speech delay. Methods: One hundred five mothers with children aged between 3 and 6 years with speech delays were included in the patient group, and 105 mothers who have children aged between 3 and 6 years with normal speech and language development were included in the control group. An information form questionnaire including demographic characteristics, the Family Life and Childrearing Attitude Scale (PARI - Parental Attitude Research Instrument) and Beck anxiety scale were requested from all mothers in the patient and the control groups. Results: In the current study, there was a significant difference between the groups in terms of gender (p = 0.001). According to Parental Attitude Research Instrument, the mean of mothers of the children with speech delays was higher than the mean of mothers of normal children in terms of the answers to overprotective mother aspect (p < 0.01). The mothers of children with speech delays had more overprotective motherhood attitudes; however, the difference in terms of the answers to the aspects of democratic attitude and provision of equality, refusal to be a housewife, husband-wife conflict, and suppression and discipline were not statistically significant. The Beck anxiety scale, a significant difference was detected between the two groups (p < 0.01). It was found that the mothers of children with speech delays had more severe levels of anxiety. Conclusion: The social structure of the family, the attitudes and the behaviors of the mother, and the anxiety levels of the mothers have important effects on child development. Thus, it is necessary to perform further studies related to speech delays, in which many factors play a role in the etiology.

The modern world could not be imagined without the information and communications technology. Today's society, its life and social relations are deeply influenced by the virtual space, and that stands as a reason why the world's Information Technology specialists and representatives of various branches of science have been focusing on solving the problems in the sphere of cyber security. Software and technological solutions used in reorganization of the activity of private sector nowadays are widely used in the public sector as well. By using technologies, countries put their effort into involving their citizens into the process of governance and direct participation in various political processes inside the state itself, and one of the most widespread tools to motivate the citizen-to-state political participation and resident's direct interaction in political processes is internet voting. Authors of scientific literature investigate how cybersecurity management is being comprehended and analyzed in technological, legal, management, economical, human resource management and other aspects; how cyber security is analyzed in the context of services provided by institutions of public administration; which means of cyber security management are essential, in order to speed up the processes of establishing e-voting systems. In this article the authors investigate the theoretical aspects of cyber security management in internet voting, analyze the global experience in the sphere of cyber security management implementationwith the help of already established e-voting systems, evaluate the properties of cyber security management in the process of implementation of internet voting in Lithuania, as well as present audience with an in-depth analysis of the opinion of the local population, cyber security and voting system specialists, concerning the matters and possibilities of establishing internet voting in Lithuania. The authors also propose a cyber security management model, which could be used in the process of implementation (both preparation and establishment) of the internet voting system in Lithuania

The article is devoted to the phenomenon of Islamic universalism, which is the key idea of many Muslim ideologists of the modern times, such as Sayyid Qutb, Ismail al-Faruqi and others. The article puts under consideration the religious and socio-political elements of Islamic universalism, the formation of which roots back mainly to the times of the building the Islamic tradition. The religious aspect of Islamic universalism is determined by the postulation of the superiority of Islam as a religion. It includes the following elements: consideration of this religion as the last revelation in the Abrahamic tradition, strict monotheism as opposed to the Christian idea of the God's trinity, the existence of a direct connection, without intermediaries, between a man and the God, religious equality of men and women. A special place among them is occupied by the idea of man's faith (al-Iman), which is interpreted in terms of man's submission to God. The socio-political aspect of Islamic universalism is determined by the degree of adaptability of the Islamic tradition to changing historical conditions. Among the main socio-political elements of Islamic universalism there are the absence, at least in Sunni Islam, of the institution for the faith legalization, the absence of a clear demarcation between the religious community and the state, the presence in Islam of the "mechanism" of faith renewal (ijtihad), and the exibility of the concept of Jihad's interpretation, which has both physical and spiritual-moral dimensions. The exibility of Islam can also be explained by the presence of contradictions in the Islamic primary sources, which allow different Islamic groups to justify their beliefs and make the Islamic tradition more resilient and adaptable. The absence in Islam of a clear demarcation of a state and the ummah makes it possible to use religious rhetoric in the sphere of social and political action.

The subject of research is the theoretical aspects of the development of the shadow parallel, power space as a phenomenon of the information age, the laws of its curvature, the increase of shadow hybrid hazards, the acceleration of macro–mechanisms of shadow redistribution of property and power. The purpose of the study is to further discursive study of the causal complex of shadow aspects of power processes, including the multitude of shadow parallel spaces as factors for the strengthening of innovation–criminogenic phenomena in the power sphere. Methods of research. The paper uses a set of scientific methods and approaches, including systemic, historical, logical, which allowed to ensure the conceptual unity and effectiveness of the research. Results of the work. The article substantiates the need for a systematic study of the processes of power shadowing, on which the most significant impact is carried out by the development of a parallel shadow reality, the modern innovative criminogenic methods for obtaining a power–shadow delta are investigated. Application of results. The system of sciences from the field of government, economic security, law, a wide range of problems of socio–economic sciences from the study of dysfunctional development. Conclusions. The main conclusions of the research can be reduced to the formulation: 1) among the polysystems of modern power parallel realities, the special information destructive place is occupied by the shadow information parallel reality – the shadow parallel para–society; 2) syncretism (hybridization) of power and oligarchic business is a powerful sectoral macro–social shadow groupings of parallel realities; 3) the shadow power space acquires the features of a hybrid conflict; 4) in the conditions of accelerated development of the shadow parallel realities of power, an innovative criminogenic type of shadow growth arises.

Healthcare is one of the most impactful sectors, affecting strongly all aspects of the society ranging from medical services to social, governmental, business, and economic implications. Currently, there is an emerging concern of chronic diseases, the ageing and higher mobility of care professionals, which accentuates the need for national policies to enhance the availability, approachability, eligibility and quality of the care system. These changes are driving the cost of healthcare to unsustainable levels. On the other hand, it is well known that healthcare systems suffer from service delivery variations known as unwarranted variations. These are the variations that are not explained by patients' needs or preferences. Existence of such variations indicates that the best care has not been delivered or that resources have not been appropriately deployed in healthcare organizations. These variations can occur in terms of treatment quality, expenditure, supply of health resources, etc. Detecting and reducing these variations is one of the main paths to decrease the healthcare expenditures without compromising the care quality. The correct identification of the unwarranted variations is the corner stone to detect the underlying factors and designing effective interventions to reduce the disparities. The proper detection of the unwarranted variations has two important antecedents: first, timely access to quality data and second, reliable risk adjustments. As not all variations are unwarranted, risk adjustment methods are used to separate the "good" variations from the total observed variations. These aspects are even more crucial when moving from larger to smaller levels of analyses. We believe that Business Intelligence (BI) is a prominent remedy for both of these vital elements. BI as a system that encompasses data collection, storage, analyses and reporting, has significant potentials in providing timely and quality data for unwarranted variations research. Moreover, BI can incorporate novel advanced analytics ...

[EN] The management of Spanish coastal fisheries is based on a mixed model where the centralised action of the government is combined with the self-organisation of fishers in cofradias (guilds). These institutions have economic and political functions, intermediating between the State and the fishing sector and mediating in the conflicts that may occur. They also have welfare and mutualist tasks. This original and traditional co-management model is part of the social capital of traditional Spanish fishing. The aim of this article is to explore the possibilities of these Spanish fishers' organisations in order to improve the legitimacy of the fishery system and the sustainability of fisheries. Our hypothesis is that updating and adapting some aspects of the cofradias model could produce efficient forms of collaborative management and lead to improvements in the sustainability of fisheries. To validate this hypothesis the study analysed 69 face-to-face interviews in 21 Spanish-Mediterranean guilds. The analysis focused on three core aspects: the control of fishing resources; the integration of fishing knowledge in the management system; and, finally, the guilds contribution to the legitimacy of the system in the eyes of the fishers. ; This work was supported by National Plan for Scientific and Technological Research and Innovation (Spanish Economy and Competitiveness Ministry). Research Project CSO2016-76135-P. There is no conflict of interest declared in this article. ; Herrera-Racionero, P.; Lizcano, E.; Miret Pastor, LG.; Mascarell, Y. (2019). The Spanish Mediterranean Fishing Guilds (Cofradias): An Example of Collaborative Management with a Key Role in Sustainable Fisheries. Fisheries. 44(4):172-182. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsh.10224 ; S ; 172 ; 182 ; 44 ; 4 ; Alegret J. L.1999.Gestión comunitaria cogestión y mercado. La evolución histórica de la gestión de la pesca en el Mediterráneo español. Pages109–124inG.Allut andJ.Pascual editors. Antropología de la pesca/Santiago de Compostela: Asociación Galega de ...

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to evaluate whether the perceptions of cleanliness and organization of the point of sale, hygiene and training of those who serve the public (service) and healthiness of the products, constitute a base for the perception of the quality of food sold in the street. Studies about development of street food trade have gained relevance in academic debate because of its social and economic significance. Usually, aspects related to sanitary issues are presented, and the factors that influence consumer perception regarding quality of food consumed are less explored. This was the focus of this work. The relationships among possible predecessors – attendance, cleanliness, organization and healthiness – were tested, all acting together, influencing the variable perception of product quality. Competitive models were tested because of theoretical divergences regarding the relationship between quality and healthiness, not yet totally clear in the literature.Design/methodology/approachA quantitative survey was carried out in the city of Diadema (SP, Brazil), getting 603 respondents, with data and theoretical models analyzed by structural equation modeling.FindingsResults indicated that organization variable is not significant regarding perception of product quality, while attendance and healthiness directly affect this perception. On the other hand, cleanliness influences perceived healthiness and this, in turn, reinforces perception of product quality.Practical implicationsThe focus of street food traders should be on clerk cleanliness and politeness (characteristics related to the service) that end up influencing the perception that the consumer develops regarding healthiness (characteristic related to product quality).Originality/valueUsually research studies on this theme include only aspects related to sanitary and safety issues, and those which focus on consumer perception of food quality cover conventional outlets such as bars and restaurants. There are few ones performed as in this study that analyze street food consumer behavior regarding his/her perception of quality, cleanliness, care received, among others.

The article is devoted to the influence of "e-government" on the effectiveness of political management. At the same time, by "electronic government" is meant the informatization of the activities of public authorities and local government, as well as the interaction of these bodies with society through electronic technologies. This article is an attempt to comprehend the mechanisms of influence of information and communication technologies on the political and administrative efficiency in the context of significant transformative potential of these technologies in politics. The presented study is based on a neoinstitutional methodology and comparative analysis that has made it possible to identify the institutional significance and links of "e-government", the impact of existing formal and informal norms and rules for the implementation of e-government on the effectiveness of political governance, to assess the impact of the process of informatization of the state apparatus on quality of the functioning of government institutions. The problem of the effectiveness of political management is considered in the article from the point of view of achieving the objectives of subjects of management activity – political elites. Due to the fact that the main objectives of the subjects of political governance are, on the one hand, access to government resources and retention of power (overbearing aspect), on the other hand, the achievement of certain performance society development (social, economic and others indicator; administrative aspect), the influence of "e-government" on the effectiveness of political management is proposed to be assessed from the perspective of contributing to the achievement of these goals. The main conclusion of the study is that the impact of "e-government" on the effectiveness of political governance is complex and depends on the forms and directions of its implementation, as well as the quality of existing political institutions.

The recent outbreak of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in West Africa has drawn attention to the role and responsiveness of health systems in the face of shock. It brought into sharp focus the idea that health systems need not only to be stronger but also more 'resilient'. In this article, we argue that responding to shocks is an important aspect of resilience, examining the health system behaviour in the face of four types of contemporary shocks: the financial crisis in Europe from 2008 onwards; climate change disasters; the EVD outbreak in West Africa 2013-16; and the recent refugee and migration crisis in Europe. Based on this analysis, we identify '3 plus 2' critical dimensions of particular relevance to health systems' ability to adapt and respond to shocks; actions in all of these will determine the extent to which a response is successful. These are three core dimensions corresponding to three health systems functions: 'health information systems' (having the information and the knowledge to make a decision on what needs to be done); 'funding/financing mechanisms' (investing or mobilising resources to fund a response); and 'health workforce' (who should plan and implement it and how). These intersect with two cross-cutting aspects: 'governance', as a fundamental function affecting all other system dimensions; and predominant 'values' shaping the response, and how it is experienced at individual and community levels. Moreover, across the crises examined here, integration within the health system contributed to resilience, as does connecting with local communities, evidenced by successful community responses to Ebola and social movements responding to the financial crisis. In all crises, inequalities grew, yet our evidence also highlights that the impact of shocks is amenable to government action. All these factors are shaped by context. We argue that the '3 plus 2' dimensions can inform pragmatic policies seeking to increase health systems resilience.

In the practice of restoration, knowledge on the primitive spatiality of buildings, their transformations throughout time and their materiality is crucial to responsibly approach this hard task. This is why the research project entitled "the construction of men's convent temples in the New Kingdom of Granada" contributes to the technical and construction-related knowledge concerning these types of patrimonial buildings. This contribution is made via the analysis of the contents of a large number of secondary sources, a documental and graphical analysis of primary sources from different files and a field exploration of each one of the studied buildings. The historical and geographical context is the so-called Colonial period, between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries, when the region located on the western corner of South America (know as Colombia today) was called New Granada. This is why this period is also called the New-granadian era. Although its inception saw the same basic influences, Neogranadine architecture has its distinctive features depending on the region where it was developed. This is the main reason justifying a detailed study of its historical centers. Religious architecture expressed the maximum monumentality of these centers, where the social, political and economic aspects were merged to produce the result we have today. In addition, male religious congregations built their temples as monumentally as possible, which is why this research focuses on this type of buildings. We were able to determine that, in spite of the extensive discussion on religious buildings, there are few publications discussing the technological aspects in depth. Likewise, up to this moment, no relationships have been established which make it possible to know and understand the differences concerning the construction-related knowledge among the religious communities that built those structures. Therefore, this research was motivated by the lack of published information on architectural technology relevant for the ...

Margaret Eleanor Atwood (1939 – ) is one of the contemporary most preeminent and multitalented living figures in Canadian Literature. Apart from being a novelist, she is an innovative poetess, a social critic, a children's author, a short-story writer and a winner of countless literary awards and accolades, including the prestigious Booker Prize for Literature. An Anglo-Canadian, Atwood's works provide additional insights into her scope of vision about her culture and society. The present study focuses on Atwood's preoccupation with her inquiry of and quest for identity—both individually and collectively, that is to say, female and national identity. The study is not intended to provide a historical review of Canadian literature, nor is it meant to offer a comprehensive assessment of causes and probabilities. Rather, it presents and discusses one significant aspect in particular, namely the marginalization and victimization of Atwood's female protagonists who made their quest for identity a necessity. A relevant aspect is Atwood's haunting nationalistic concerns which are most evident in her works through such motifs as alienation, defeatism and victimization. Atwood strongly believes that a writer must consciously work within the literary tradition of his/ her nation. One main reason why the present study was conducted is the strong affinity that lurks in the background of the fictional world of Atwood's novels between the status of the writer's "self" as a female and that of Canada as a nation. Atwood seems to link a female's quest for identity with that of Canada in a colonist-oriented world. Atwood raises the question of woman's search for a distinct identity within a political- feminist framework. Her protagonists suffer from varying forms of victimization of masculine hegemony. The study is also structured as an in-depth analysis of Atwood's abused women. It investigates how they succeed in subverting not only the structures of domination from within but also the myth of feminine subordination from ...

The article analyzes the works of Ukrainian researchers in which the normative and legal base, main directions and consequences of the activities of local administrative institutions, General Governors in Ukraine in the ХІХ th century at the beginning of the ХХ th century is highlighted. It is noted that in the pre-revolutionary historiography the fi rst attempts to analyze some aspects of the General Governors offi ce were made. These are works of researchers who studied the problems of reforming the system of local government, the legal status of the competence of governors and the General Governors. The purpose of the study is to make a comprehensive analysis, clarify the conceptual orientation of this layer of information by studying the publications. The article is written in the tideway of modern approaches to the analysis of historioqraphical sources and is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity, consistency, pluralism. By writing the article we used such methods as historical, chronological, analysis of research work and comparison. The Ukrainian historians of the ХІХ th century V.B. Antonovych, M.S. Grushevskyi, M.P. Dragomanov, M.I. Kostomarov in studying the general historical process, socio-economic development of Ukrainian lands, examining the problems of the social and political movement and the national movement highlighted certain aspects of the functioning of the power structures of the Russian Empire in the Right Bank Ukrainian lands, identifying the peculiarities of the policy of the Imperial Government in relation to the region. Some questions of the functioning of the institute of the Governor General in the Russian imperial were considered in the works of P.A. Zayonchkovskogo, M.P. Yeroskina. The third group of researches consists of the work of modem scientists – V.В. Averianova, M.V. Bilokon, O.M. Golovko, V.O. Grukach, V.M. Grycak, S.V. Kudina, G.G. Moskal, O.V. Moriakova, S.I. Posokhva, A.I. Cherepanova, N.O. Shcherbak, V.S. Shandra, О.N. Yarmysh, M.M. Yatsyshyna and others ...