Suchergebnisse

High uptake of antiretroviral treatment (ART) is essential to reduce human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission and related mortality; however, gaps in care exist. We aimed to construct the continuum of HIV care (CoC) in 2016 in 11 European Union (EU) countries, overall and by key population and sex. To estimate progress toward the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) 90-90-90 target, we compared 2016 to 2013 estimates for the same countries, representing 73% of the population in the region. A CoC with the following 4 stages was constructed: number of people living with HIV (PLHIV); proportion of PLHIV diagnosed; proportion of those diagnosed who ever initiated ART; and proportion of those ever treated who achieved viral suppression at their last visit. We estimated that 87% of PLHIV were diagnosed; 92% of those diagnosed had ever initiated ART; and 91% of those ever on ART, or 73% of all PLHIV, were virally suppressed. Corresponding figures for men having sex with men were: 86%, 93%, 93%, 74%; for people who inject drugs: 94%, 88%, 85%, 70%; and for heterosexuals: 86%, 92%, 91%, 72%. The proportion suppressed of all PLHIV ranged from 59% to 86% across countries. The EU is close to the 90-90-90 target and achieved the UNAIDS target of 73% of all PLHIV virally suppressed, significant progress since 2013 when 60% of all PLHIV were virally suppressed. Strengthening of testing programs and treatment support, along with prevention interventions, are needed to achieve HIV epidemic control. ; This work was supported by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control through a framework contract (ECDC/2016/028). ; Sí

M.A.EUR.LEGAL STUDIES ; The reconciliation of economic, social and environmental goals has been regarded as top priority on the European Union's agenda and this was possible through Sustainability. The concepts of Green Economy and Circular Economy are currently regarded as buzz phrases both by academics and policy-makers. Generally the Green Economy is regarded as an 'umbrella' concept including renewables, recycling, ecoefficiency, and the Circular Economy itself. The ultimate target is to set a sustainable economy with the adaptation and/or transformation of the current economy system. The concept of Circular Economy is not new; it goes back to the late 1970's and early 1980's when the world, especially Europe started rethinking of its industrial process, aiming to transform the once linear economy into something more reliable and sustainable. Through this new idea the production of waste is minimised as a result of minimal input, leading to redesigning the products' life cycle. In a recent European Commission press release, the Commission stated that the new rules on the Circular Economy Package are going to help in the prevention of waste. Where this is not viable, it will be pushing more on the recycling of both municipal and packaging waste. Landfills will be phased out while the use of economic instruments such as Extended Producer Responsibility schemes will be promoted. The aim of this dissertation is to provide an overview of the general system(s) adopted by the European Union and the transposition of laws by Member States to protect the environment while offering initiatives for a Circular Economy. In addition, it will analyse the underlying problems that the Union faces when coming to implementation and enforcement of environmental regulations, in order to create a Circular Economy that in practice works. ; N/A

The latest European Union's (EU) guiding policies are encouraging big businesses and state-owned organisations to disclose their environmental, social and governance (ESG) performance. Many European member states have transposed the EU's directive 2014/95/EU on non-financial reporting. This directive has presented a significant step forward toward the as its "comply or explain" approach has encouraged organisations to disclose a true and fair view on their organisations' financial and ESG capitals. Hence, this paper makes specific reference to some of the corporations' best practices as it identifies areas for improvement in corporate governance issues. It explains how three major European banks are following the recommendations of their national regulatory institution, as they have reviewed the roles and responsibilities of the corporate boards and management. In many cases, they have anticipated the regulatory, legal, contractual, social and market-driven obligations. This contribution contends that there are significant implications for financial services corporations who intend following the right path toward responsible corporate governance and ethical behaviours. ; peer-reviewed

BACKGROUND: High uptake of antiretroviral treatment (ART) is essential to reduce human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission and related mortality; however, gaps in care exist. We aimed to construct the continuum of HIV care (CoC) in 2016 in 11 European Union (EU) countries, overall and by key population and sex. To estimate progress toward the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) 90-90-90 target, we compared 2016 to 2013 estimates for the same countries, representing 73% of the population in the region. METHODS: A CoC with the following 4 stages was constructed: number of people living with HIV (PLHIV); proportion of PLHIV diagnosed; proportion of those diagnosed who ever initiated ART; and proportion of those ever treated who achieved viral suppression at their last visit. RESULTS: We estimated that 87% of PLHIV were diagnosed; 92% of those diagnosed had ever initiated ART; and 91% of those ever on ART, or 73% of all PLHIV, were virally suppressed. Corresponding figures for men having sex with men were: 86%, 93%, 93%, 74%; for people who inject drugs: 94%, 88%, 85%, 70%; and for heterosexuals: 86%, 92%, 91%, 72%. The proportion suppressed of all PLHIV ranged from 59% to 86% across countries. CONCLUSIONS: The EU is close to the 90-90-90 target and achieved the UNAIDS target of 73% of all PLHIV virally suppressed, significant progress since 2013 when 60% of all PLHIV were virally suppressed. Strengthening of testing programs and treatment support, along with prevention interventions, are needed to achieve HIV epidemic control.

The emergence and growth of transnational law -- The theory of principled legal pluralism -- A pluralist conception of the EU -- Transnational law and the rule of law in the EU -- Transnational law and democracy in the EU -- EU law, transnational law, and human rights protection : the case of privacy -- Justice, the EU, and transnational law -- Principled legal pluralism, EU law, and transnational law.

Annotation

This article is referred to the general direction of the economic policy adopted by the member states in year 1999. It is considered in the mixture of measures mainly aimed at contributing to growth, employment and stability, on the basis of a monetary policy. These policies, that are referred in the article, are aimed at a preserved price stability, according to the convention, continuous efforts to get individual budgets balanced or with surpluses in a medium-term perspective, whilst, at the same time, the developments in the labor markets and salaries will be consistent with the objective for price stability and increased employment. ; peer-reviewed

An introduction to the European Union -- Institutions of the European Union -- Sources of European Union law (including general principles of law and fundamental rights) -- Competences and supremacy of the Union -- Judicial methodology and preliminary rulings of the Court of Justice -- Review of the legality of Union acts -- Infringement proceedings against member states -- Direct effect, indirect effect and state liability -- European Union citizenship and free movement rights -- Free movement of workers -- Freedom of establishment and the free movement of services -- Free movement of goods.