Termin "uagencyjnianie" stanowi propozycję na określenie procesu tworzenia agencji rządowych, który przypada na początek lat 90. ubiegłego wieku. Według Autora niniejszego artykułu określenie to powinno zostać przyjęte do siatki pojęć polskiego prawa administracyjnego. Jednym z powodów jest fakt, że przedstawiciele doktryny prawa administracyjnego z innych państw, swobodnie, od kilkunastu lat, posługują się tym pojęciem właśnie w takim rozumieniu, jak zostało to przedstawione w tym opracowaniu. Stąd też, w artykule dokonano odniesień do modeli agencji w państwach europejskich, w których stanowią one przykład ważnych podmiotów w danym systemie prawnym. ; "Agencification" is a term proposed to define the process of creating government agencies, which started in the early 1990s. According to the author, this term should be incorporated into the nomenclature of Polish administrative law, mainly due to the fact that administrative law scholars from other countries have been using it in the same sense as in this article for more than ten years. Therefore, the paper briefly discusses the models of agencies functioning in the legal systems of some European countries, where they play an important role.
Termin "uagencyjnianie" stanowi propozycję na określenie procesu tworzenia agencji rządowych, który przypada na początek lat 90. ubiegłego wieku. Według Autora niniejszego artykułu określenie to powinno zostać przyjęte do siatki pojęć polskiego prawa administracyjnego. Jednym z powodów jest fakt, że przedstawiciele doktryny prawa administracyjnego z innych państw, swobodnie, od kilkunastu lat, posługują się tym pojęciem właśnie w takim rozumieniu, jak zostało to przedstawione w tym opracowaniu. Stąd też, w artykule dokonano odniesień do modeli agencji w państwach europejskich, w których stanowią one przykład ważnych podmiotów w danym systemie prawnym. ; "Agencification" is a term proposed to define the process of creating government agencies, which started in the early 1990s. According to the author, this term should be incorporated into the nomenclature of Polish administrative law, mainly due to the fact that administrative law scholars from other countries have been using it in the same sense as in this article for more than ten years. Therefore, the paper briefly discusses the models of agencies functioning in the legal systems of some European countries, where they play an important role.
"Agencification" is a term proposed to define the process of creating government agencies, which started in the early 1990s. According to the author, this term should be incorporated into the nomenclature of Polish administrative law, mainly due to the fact that administrative law scholars from other countries have been using it in the same sense as in this article for more than ten years. Therefore, the paper briefly discusses the models of agencies functioning in the legal systems of some European countries where they play an important role. ; Termin "uagencyjnianie" stanowi propozycję na określenie procesu tworzenia agencji rządowych, który przypada na początek lat 90. ubiegłego wieku. Według Autora niniejszego artykułu określenie to powinno zostać przyjęte do siatki pojęć polskiego prawa administracyjnego. Jednym z powodów jest fakt, że przedstawiciele doktryny prawa administracyjnego z innych państw, swobodnie, od kilkunastu lat, posługują się tym pojęciem właśnie w takim rozumieniu, jak zostało to przedstawione w tym opracowaniu. Stąd też, w artykule dokonano odniesień do modeli agencji w państwach europejskich, w których stanowią one przykład ważnych podmiotów w danym systemie prawnym.
This review article is the second of a pair of articles that introduce the field of Tourism Studies/Tourism Management (hereafter Tourism Studies) to the concept of worldmaking as an operational construct to help critically describe the creative/inventive role and function of tourism in the making of culture and place. In the first article—the companion manuscript, which appeared in the preceding issue of Tourism Analysis—the recent work of Meethan in Tourism in Global Society: Place, Culture, and Consumption (hereafter "Tourism as Global Society") was used as a conceptual catalyst to help make the case for deeper and more frequent critical and interpretive inspections of the power and reach of tourism in significantly and variously contributing to the making/demaking/remaking of peoples, places, and pasts, rather than just serving as a reproducing authority cum agency, which just mirrors what is already there in each location. While Tourism Studies was found (by Meethan) to be an as yet rather contained theoretical field, the concept of worldmaking was put forward in the first article as a thinking tool to assist critical understanding of the everyday articulation and the everyplace effectivity of tourism as a particular strong and pervasive producer of political meanings (or contested versions) of locality. In this follow-up article, an attempt is made to encourage more commonplace reflective and reflexive examinations of the creative and inventive manufacture capacity of tourism—as it works, or is worked upon, in collaboration with other formative and educative vehicles in society—to produce particular vistas of place and space, or to otherwise reconfigure the held visions of meaning and of becoming by populations. Such is the very prodigy of tourism (such are the potential prodigies of tourism!!), with all the immense myriad cultural, social, psychic, and political—as well as economic and environmental—ramifications that are entailed by that sort of sometimes-grand-and-magnificent/sometimes-petty-and-quotidian mediation of locality and heritage. While the article concludes by codifying (and damning!) a number of clichés that litter much hastily-derived contemporary commentary on and about tourism—as drawn from the insight-loaded sociological work of Meethan—this second article is composed under the judgment that too many commentators in Tourism Studies (itself) are prone to reifying tourism as an almost undifferentiated industrial force of globalization. Such a judgment suggests that too many who work within Tourism Studies uncritically depict tourism as an almost-inevitable set of almost-neat impacts or almost-neat processes that affect places in almost-unstoppable and repeatable fashions across the globe. Such recurring (if generally implied rather than exhaustively shown) commentaries in the field of Tourism Studies are inclined to far too frequently envision local or involved populations merely as being nothing more than passive agents of "tourism"—that is, as a sort of fodder for the unrelenting growth of the expansionist and almost-predictable industry. Running through both of these companion articles on the worldmaking role and function of tourism, therefore, is the view that the creative authority and inventive agency of tourism is something that can be (or is being) used positively by groups and communities—in accordance with their own perspective, of course—at all levels of society to express new/corrective/fresh enunciative visions for local places. It can also be (and is being) used negatively—again, in perspectival regard—to silence, suppress, or subjugate other unwanted interpretations of place, space, or local inheritance. Such is the declarative and clearly pungently political force of tourism as it is deployed in worldmaking fashion in concert with (or at times, wholly against) other coproductive and co-generative narrative-issuing mediating forces in and across society. The two companion articles were first presented as one overall keynote delivery at the second Critical Tourism Studies Conference in Split, Croatia, in 2007. An earlier version of the combined/aggregate presentation may be found in a 400-page work by Ateljevic, Pritchard, and Morgan within the Elsevier Advances in Tourism Research series: The Critical Turn in Tourism Studies: Innovative Research Methods.
The article deals with differentiation of living standard of population in the European Union countries. The study was based on the data collected by the Central Statistical Office of Poland, the Statistical Office of the EU and the OECD. In order to estimate level of living methods of multivariate statistical analysis were applied. On the basis of the synthetic variable, created during the study, a ranking of countries was constructed.
This essay addresses how recent changes in electronic media may impact upon what the rest of the world sees of Africa on television. Its predictions are disheartening, especially to Africanists and communications scholars who have well documented the longstanding insufficiency of African news coverage. And my conclusions contrast with those of the big television news companies, who, with a "good for business, good for everyone" mentality, like to believe that the new media market and nifty new technologies can only mean more and better coverage of every part of the planet.
AbstractThe aims of this research were to develop and validate a Brief Attachment Adjective Checklist (BAAC) to represent the four category model of attachment, compare it with a current measure of attachment, and use both to predict relationship satisfaction. A 32-item operationalisation of a hypothesised four-category model was analysed using a principal component analysis. Results of Study 1 (n = 174) indicated the items of the four-category model reflected good factor structure. Comparison with the four-paragraph Relationship Questionnaire (RQ) showed low correlation between the two operationalisations, suggesting that they were measuring different aspects of attachment. Analyses showed that the BAAC was a weak but better predictor of relationship satisfaction than the RQ. A confirmatory factor analysis in Study 2 (n = 131) refined the structure of the BAAC. The pattern of correlations showing relative independence of the BAAC and the RQ in Study 1 was also shown in Study 2. The frequency of respondents in dominant attachment categories of the RQ was consistent with previous research but the frequency of respondents in dominant attachment categories differed for RQ compared with the BAAC. The replication of the prediction of relationship satisfaction in Study 2 showed that both measures were weak predictors of relationship satisfaction but the BAAC was a better predictor than the RQ.
Jurisdiction — Territorial limits of — Foreign confiscatory legislation — Nationalization of foreign company — Substitution of State enterprise — Rights of shareholders to assets of nationalized company in forum State — The law of Austria.16Recognition of acts of foreign States and Governments — Foreign confiscatory legislation — Nationalization of foreign company — Substitution of State enterprise — Rights of shareholders to assets of nationalized company in forum State — The law of Austria.
The article presents the model of the concept of civil security of the state based on the interests of the overwhelming majority of the population in Ukraine. In the proposed concept, interests of the overwhelming majority of citizens are laid, as well as the creation of conditions for effective lobbying of civil society interests, taking into account internal and external threats, risks and dangers. The ways of its formation are investigated. The state of security of civil society in Ukraine is analyzed from threats, risks and dangers, which include internal threats and risks and external ones. As objects of investigation of internal threats, a corrupt component was taken, lobbying interests of business groups in contradiction to national interests and the judicial system, as well as activities of executive authorities and legislative bodies. The objects of the study of external threats were taken by international business structures, foreign countries and multinational corporations. A number of factors have been established that have a direct impact on the lobbying activity of citizens, among which the most important are economic factors. The dependence of economic security of civil society and economic security of the state is determined. The role and place of economic security of the state in solving problems of ensuring the security of civil society is explored. The place of technologies of lobbying of citizens' interests in the system of national security ofUkraine is determined, which consists in the systematic activity on prevention of threats and risks of national security, in the economic sphere, information, political and social. The modern information technologies that implement the mechanism of communication in civil society are considered, as well as a number of safeguards have been established for the negative impact of their use by destructive lobbyist groups, on the way to implementing the concept of civil security in public administration. ; У статті представлено модель концепції громадянської безпеки держави на основі інтересів переважної більшості населення в Україні. В запропонованій концепції закладено інтереси переважної більшості громадян, а також створення умов для ефективного лобіювання інтересів громадянського суспільства з урахуванням внутрішніх та зовнішніх загроз, ризиків та небезпек. Досліджено шляхи її формування. Проаналізовано стан захищеності громадянського суспільства в Україні від загроз, ризиків та небезпек, до яких віднесено внутрішні загрози та ризики і зовнішні. В якості об'єктів дослідження внутрішніх загроз було взято корупційну складову, лобіювання інтересів бізнесових груп в супереч національним інтересам та судову систему, а також діяльність органів виконавчої влади та законодавчого органу. Об'єктами дослідження зовнішніх загроз було взято міжнародні бізнесові структури, іноземні держави та транснаціональні корпорації. Встановлено ряд факторів, які мають безпосередній вплив на лобістську діяльність громадян, серед яких найголовнішими виступають економічні фактори. Визначено залежність економічної безпеки громадянського суспільства та економічної безпеки держави. Досліджено роль та місце економічної безпеки держави в вирішенні проблем з забезпечення безпеки громадянського суспільства. Визначено місце технологій лобіювання інтересів громадян в системі національної безпеки України, яка полягає в систематизованій діяльності з попередження загроз та ризиків національної безпеки, в економічній сфері, інформаційній, політичній та соціальній. Розглянуто сучасні інформаційні технології, які реалізують механізм комунікації в громадянському суспільстві, а також встановлено ряд запобіжників негативному впливу їх застосування деструктивними лобістськими формуваннями, на шляху до впровадження концепції громадянської безпеки в державному управлінні.
Organizing archives needs to be done with good management. However, the Governance Section of the Batu Bara Regency Regent's Office still has weaknesses, especially in terms of archive management work procedures. The purpose of this study was to find out how the effectiveness of the archives in improving the administrative services of the Governance Section at the Regent's Office of Batubara Regency. and what are the factors that hinder archives in improving the administrative services of the Governance Section at the Batubara Regency Regent's Office? This study uses a descriptive method with qualitative analysis techniques. Data collection techniques with observation, interviews and documentation. The results of this study found job satisfaction has not been effective because employees have not participated in education and training evenly.
The Handbooks in Economics series continues to provide the various branches of economics with handbooks which are definitive reference sources, suitable for use by professional researchers, advanced graduate students, or by those seeking a teaching supplement. With contributions from leading researchers, each Handbook presents an accurate, self-contained survey of the current state of the topic under examination. These surveys summarize the most recent discussions in journals, and elucidate new developments. Although original material is also included, the main aim of this series is the provision of comprehensive and accessible surveys *Every volume contains contributions from leading researchers *Each Handbook presents an accurate, self-contained survey of a particular topic *The series provides comprehensive and accessible surveys
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