Suchergebnisse

Las transformaciones sociales, culturales, políticas y económicas suscitadas desde fines del s. XX impactan sobre la docencia universitaria, cuestionando las prácticas de enseñanza basadas en la transmisión de información y orientando el foco de atención hacia un modelo centrado en el aprendizaje del estudiante y en la formación de profesionales con un alto sentido de responsabilidad social. Reflexionar sobre las prácticas de enseñanza universitarias supone un largo proceso de revisión conceptual y de reestructuración cultural. Algunos profesores consideran la exigencia de formación pedagógica como un proceso de burocratización didáctica devenida de las políticas gubernamentales para el mejoramiento de la calidad educativa. Esta resistencia cultural resalta el individualismo y la atomización curricular en el ejercicio de la docencia universitaria y obstaculiza la revisión crítica de las prácticas de enseñanza a la luz de las necesidades sociales actuales. Así, resulta necesario analizar la configuración de la identidad profesional del docente universitario identificando sus intereses y necesidades al ejercer la profesión. La experiencia y la vocación no alcanzan para ejercer la docencia universitaria, se requiere además de una formación pedagógica sistemática. Este artículo presenta una propuesta para el desarrollo institucional de la formación pedagógica del profesor universitario y orientaciones para su implementación. La relevancia de la propuesta radica en el mejoramiento de la calidad educativa y en una revisión crítica de la identidad profesional del docente universitario. ; Since the late twentieth century, a series of social, cultural, political and economic changes have impacted university teaching. These changes have called for an in-depth review of teaching practices based on the transmission of information shifting towards a model that is focused on the training of professionals with a strong sense of social responsibility, and on the learning process of students. Reflecting upon teaching practices in the university classroom entails a long process of conceptual review and cultural restructuring. One must not ignore that some university professors may view the demands of teacher training as a didactic bureaucratization process derived from governmental policies on the improvement of educational quality. This cultural resistance is indicative of the individualism and curricular fragmentation prevailing in the practice of university teaching, and hinders a critical review of teaching practices in the light of current social needs. In this regard, the review calls for an analysis of the configuration of the professional identity of university professors, recovering their interests and needs in practicing the profession. Experience and vocation are not enough to exercise university teaching, systematic teacher training is required. This paper presents a proposal for the institutional development of teacher training of the university professor, and guidance for its implementation. The relevance of the proposal lies in the opportunity to improve the quality of education and conduct a critical review of the professional identity of university professors.

Bildung ist ein Menschenrecht. Sie ist der Schlu?ssel zu nachhaltiger sozialer und o?konomischer Entwicklung und damit auch ein wesentlicher Faktor in der Zusammenarbeit mit Entwicklungsla?ndern. Bildung ist die Vorraussetzung fu?r Gesundheit, Demokratie, Frieden und die Beka?mpfung von Armut. Ihre Wichtigkeit wird durch viele internationale Initiativen im Rahmen der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit betont. Qualita?t und Zugang zu Bildung, sowie die Gleichbehandlung beider Geschlechter stellen dabei große Herausforderungen in Entwicklungsla?ndern dar.Sri Lanka hat eine Alphabetisierungsrate von 91% (Jugendliche sogar 98%). Ein freier Bildungszugang fu?r alle ist in der Verfassung verankert. Dennoch weisen o?ffentliche Schulen und Lehrpersonal starke Qualita?tsma?ngel auf, regionale Disparita?ten sind enorm. Das Schulsystem basiert auf Wettbewerb. Zugang zu den qualitativ hochwertigen Schulen haben nur die Besten. Dies verursacht einen starken Trend zu (no?tigem) Nachhilfeunterricht, den jedoch nur vermo?gende Familien finanzieren ko?nnen. Bildung wird somit zu einer Frage des Wohlstandes, die sozialen Unterschiede werden versta?rkt.Die Schule der one world foundation (owf) ermo?glicht Kindern, jungen Erwachsenen und Frauen kostenlose Bildung in einer la?ndlich gepra?gten Umgebung in Sri Lanka. Finanziert wird die Schule aus Einnahmen durch Tourismus. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Nachhaltigkeit dieser privaten Bildungsinitiative. Die Analyse durch das Grazer Modell zeigt, dass der Entwicklungsprozess der owf in Richtung Nachhaltigkeit weit fortgeschritten ist. Das Projekt versucht Abhilfe fu?r ein bereits bestehendes soziales Problem zu schaffen. Es beteiligt die lokale Bevo?lkerung, die es hoch scha?tzt bzw. eigensta?ndig fu?hrt. Die owf kann als eine nachhaltige private Bildungsinitiative bezeichnet werden, die voll und ganz in das nationale System integriert ist. ; Education is a human right. It is the key to sustainable social and economical development and therewith a crucial factor in the cooperation with developing countries. Education is the base for health, democracy, peace and combating poverty. Its importance is emphasized through several international initiatives in the context of development cooperation. Quality and access to education, but also gender equality pose major challenges to developing countries.Sri Lanka has a literacy rate of 91% (for the youth even 98%). Universal and equal access to education for everybody is embodied in the Sri Lankan constitution. Nevertheless the quality of public schools and teachers is low, regional disparities are significant. The educational system is based on competition. Only best-mark students have access to high quality schools. This causes a big trend to the demand of tuition classes, which can be afforded only by wealthy families. Hence education becomes a matter of prosperity and leads to the aggravation of social inequalities.The school of one world foundation (owf) offers children, young adults and women free education in a rural area in Sri Lanka. The school is financed through the earnings of owf?s vacation resort, where guests can seek recreation and enjoy Ayurveda cures. The present work is examining the sustainability of this private educational initiative. The analysis through the Graz Model shows that owf?s development process is already far advanced towards sustainability. The project tries to provide remedy for an existing social problem and involves the local population, which highly appreciates the project resp. leads it themself. owf can be described as a sustainable, private educational initiative, which is entirely integrated into the national system. ; submitted by Katharina Helmreich ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Zsfassung in dt. und engl. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Masterarb., 2012 ; (VLID)222494

Ziel der Arbeit ist einerseits die Darstellung der pädagogischen Entwicklungslinien sowie der rechtlichen Grundlagen der politischen Bildung aufzuzeigen. Andererseits soll die Umsetzung des Unterrichtsprinzips politische Bildung in den wirtschaftlichen Gegenständen der Handelsakademie (HAK) am Beispiel des Planspiels ?Demokratiebausteine ? Mein Land, Dein Land, Unsere Union? gezeigt und analysiert werden.Dazu wird zunächst das Unterrichtsprinzip politische Bildung dargestellt. Ausgehend von einer geschichtlichen Herleitung der Ziele politischer Bildung werden die rechtlichen und pädagogischen Grundlagen dargestellt. So bilden etwa das Bundesverfassungsgesetz, das Schulorganisationsgesetz und der Grundsatzerlass zur politischen Bildung auf rechtlicher Seite das Fundament für das Unterrichtsprinzip politische Bildung. Im Anschluss beschreiben die Theorien und Modelle gemeinsam mit einem Überblick über die Methoden die Didaktik der politischen Bildung. Abschließend wird exemplarisch herausgearbeitet, dass die Einbeziehung politischer Bildung in die Unterrichtsplanung der wirtschaftlichen Fächer nicht nur eine Anforderung des Gesetzgebers ist, sondern im Lehrplan der HAK genügend Anknüpfungspunkte in den wirtschaftlichen Gegenständen vorhanden sind, um das Unterrichtsprinzip politische Bildung umzusetzen. Schließlich wird der Beitrag des Planspiels ?Demokratie-Bausteine ? Mein Land. Dein Land. Unsere Union? zum Unterrichtsprinzip politische Bildung aus dem Blickwinkel der Wirtschaftspädagogik aufgearbeitet. Es erfolgt zuerst eine ausführliche theoretische Annäherung an die Methode. Ausgehend von Möglichkeiten und Grenzen von Planspielen, erfolgt eine Beschreibung des konkreten Planspiels das im Rahmen eines Forschungsprojektes evaluiert wurde. Im Anschluss an eine Beschreibung der Forschungsmethodik werden die Ergebnisse dargestellt und im Hinblick auf die Wirkung des Planspiels im Sinne des Unterrichtsprinzips politische Bildung interpretiert. ; This master thesis should point out the development of pedagogic and legal foundation of civil education in Austria. Furthermore it describes the implementation of civic education as a principle of learning in the economic subjects of the higherlevel secondary commercial college, using the example of the simulation game ?Bricks of Democracy ? My land, your land, our union?. First, civic education as a principle of learning is introduced. The historically deviation of goals of civic education is shown, followed by the legal and pedagogic basics of civic education in Austria. Legal base are the Austrian constitution, the school?s organisations act and the basic decree about civic education. Pedagogic Theories and Models within the academic development of civic education in connection with an overview of the methods used in civic education describe the didactics of civic education. It is demonstrated exemplary, that the integration of civic education within the preparation of lessons of economic subjects is not only lawmaker?s requirement on teachers. Furthermore, the curriculum of the commercial college contains many links within the economic subjects, to realize civic education as a principle of learning. Finally, the contribution of the simulation game ?Bricks of Democracy ? My land, your land, our union? to civic education as a learning principle is observed. Simulation games in their various forms are frequently used in modern forms of civic education, so the chapter begins with a detailed theoretically approach to this learning method. Based on the possibilities and limits of simulation games, the explanation of the concrete simulation game follows. This simulation game has been evaluated by a research project. Following a description of used research methods, the results of this evaluation are depicted and interpreted in regard to the effects of the simulation game on civic education as a learning principle. ; Klaus Kepplinger ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Zsfassung in dt. und engl. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Masterarb., 2012 ; (VLID)225060

На основе литературы, касающейся анализа процесса внедрения и имеющихся теоретических моделей, в статье представлено развитие технического оснащения пожарной службы и технических противопожарных элементов защиты. Новые конструкционные решения. разрабатываемые на основе анализа требований и нормативных актов с использованием новых технологией и материалов, позволяют выполнить растущие ожидания потребителей и обеспечивать соответствующий уровень работы. Развитие применяемого оборудования и оснащения происходит, в главной мере, из-за изменений технологий продукции и конструкционных решений. Данные изменения появлялись также в результате научно-исследовательских работ, проводимых научными центрами, в том числе CNBOP-PIB или SGSP. в В 1992 году вместе с созданием ГПС необходимо было ввести ряд организационных изменений и изменений оборудования в ее структуре и последующем техническое оснащение. Это было связано прежде всего с изменением диапазона спасательных работ действий. До 1992 года основными задачами пожарных служб, в соответствии с действующим законодательством, было проведение спасательных работ во время пожаров, их предотвращение и проведение спасательных работ во время стихийных бедствий и катастроф. Данные задачи были реализованы частными и местными пожарными службами (профессиональными, государственными и добровольными). Участие пожарных служб в спаательных операциях технического значения, которыми называли действия, направленные на спасение людей, ликвидацию загрязнений, защиту объектов от последствий катастроф или стихийных бедствий и ликвидацию аварий, было результатом не формально-правовой, но моральной обязанности. Законодательные изменения привели к увеличению спроса подразделений на специальное оснащение, позволяющие выполнять поставленные им задачи в новых организационно-правовых условиях.Based on the literature about the analysis of the implementation process, and the existing theoretical models, shows the development of the fire service technical equipment and technical fire protection. New design solutions resulting based on requirements analysis and normative acts, with the use of new technologies and materials, enable us to meet ever-increasing demands of users, and to ensure safety. Starting with the historical overview, the development of using equipment is a result from changes in technology and design solutions. These changes were also a consequence of research works carried out by research centers, including Scientific and Research Centre for Fire Protection National Research Institute or Main School of Fire Service. The creation in 1992 State Fire Service has forced to introduce a lot of organizational and equipment changes. It was connected with change of range of fire service activity. To 1992 the basic tasks of fire service (under the relevant legislation) were conducting of rescue action during fires, taking part in rescue action during natural and manmade disasters. These tasks were carried by field and factory fire services (professionals, obligatory and volunteers ones). Participating of fire services in technical rescue activities, it means activities with the aim of saving people, reduce of pollution, protecting objects against the effects of accidents and removing of failures, was result from the moral obligation, not result from legislation. Legislative changes have resulted in increased demand for specialized equipment, which can perform tasks in the new organizational and legal conditions.

The research analyses the development of internal control systems in German and Italian municipalities. The modernization process of public administrations promoted by the New Public Management movement has implied worldwide the adoption of private sector derived techniques and tools in order to improve public management. According to the literature, the adoption of internal control systems, together with the improvement of accounting and auditing techniques, can help to increase the level of efficiency, effectiveness, accountability and transparency of public sector organizations. Moreover, internal control systems are a useful tool for the ethical execution of operations and for corruption prevention, which are two keystone for public sector. The reform trajectories followed by the countries have been different. In particular, the reform process was slow in "Rechtsstaat" or legal state countries, like Germany and Italy. The reform process in these two countries, which are the object of this study, started later as in the other OECD countries and implied the adaptation of the proposed tool and techniques to the existing administrative system. Moreover, in the two countries the process of innovation started and has been more advanced at the local government level. The municipality level was therefore chosen as the object of the study. A second reason for this choice lies in the fact that the municipality level allowed a homogeneous comparison between the two countries. Indeed, they have a different state structure, Italy is a unitary state and Germany is a federal republic; the lowest level of government is the one that allows a homogeneous comparison. The study is aimed at: a) describing the characteristics (objectives and components) of internal control systems in German and Italian municipalities, compared to private sector standards concerning internal control systems; b) comparing the internal control systems of the two countries in order to identify their similarities and differences. Considering that the ethical execution of operations and the prevention of corruption are two keystones for public sector, one additional purpose was to ascertain if these need produce effects on the internal control system adopted. The research is mainly based on the analysis of the laws and regulations issued on this topic and uses an internationally accepted standard – the CoSO model for internal control systems – as a framework for the analysis and the comparison between the two countries. As in both countries the municipalities have a high level of autonomy, two case study, two towns, were selected to complete the general analysis and to deal with the third objective of the research. The selected towns, one Italian and one German, have in fact undergone a process of restructuring and of improvement of their administration, which is aimed at dealing with the problem of ethics (Italian town) and corruption (German town). The analysis conducted shows that both countries are with different approaches and different solutions moving towards the international standards.

The contemporary environmental crisis, which some consider to be the failure of a model of civilization and of a form of relationship of man with nature, based on the exploitation of the latter, has led to the state of affairs where an increasing variety of social and political actors are becoming interested in and concerned with the crisis, and are looking for alternatives which would make environmental sustainability possible. This article analyzes the role that environmental citizenship and agro ecology play in the construction of a sustainable society. It was found that the concept of environmental citizenship acquires relevance and pertinence when it assumes ethical and political commitment in order to radically modify the patterns of life and consumption, which is necessary in order to overcome the environmental crisis. It was also found that agro ecology, in its three dimensions (technical-scientific, socioeconomic, and ethical-political) is the most robust route to carry out this task. Likewise, it was found that environmental citizenship goes beyond the accomplishment of duties and rights, as decreed by the liberal and republican tradition, and that environmental problems – which have a global connotation – elicit an attitude of responsible commitment and participation on the part of the citizens, which is evidenced in the agro ecological stakes. It concludes that environmental citizenship and agro ecology are expressions which ostensibly contribute to the construction of new, qualitatively distinct forms of relationship between society and nature. ; La crisis ambiental contemporánea, que algunos consideran como el fracaso de un modelo civilizatorio y de una forma de relación del hombre con la naturaleza, basado en la explotación de esta última, ha llevado a que cada vez más diferentes actores sociales y políticos se interesen y ocupen de ella y busquen alternativas que permitan la sustentabilidad ambiental. En este artículo se analiza el rol que juega la ciudadanía ambiental y la agroecología en la construcción de una sociedad sustentable. Se encontró que el concepto de ciudadanía ambiental adquiere relevancia y pertinencia a la hora de asumir el compromiso ético y político para modificar radicalmente los patrones de vida y consumo que son necesarios para superar la crisis ambiental, y que la agroecología en sus tres dimensiones (técnico-científica, socioeconómica y ético-política) se constituye en la vía más robusta para realizar esta tarea. Se halló, igualmente, que la ciudadanía ambiental va más allá del cumplimiento de deberes y derechos, tal y como lo dictaminan la tradición liberal y republicana y que los problemas ambientales –que tienen connotación global– suscitan una actitud de compromiso y participación responsable de los ciudadanos, la cual se evidencia en las apuestas agroecológicas. Se concluye que la ciudadanía ambiental y la agroecología son expresiones que contribuyen ostensiblemente en la construcción de nuevas formas de relación cualitativamente distintas entre la sociedad y la naturaleza.

The Ph.D. project concerns itself with curatorial practice, its constituent modalities and potentialities. It consists of both a practical and a theoretical part. These are not separate entities, but immersed in each other. The point of departure is my own practice, but making claims for a general analysis of the politics of exhibition-making. Rather than proving or disproving certain proposition, ideas will be presented as proposals, as possibilities, and investigated as such. The dissertation departs from a claim consisting of three features:1.That the making and staging of an exhibition has to do with the establishment of political imaginaries, as understood in the philosophy of Cornelius Castoriadis.2.That an exhibition, through its ensemble of various elements, creates a certain world-view of what it is possible to imagine, and thus, conversely, what cannot be imagined (from a presented vantage point). 3.That any practice of exhibition-making creates a world-view in different ways, and thus invoking different imaginaries. Exhibition-making is placed within the construction of a typology, and discussed in terms of a 'conceptual history', as proposed by Reinhart Koselleck in The Practice of Conceptual History. This approach is contrasted with Michel Foucault's ideas of archeology and genealogy (mainly as in The Archeology of Knowledge). The thesis looks at contemporary modes of exhibition-making, including case-studies of my own work. These are two previous projects, Models of Resistance (2000), and Capital (It Fails Us Now) (2005-6). as well as two projects conceived as part of the Ph.D., Vectors of the Possible (2010) and All That Fits (2011). The dissertation proceeds through the following three analytic terms: I. Institution Institution are seen in both the philosophical terms of Castoriadis, as ways of instituting, and instituting social relations differently, as well as in terms of art's institutions, in both the broad and narrow senses of the word. Notions as such institutional critique and new institutionalism will be considered, as well as biennales as a major form of instituting in contemporary art. II. Articulation Articulation is understood as that which combines or recombines the various elements, whether in an exhibition or politics proper. I shall argue, that the articulatory elements of exhibition-making must be brought to the foreground in order to contribute to a different political imagination, and thus instituting. The usage of articulation is also an examination of the speaking subject in curating, reflected through Judith Butler's Giving an Account of Oneself, exemplified by the research exhibition All That Fits, that was based on readings of Foucault's use of the term Parrhésia). III. Horizon. Finally, such positionings is seen in light of their political imagination, that is their world-view, and thus the philosophical notion of the horizon. The notion of the horizon will be proposed as a possible way in which to think the relationship between exhibition-making and political imagination anew. The exhibition Vectors of the Possible will be presented in tandem with the book and conference entitled On Horizons.

PurposeThis paper aims to study how three incumbent mobile network operators (MNOs) in Germany forecasted, framed and responded in terms of their strategy to the emergence of the wireless local area network technology (W‐LAN) and how they interpreted this potential technological disruption in their own strategic context.Design/methodology/approachDrawing on empirical evidence from case studies conducted with these three major MNOs in Germany using the theoretical framework of disruptive technology, the results were then evaluated in a cross‐case analysis to study how these firms interpreted and reacted to the potential disruptiveness of W‐LAN. To meet this objective, an explorative, multiple and holistic case study design was utilized. Data was collected by the combination of information gained through semi‐structured interviews with key informants and background information that were publicly available. Interviews were conducted with company representatives using a semi‐structured interview guide. Information gathered from the interview, documentation and direct observations was transposed into a content analysis framework to enable easy analysis of the information gathered for each company.FindingsAs a result, significant differences for the respective MNOs between their perception of W‐LAN as a potential disruptive technology, their strategic development processes inside the organisation to understand the potential impact of W‐LAN on their respective business model, and to enforce an appropriate response strategy and structural implementation were identified. The results indicated that corporate representatives from each incumbent interpreted potentially disruptive technologies like W‐LAN from a different perspective and direction depending primarily on the strategic and structural context and their organisation's resources, processes, and values. The findings also identified that practitioners inside the organisation were aware about the disruptive technology concept but however did not react in accordance with the theory. Forecasting results and categorisation that prove wrong can still lead to taking the right action since it seems to provide better results than non‐forecasting and inactivity due to a lack of awareness of potential risks.Research limitations/implicationsBecause of the chosen research approach, the research results may lack generalisation and need to be further studied in a larger number of cases with different technologies and industries.Social implicationsFor managers and forecasters the study indicates that they should consider the impact of the heterogeneity in firms when formulating a response strategy based on their respective perception of the impact of a potential disruptive technology on their business. They should also be considerate about the consistency between their motivation to respond, the strategic development processes inside their organisation supporting the development of the response strategy and the subsequent structural implementation. Threat‐framing seemed to be a key factor in unlocking resources even in the face of sustaining technological change and can be activated by threatening forecasts.Originality/valueThe consideration of incumbent heterogeneity in different framing settings and the resulting innovation categorisation with respect to the organisational actions and outcomes was not studied before.

AbstractThe launch of economic neoliberalization in India in the 1990s unfolded a new urban habitat in Indian metropolitan cities with public spaces becoming an important part of a parvenu visual display. A vigorous state‐led bourgeois imaginary based on an aestheticized model of order and cleanliness ensued, but its realization is often 'cracked and refracted', illustrating the problematic conceptualization of public spaces in postcolonial India. This article examines the imagination of the Marina beach in Chennai, from its creation in the colonial era to the different cycles of re‐imagination pursued in the postcolonial years. In doing so, it highlights a fundamental difference between the Western and indigenous understandings of open spaces, which is characterized by conflict at two levels — first of all, between the public and the common, and secondly, between the public and the crowd. This persists to date, as a result of which state‐produced plans for the Marina have come across weakly and attempts to implement grand visions on the beach have frequently been thwarted. Reduced to a narrower set of fragmented pursuits, the state (and those who subscribe to its bourgeois imaginary), instead of looking for a reconciliation between the two conceptualizations of open spaces, increasingly employs class stereotypes to legitimize one (the public) and discredit the other (the common/crowd).Résumé Dans les années 1990 en Inde, le début de la néolibéralisation économique a révélé un nouvel habitat urbain dans les villes métropolitaines, les espaces publics revêtant peu à peu un aspect important dans l'exposition des nouveaux parvenus. Il en a résulté un fort imaginaire 'bourgeois' porté par l'État et fondé sur un modèle esthétique d'ordre et de propreté qui, une fois concrétisé, apparaît souvent 'fendillé et déformé', illustrant les problèmes de conceptualisation des espaces publics dans l'Inde postcoloniale. Cet article s'intéresse à Marina Beach (Chennai) et à la manière dont le site a été imaginé depuis sa création à l'époque coloniale, jusqu'aux différents cycles de ré‐imagination dans les années postcoloniales. Ce faisant, il met en évidence une différence fondamentale entre les notions occidentale et nationale d'espace ouvert. Celle‐ci se traduit par un conflit à deux niveaux qui persiste encore à ce jour: d'une part, entre le public et la communauté; d'autre part, entre le public et la masse. De ce fait, les plans que l'État a élaborés pour la Marina ont manqué de vigueur et les tentatives d'aménagements grandioses sur la plage ont souvent été contrecarrées. Réduit à une panoplie rétrécie d'actions fragmentées, l'État (et les adeptes de son imaginaire bourgeois) n'a pas cherchéà concilier les deux conceptualisations de l'espace ouvert, accentuant progressivement sa préférence pour des stéréotypes de classe afin de légitimer l'un (le public) et de discréditer l'autre (la communauté ou la masse).

Automatic composition of web services is a challenging task. Many works have considered simplified automata models that abstract away from the structure of messages exchanged by the services. For the domain of secured services (using e.g. digital signing or timestamping) we propose a novel approach to automated composition of services based on their security policies. Given a community of services and a goal service, we reduce the problem of composing the goal from services in the community to a security problem where an intruder should intercept and redirect messages from the service community and a client service till reaching a satisfying state. We have implemented the algorithm in Avantssar Platform and applied the tool to several case studies. Then we present a tool that compiles the obtained trace describing the execution of a the mediatorinto its corresponding runnable code. For that we first compute an executable specification as prudent as possible of her rolein the orchestration. This specificationis expressed in ASLan language, a formal language designed for modeling Web Services tied with security policies. Then we can check with automatic tools that this ASLan specification verifies some required security properties such as secrecy and authentication.If no flaw is found, we compile the specification into a Java servlet that can be used by the mediator to lead the orchestration. ; La composition automatique de services web est une tâche difficile. De nombreux travaux ont considérés des modèles simplifiés d'automates qui font abstraction de la structure desmessages échangés par les services. Pour le domaine des services sécurisés (par exemple utilisantla signature numérique ou l'horodatage), nous proposons une nouvelle approche pour automatiserla composition des services basés sur leurs politiques de sécurité.Étant donnés, une communauté de services et un service objectif, nous réduisons le problème de lasynthèse de l'objectif à partir des services dans la communauté à un problème de sécurité, oùun intrus doit intercepter et rediriger les messages depuis et vers la communauté de serviceset un service client jusqu'à atteindre un état satisfaisant pour le dernier.Nous avons implémenté notre algorithme dans la plateforme de validation du projet AVANTSSARet nous avons testé l'outil correspondant sur plusieurs études de cas. Ensuite, nous présentons un outil qui compile les traces obtenues décrivant l'exécution d'un médiateur versle code exécutable correspondant.Pour cela nous calculons d'abord une spécification exécutable aussi prudente que possible de son rôledans l'orchestration. Cette spécification est exprimé dans la langue ASLan, unlangage formel conçu pour la modélisation des services Web liés à des politiques de sécurité.Ensuite, nous pouvons vérifier avec des outils automatiques que la spécification ASLan obtenue vérifie certainespropriétés requises de sécurité telles que le secret et l'authentification.Si aucune faille n'est détectée, nous compilons la spécification ASLan vers une servlet Java qui peut êtreutilisé par le médiateur pour contrôler l'orchestration.

Las necesidades han sido y continúan siendo un tema recurrente tanto en la filosofía del derecho como en la filosofía política, y en las ciencias sociales en general, aunque se han tratado la mayoría de las veces de manera inadecuada, de forma poco atractiva y poco sistemática, lo que ha provocado, entre otras cosas, que la filosofía jurídica la distancie de su escenario de intereses. Así, salvando algunas muy buenas excepciones, hay pocos estudios sobre las necesidades básicas desde la preocupación por lo jurídico, lo que conlleva, también, a que sea un tema poco discutido y sobre el que la mayor parte de los juristas demuestra cierta aprehensión, bastante desconocimiento y muchos prejuicios. En el presente artículo voy a ofrecer una propuesta de necesidades y una clasificación de las mismas, partiendo de la importancia de la teoría de las necesidades para la filosofía del derecho y la relevancia de retomar los estudios y las investigaciones al respecto desde un conocimiento claro sobre las mismas que permita tomar una postura coherente sobre cuál es la teoría de las necesidades que puede resultar más funcional a un determinado modelo de derecho. Y, sobre todo, enfatizando que discutir sobre las necesidades debería ser una prioridad de las teorías de la justicia, vinculando estrechamente la idea de igualdad con la de necesidades y viendo en éstas unas muy buenas razones para fundamentar derechos ; The question of basic needs has been, and still is, a recurrent topic not only in philosophy of law and political philosophy, but also in the social sciences in general. However, most of the times, it has been treated not only inappropriately, but also in an unattractive and unsystematic manner. As a result, inter alia, discussions on legal philosophy have very seldom addressed the topic. Besides some strong exceptions, there is a small number of studies on basic needs that reflect legal concerns. Because the topic has not been sufficiently discussed, basic needs remains a subject about which most jurists still manifest apprehension, a good deal of ignorance and much prejudice. In this article I want to advance a proposal of needs and their classification, departing from the importance that the theory of needs has in the philosophy of law. I will also stress the relevance of resuming their study, based on a clear understanding of what they are, so to be able to adopt a consistent stance on which theory of needs can be more functional to a certain model of law. Finally, I will also defend that the discussion on basic needs should have a prioritary position within the broader discussion of the theories of justice, closely linking the idea of equality with that of needs, and by taking them as very good reasons to base rights.

The venture capital activity represents a financing inter mediation suitable to the start-up and innovative SMEs'needs, and tries to confirm itself in the economic context. Indeed, such financing mode supports the companies' creativity and development, particularly for the under capitalized SMEs whose access to the traditional sources of financing (bank financing and common stock financing) remain always difficult. In this field, this work tries to further explore both the key factors stimulating the venture capital activity, and the contribution of such financing mode to wealth creation and to economic growth. An empirical approach using panel data estimation is inducted here and makes up the contribution of this work. The estimation is relative to two linear regressions which constitute the retained model and tries to test both the effects of key factors on venture capital activity, and the effects of venture capital financing's on economic growth. The considered data covers twelve developed countries (USA and eleven European countries), and all OLS, fixed effects and random effects estimates are applied. With respect to test results; however, only the appropriate estimates are taken into consideration. The main results show that venture capital depends positively on the R&D activity, and that such financing mode has a positive effect on economic growth. These results are also discussed to make meaningful comparisons with those of previous studies. Based on the conclusions, it may be recommended to consolidate the positive link "R&D – venture capital – economic growth" by the appropriate policies. ; Girişim sermayesi aktivitesi yeni girişimler ve KOBİ' lerin gereksinimlerini karşılamaya yönelik bir finansman aracı sunmakta ve ekonomik bağlamda kendini ispatlamaya çalışmaktadır. Bu finansman modeli yeni şirketlerin kurulmasını ve geleneksel finansman kaynaklarına(banka kredileri ve sermaye piyasaları gibi)erişim zorluğu olan ve düşük düzeyde sermaye birikimleri olan KOBİ' lerin gelişimine katkıda bulunmaktadır. Mevcut çalışma girişim sermayesi aktivitelerini arttıran temel faktörleri inceleyerek ve söz konusu finansman modelinin servet yaratımı ve ekonomik büyümeye katkılarını tayin ederek konuya katkıda bulunmaktadır. Panel veri tahmini kullanan bir ampirik yaklaşım çalışmanın temel katkısını oluşturmaktadır. Yapılan tahmin, modeli oluşturan iki doğrusal regresyon üzerinde gerçekleştirilmekte ve temel faktörlerin girişim sermayesi aktiviteleri üzerindeki etkilerini test etmeyi ve girişim sermayesi yoluyla finansmanın ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisini araştırmaktadır. Değerlendirmede yer alan veri 12 gelişmiş ekonomiyi (ABD ve 11 Avrupa ülkesi) kapsamakta ve tüm olağan en küçük kareler, sabit etki ve tesadüfi etki tahminleri göz önünde bulundurulmaktadır. Yinede, test sonuçları doğrultusunda sadece uygun olan etkiler üzerinde durulmaktadır. Elde edilen bulgular girişim sermayesinin AR-GE faaliyetleri ile doğrusal ve pozitif pir ilişkisi olduğunu ve bu finansman modelinin ekonomik büyüme üzerinde olumlu etkileri olduğunu göstermektedir. Bulgular daha önce yapılan çalışmalarda sunulan bulgular ile karşılaştırılmaktadır. Sonuçta, elde edilen bulgulara dayalı olarak, uygun politikalar yoluyla"Ar-GE-girişim sermayesi ekonomik büyüme"arasındaki pozitif ilişkinin konsolide edilmesi önerilmektedir.

Bridging the fields of federalism and negotiation theory, Negotiating Federalism analyzes how public actors navigate difficult federalism terrain by negotiating directly with counterparts across state-federal lines. In contrast to the stylized, zero-sum model of federalism that pervades political discourse and judicial doctrine, the Article demonstrates that the boundary between state and federal power is negotiated on scales large and small, and on an ongoing basis. It is also the first to recognize the procedural tools that bilateral federalism bargaining offers to supplement unilateral federalism interpretation in contexts of jurisdictional overlap. The Article begins by situating its inquiry within the age-old federalism discourse about which branch can best safeguard the values that give federalism meaning: Congress, through political safeguards; the Supreme Court, by judicially enforceable constraints; or the Executive, through administrative process. Yet each school of thought considers only how the branches operate unilaterally—on one side of the state-federal line or the other—missing the important ways that each one also works bilaterally across that line to protect federalism values through various forms of negotiated governance. Because unilateral interpretive methods fail to establish clear boundaries at the margins of state and federal authority, regulators increasingly turn to bilateral intergovernmental bargaining to allocate contested authority and facilitate collaboration in uncertain fed-eralism territory. Procedural constraints available within these negotia-tions can help bridge the interpretive gaps unresolved by more conven-tionally understood forms of interpretation. Creating the first theoretical framework for organizing federalism bar-gaining, the Article provides a taxonomy of the different opportunities for state-federal bargaining available within various constitutional and statutory frameworks. Highlighting forms of conventional bargaining, negotiations to reallocate authority, and joint policymaking bargaining, the Article maps this vast, uncharted landscape with illustrations ranging from the 2009 Stimulus Bill to Medicaid to climate policy. The taxonomy demonstrates how widely federalism bargaining permeates American governance, including not only the familiar example of spending power deals, but also subtler forms that have escaped previous scholarly notice as forms of negotiation at all. The Article then reviews the different media of exchange within feder-alism bargaining and the legal rules that constrain them, together with supporting data from primary sources. Finally, it evaluates how some forms of federalism bargaining—legitimized by the procedural constraints of mutual consent and the procedural engineering of regard for federalism values—can supplement unilateral interpretation. Differentiating itself from previous process-based claims, the analysis provides new theoretical justification for the interpretive work that federalism bargaining presently provides and calls for greater judicial deference to qualifying examples. Having offered recommendations about the kinds of federalism bargain-ing that should be encouraged, the Article offers recommendations for legislators, executive actors, stakeholders, practitioners, and adjudicators about how best to accomplish these goals.

The Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires all EU member states to implement water tariffs to recover the costs of water services. This paper analyzes the potential consequences of different instruments for irrigation water pricing (area, volumetric, two-part tariff and block-rate), studying their impact on the sustainability of irrigated areas. The application performed focuses on the Campos district in the Spanish province of Palencia, using simulation models based on positive mathematical programming to simulate farmers' behavior in response to the above-mentioned pricing instruments. A multidimensional set of sustainability indicators (economic, social and environmental) for each instrument is obtained, making it possible to construct a composite indicator for irrigated agriculture (CIIA) in order to measure the overall sustainability performance of irrigated farms. Results show that pricing irrigation water will have a negative impact on overall sustainability, since economic (profitability) and social (generation of employment) sustainability will decline, while only a slight improvement in environmental sustainability will be obtained. However, we show that in order to fulfill WFD requirements, block-rate pricing results in high rates of public-sector revenues derived from irrigation water payments and promotes a significant reduction in the demand for irrigation water with the lowest reductions in farm sustainability measured in terms of the CIIA. ; La Directiva Marco de Aguas (DMA) exige a los estados de la UE la introducción de tarifas para la recuperación de los costes del agua. Este trabajo analiza las consecuencias de la hipotética implementación de diferentes formas de tarifación del agua de riego (por superficie, volumétrica, binómica y por tramos), estudiando su impacto sobre la sostenibilidad de las zonas regables. La aplicación empírica realizada se ha centrado en la Comarca de Campos (Palencia). Con este propósito se han empleado modelos de simulación basados en la programación matemática positiva, los cuales permiten simular el comportamiento productivo de los regantes ante la aplicación de los diferentes instrumentos analizados. La resolución de estos modelos ha permitido obtener, para cada instrumento de tarifación considerado, un conjunto multidimensional de indicadores de sostenibilidad (económicos, sociales y ambientales), a partir de los cuales se ha desarrollado un indicador sintético de sostenibilidad para el regadío (CIIA). Los resultados obtenidos ponen de manifiesto cómo la puesta en funcionamiento de las distintas formas de tarifación generarían un efecto negativo sobre la sostenibilidad del regadío en términos del CIIA, ya que empeorará sus sostenibilidad económica (rentabilidad) y social (generación de empleo), proporcionando tan sólo ligeras mejoras ambientales. En cualquier caso, al objeto de cumplir con la exigencia legal de la DMA, se evidencia que la forma de tarifación por tramos permite obtener elevados niveles de recaudación pública derivados de la tarifación del agua de riego y promueve una reducción significativa de la demanda de agua de riego con las menores reducciones en la sostenibilidad de las explotaciones medida en términos del CIIA.

Resumen: La prisión preventiva es la medida cautelar más grave e intensa del proceso penal, en tanto importa la coactiva privación de la libertad personal del imputado. Se trata de un instituto problemático, que plantea un contrapunto particularmente dilemático con la presunción de inocencia. Posee un fundamento constitucional, directamente vinculado con la necesidad de asegurar, en la medida de lo posible, la realización del derecho penal material. Aunque la regla general es que durante el desarrollo del proceso penal el imputado debe permanecer en libertad, no puede negarse la existencia de ciertos supuestos legitimadores de la prisión preventiva. La realidad social y la necesidad de respuestas racionales a los fenómenos de la inseguridad y de la delincuencia violenta han revelado serias fisuras en el paradigma según el cual los únicos supuestos legitimadores son los llamados peligros procesales de fuga o entorpecimiento de la investigación. Surgen así como datos que deben ser también necesariamente tenidos en cuenta para la detención cautelar tanto la especial gravedad del delito cometido y su relación con la preservación del orden público, como la existencia de un peligro de reiteración delictiva constatable. Estos dos últimos presupuestos legitimadores de la prisión preventiva cobran independencia conceptual de los primeramente mencionados. Además, cuando la prisión preventiva se funda en la especial gravedad del delito o en el peligro de reiteración delictiva, se transforma, aunque sin mutar su esencia, en un instrumento más en las políticas de seguridad dirigidas a combatir el fenómeno de la delincuencia. ; Abstract: The preventive detention is the most serious and intense injunction of the penal process, because it means the coercive deprivation of the personal liberty of the accused. It is a complicated measure, which poses a dilemmatic counterpoint with the presumption of innocence. It has a constitutional base directly associated with the need to assure, whenever it is possible, the realization of the sentence. Although the usual is that during the process the accused should remain free, it cannot be denied the existence of certain assumptions that make preventive detention a legitimate measure. Nowadays social situation and the need of reasonable answers to the insecurity and to the violent crimes have revealed serious problems in a model that dictates that the only legitimate motives are obstruction of the investigation and the nonappearance during process. So there must be valued the seriousness of the crime and the relation it has with the public order preservation, and the existence of an evident danger of criminal repetition for the preventive detention. Those last two legitimate motives of preventive detention are independent from the first ones from a conceptual point of view. Also, when the preventive detention is based on the major seriousness of the crime or in the danger of criminal repetition it turns into one more instrument of the security measures addressed to fight the insecurity, being essentially unchanged.