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We thank the four anonymous referees whose comments substantially helped to improve this paper. We thank Anna Attlee and Althea Davies who helped to facilitate the research workshops; Anna Attlee also for helping to analyse the qualitative data. We thank all the participants of our study for their effort, and the Marine Conservation Society, the British Sub-Aqua Club and the Angling Trust for assisting with participant recruitment. This work was funded through the UK National Ecosystem Assessment Follow-On (Work Package 6: Shared, Plural and Cultural Values), funded by the UK Department of the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), the Welsh Government, the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), and Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC); additional funding was received from the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation through the Marine Conservation Society. J.O. Kenter was also supported by the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under grant agreement no 315925 and K.N. Irvine by the Scottish Government Rural and Economic Sciences and Analytical Service (RESAS) Division. ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF

Participative cartography is often presented as a factor of democratisation and empowerment of societies, but it is also a butt of criticism because of strategies of recuperation and instrumentalization it may be the victim of. Endorsing Harley's idea (1995) that cartography is above all a language of power, we will examine a series of experiments in participative cartography in Madagascar through a methodology borrowed both from assessment of citizens' participation and analysis of the uses made of cartography. Malagasy examples prove that in a context of heavy technical, financial and political dependency, that kind of approach immediately conjures up an ethical question, and demands a reflexion on the social influence and power of "participatives" maps. The temporalities and levels of institutionalisation of the participative method, the degree of interaction between the actors and the map that may or may not allow the production of alternative cartographic representations, are so many factors that might either lead to new forms of shared power or on the contrary reinforce interference from outside and inequalities. ; La cartographie participative, souvent présentée comme un facteur de démocratisation et d'empowerment des sociétés fait également l'objet de critiques en raison des récupérations et instrumentalisations dont elle est parfois victime. Considérant avec Harley (1995) que la cartographie est avant tout un langage de pouvoir, nous questionnons une série d'expériences de cartographie participative à Madagascar à partir d'une méthodologie empruntée à la fois à l'évaluation de la participation citoyenne et à l'analyse des usages de la cartographie. Les exemples malgaches montrent que dans un contexte de forte dépendance technique, financière et politique, le déploiement de ce type d'approche pose avec acuité la question éthique et nécessite une réflexion sur la portée sociale des cartes présentées comme participatives. Les temporalités et le niveau d'institutionnalisation de la démarche participative, ...

Participative cartography is often presented as a factor of democratisation and empowerment of societies, but it is also a butt of criticism because of strategies of recuperation and instrumentalization it may be the victim of. Endorsing Harley's idea (1995) that cartography is above all a language of power, we will examine a series of experiments in participative cartography in Madagascar through a methodology borrowed both from assessment of citizens' participation and analysis of the uses made of cartography. Malagasy examples prove that in a context of heavy technical, financial and political dependency, that kind of approach immediately conjures up an ethical question, and demands a reflexion on the social influence and power of "participatives" maps. The temporalities and levels of institutionalisation of the participative method, the degree of interaction between the actors and the map that may or may not allow the production of alternative cartographic representations, are so many factors that might either lead to new forms of shared power or on the contrary reinforce interference from outside and inequalities. ; La cartographie participative, souvent présentée comme un facteur de démocratisation et d'empowerment des sociétés fait également l'objet de critiques en raison des récupérations et instrumentalisations dont elle est parfois victime. Considérant avec Harley (1995) que la cartographie est avant tout un langage de pouvoir, nous questionnons une série d'expériences de cartographie participative à Madagascar à partir d'une méthodologie empruntée à la fois à l'évaluation de la participation citoyenne et à l'analyse des usages de la cartographie. Les exemples malgaches montrent que dans un contexte de forte dépendance technique, financière et politique, le déploiement de ce type d'approche pose avec acuité la question éthique et nécessite une réflexion sur la portée sociale des cartes présentées comme participatives. Les temporalités et le niveau d'institutionnalisation de la démarche participative, ...

Participative cartography is often presented as a factor of democratisation and empowerment of societies, but it is also a butt of criticism because of strategies of recuperation and instrumentalization it may be the victim of. Endorsing Harley's idea (1995) that cartography is above all a language of power, we will examine a series of experiments in participative cartography in Madagascar through a methodology borrowed both from assessment of citizens' participation and analysis of the uses made of cartography. Malagasy examples prove that in a context of heavy technical, financial and political dependency, that kind of approach immediately conjures up an ethical question, and demands a reflexion on the social influence and power of "participatives" maps. The temporalities and levels of institutionalisation of the participative method, the degree of interaction between the actors and the map that may or may not allow the production of alternative cartographic representations, are so many factors that might either lead to new forms of shared power or on the contrary reinforce interference from outside and inequalities. ; La cartographie participative, souvent présentée comme un facteur de démocratisation et d'empowerment des sociétés fait également l'objet de critiques en raison des récupérations et instrumentalisations dont elle est parfois victime. Considérant avec Harley (1995) que la cartographie est avant tout un langage de pouvoir, nous questionnons une série d'expériences de cartographie participative à Madagascar à partir d'une méthodologie empruntée à la fois à l'évaluation de la participation citoyenne et à l'analyse des usages de la cartographie. Les exemples malgaches montrent que dans un contexte de forte dépendance technique, financière et politique, le déploiement de ce type d'approche pose avec acuité la question éthique et nécessite une réflexion sur la portée sociale des cartes présentées comme participatives. Les temporalités et le niveau d'institutionnalisation de la démarche participative, ...

This paper contrasts two approaches to implementing the notoriously ambiguous ideal of sustainability: one driven by the centralized, managerial metaphor of Spaceship Earth, and the other by a notion of stewardship that foregrounds the values of care and obligation. Both approaches depend on infrastructures to enable them, but these are built on different combinations of the material, the social, and the moral. Viewing Earth as a spaceship amenable to human guidance and control makes sense only if we also accept the power of dominant "centers of calculation" that gather and disseminate standardized knowledge instrumentally to ensure global coordination. Stewardship, by contrast, relies on infrastructures of locally shared values and distributed innovation in human-nature relations rather than on universal scientific knowledge or technology. Stewardship is often propagated by social movements seeking to promote globally sustainable ecological practices. The two approaches have markedly different implications for designing future infrastructures to promote transformations to sustainability.

Community health is an emerging and growing discipline of public health and it focuses on the physical, social, and mental well-being of the people of specific districts. This interdisciplinary field brings together aspects of health care, economics, environment, and people interaction. This handbook is a comprehensive reference on public health for higher education students, scholars, practitioners, and policymakers of health care. There are five key thematic sections in the book: perspectives in public health; community health in practise; planning, built, and social environment and community health; digital and mobile health; and,towards sustainable health in the community. Each theme explores the leading research and trends. This book aims to help achieve the shared goal of healthier communities and quality of life for the residents. This collaborative work should be a very useful handbook to health professionals and government bodies in the planning of initiatives to improve population health, prevent chronic diseases, control infectious diseases and outbreaks, and prepare for natural disasters. This handbook integrates research and practise of public health in the community.

Symbolic interactionism, applied in the context of Muslim clerics, suggests that society is constructed based on lived experiences and shared symbolic meanings where people see themselves and the social environment through the eyes of others. For this study, data collected from in-depth interviews were examined to investigate the viewpoints and occupational pathways of American born imams. Thus, this study explored the responsibilities assigned to imams and their communal objectives. Overall, this study found several challenges that imams experienced, professional and organizational. Utilizing symbolic interactionism, these issues were explicated, and the following overarching themes were generated: imams received inadequate training as religious leaders in their communities, relationships between the mosque board and an imam can directly reinforce or mitigate a challenging work environment, and it is most advantageous for American communities to hire American-born imams over foreign-born imams. The findings indicate that organizational support extended to imams from mosque boards leads to not only an amicable relationship but more productive community engagement.

Relational values have recently emerged as a novel conceptfor research on human-environment relationships, seekingto understand ethical principles that may fosterenvironmental stewardship, coupled with a recognition ofnature's contributions to people. At present, most empiricalresearch on relational values uses qualitative methods.Here we review some of the reasons that may havecontributed to the lack of quantitative research, besidesnoting that a lot of existing quantitative empirical researchon human-environment relationships already deals withrelational values, even if it does not use that terminology.We suggest that incorporating quantitative approaches intothe methodological toolkit of relational values research hasa number of benefits: First, it contributes to the empiricalevidence base testing hypotheses and assumptionsemerging from qualitative and conceptual work. Second, itmay help identifying core relational values shared acrosscultures, and this way improve communication andcooperation across different cultures. Third, it may improvethe political legitimacy of environmental decision-makingvia statistically representative measurements of publicviews. Complementing qualitative with quantitativeapproaches for relational values research is also in the spiritof integrated valuation and value pluralism.

This is a conference paper. ; A sustained and sufficient school water, sanitation, and hygiene (sWASH) environment consisting of strong WASH facilities, services, and practice is very important for student health and to reduce absenteeism. A strong sWASH environment may be associated with various contextual, institutional, and psychosocial factors internal to school governance, management, and decision-making. To address a knowledge gap and to inform future design and implementation of sWASH programs in Cambodia, an innovative and comprehensive cross-sectional study of 24 rural primary schools was completed to understand the roles of key players in sWASH in Cambodia, while also examining the decision-making processes and priorities at leadership levels. Our findings suggest the sWASH context in Cambodia is diverse and complex. Satisfaction with current sWASH services is low, even in cases of recent government or non-government organization intervention. School directors have ideas to improve WASH facilities and services and have identified these as priorities. Funding is scarce, and roles and responsibilities are shared among key stakeholders.

Based on an inductive analysis of qualitative in-depth interviews, extensive field observation, and document material, we introduce the concept of reproductive improvisation, an improvisation form that emphasizes reproducing something valued that is lost. We address how an organization might choose sameness in turbulent and ambiguous environments, and how it achieves that goal. Using the reestablishment of the Emergency Operations Center (EOC) following its destruction during the September 1l, 2001 World Trade Center disaster in New York City, we discuss how factors such as system stability, pressures to maintain the status quo, substitution accessibility, and retaining a preexisting mental map that develops into a shared vision all facilitate reproductive improvisation. This research differs from most other work on improvisation (e.g., Weick, 1998) that focuses on improvising to generate something new. Here we focus on improvising to generate something that is, as much as possible, the same as a previous model. We therefore add a new perspective on the usual thinking of improvisation and organizations responding to changing environments.

AbstractThe attempt to provide insight into the interactions between the economy and the environment has been an on‐going struggle for many decades. The rise of Ecological Economics can be seen as a positive step towards integrating social and natural science understanding by a movement that aims to go beyond the confines of mainstream economics towards a progressive political economy of the environment. However, this vision has not been shared by all those who have associated themselves with Ecological Economics and there has been conflict. An historical analysis is presented that shows the role of mainstream theory in delimiting the field of environmental research. The argument is put forward that rather than employing a purely mechanistic objective empirical methodology there is a need for an integrating interdisciplinarity heterodox economic approach. In order to distinguish this approach—from the more mainstream multidisciplinary linking of unreconstituted ecological and economic models—the name Social Ecological Economics is put forward as expressing the essential socio‐economic character of the needed work ahead.

I examine the business-state relationship in occupational safety on Britain's railways between approximately 1900 and 1939. Before 1914, I argue, occupational safety attracted significant state interest. Railway companies neutralized threatened government "interference" by constructing clearly defined roles for each party. Companies did not simply oppose state action, but used a combination of stalling, apparent cooperation, and a subtle discrediting of state "knowledge" to minimize the impact of state intervention upon managerial autonomy. The 1913 "Safety First" campaign was a preemptory response to threatened legislation and a clear instance of the influence of the regulatory environment over the decision-making process within enterprise. I explain the lack of government intervention in safety issues after 1914 in terms of wider political and economic developments in the British railway industry. Continuities across the period, and the companies' and the state's shared similar understandings of safety, predisposed the state acceptance of companies' claims that they could regulate employee safety without state involvement. I demonstrate the importance of state-business interaction in responses to dangerous work environments.

A report on women & men performing operational combat support functions alongside each other in a field-deployed military unit, focusing on the gender integration process. Several major issues are addressed: (1) What feelings does one experience in a field environment under simulated combat conditions & are these feelings gender-specific? (2) What about feminine hygiene concerns & availability of personal care facilities for women in the field? (3) Are women capable of surviving & working effectively under these kinds of conditions? (4) How does incorporating women into a unit affect its combat readiness? After surveying the current literature on these issues, findings of a participant observer in this combat exercise are reported, including an explanation of the awareness & salience of gender in this environment (the "gender consciousness" phenomenon) & the "commonality of experience" hypothesis, which suggests that bonding & cohesion are based on commonality of experience, shared risk, & mutual experiences of hardship, not on gender distinctions. Questions & suggestions for future research are also presented. HA

Do people make friends with those who are culturally and socially different to themselves? 'Friendship and Diversity' explores the social relationships of adults and children living in highly diverse localities in London. The authors examine how social class and ethnic difference affects the friendships of children in primary schools and their parents. The book draws on original and in-depth conversations 8 and 9 year olds about their classroom relationships, with parents about their own and their children?s friendships, and with teachers about supporting children?s friendships at school. Through detailed discussions of friendships, everyday multiculture, and attitudes towards shared social space, cultural difference and social class, the authors reveal what these friendships tell us about the nature and extent of social mixing and social divisions in cities with diverse populations

A persistent and seemingly intractable problem is the systemic failure to successfully scale evidence-informed social services to a level that achieves population-level improvements in well-being. There is a growing call for governments to enter the scaling environment as primary coordinators, trainers, and funders. Prior scholarship has identified four strategies governments may employ to enact these roles: convene and support high-level leadership teams, assess organizational readiness, provide technical assistance, and align funding. But it is unclear whether use of any or all of these government scaling strategies is sufficient to achieve desired outcomes. Moreover, prior scholarship largely focused on state and federal government roles, largely ignoring how these factors might operate in local government environments. Yet counties may hold the greatest scaling leverage because they often have well-established relationships with service providers through shared clients, contracts, and advocacy. The current study, thus, aimed to provide much needed insight into the relationship between these strategies and scaling outcomes in a local governmental context. Drawing data from a single county with a stated goal of scaling evidence-informed practices across human service organizations, it used public government records and crowd-sourced and computational data-extraction methods to create measures of these four alternative strategies. It assessed the relative effects of these strategies on scaling progress using time-to-event analysis. It found that county governments are well positioned to implement scaling strategies and that the proportion of social service providers adopting evidence-informed services can increase, as can the proportion of county funding directed to these organizations. It also found some empirical support for a link between three of the strategies and scaled evidence-informed services—convening a leadership team, assessing readiness, and aligning funding. Moreover, it identified a new and potentially desirable county strategy—establishing a shared local measure of evidence-informed service. This study design is highly replicable and as such provides a general model to apply to other local environments to identify common county levers that effectively promote the scaling of evidence-informed social services.