Suchergebnisse

Differences in blood pressure among individuals of African ancestry living in the United States compared with those living in Africa suggest that the high prevalence of hypertension among African Americans may be due in part to environmental factors. There are a number of environmental models that attempt to account for the high rate of hypertension among African Americans. One model proposes that a strong African self-concept protects African-American adolescents from the hypertensive effects of social stress. This model was tested during a blood pressure survey of 333 adolescents in three urban Los Angeles high schools. African self-concept was assessed using a three-item scale. The average score for the three items was strongly related to systolic blood pressure among African-American male adolescents. After controlling for age, body mass index, and parent's education in regression analyses, the relation was reduced, but an effect remained. The model suggests that the hypertensive effects of the environment will operate unless the pathway from environmental stress to hypertension is blocked by a strong African-American self-concept.

Introduction -- The land of Jim Crow: African Americans on the eve of World War I -- From field to factory: the wartime migration of African Americans -- Fighting the fight: the struggle for black officers and combat soldiers -- Raising a Jim Crow Army: the mobilization and training of African American troops -- Over there: African American soldiers in France -- Closing ranks? African Americans on the home front -- Returning to racism -- Appendix: Documents

This volume approaches the history of slave testimony in three ways: by prioritising the broad tradition over individual authors; by representing inter-disciplinary approaches to slave narratives; and by highlighting emerging scholarship on slave narratives, concerning both established debates over concerns of authorship and agency, for example, and developing concerns like eco-critical readings of slave narratives.

Social Security (SS) was formulated on a pay-as-you-go basis. Thus, current workers' contributions fund retired workers' benefits. As baby boomers begin to retire, the contribution-to-benefit ratio would decline significantly. In response, some advocates of reform have been proposing privatization of the SS system. Specifically, for African Americans whose retirement incomes are highly dependent on SS incomes, the question of how to fix the system is of paramount concern. To this end, this study investigates the potential implications of SS privatization with respect to African Americans and the majority population. Using data from various sources, particularly the U.S. Bureau of Census Current Population Survey and the Survey of Consumer Finances, this study concludes via a descriptive case study approach that the benefits of the current SS program outweigh the costs. In contrast, the costs of SS privatization far exceed the benefits in the case of African Americans compared with the majority population

The purpose of this research was to examine the relationship between attitudes toward women and managerial ability of African Americans. African American males were compared with African American females on both the Attitudes Toward Women Scale and the Supervisory Ability Scale. No differences were found between the groups regarding supervisory ability. However, significant differences were found between males and females on the AWS scale. According to their score on the AWS scale, males were divided into those who had traditional views of the roles of women and those who held liberal views of the roles of women. Those characterized as liberal had a significantly higher score on the Supervisory Ability Scale than those characterized as traditional. These findings imply that as more able African‐American males advance in management, African‐American females may fare better than at present.

Chronology -- Liberia : Black colony -- American support : dollar diplomacy -- Davis : mission defined -- Young : rescuing Liberia -- York, Green, Anderson : war and peace -- Young : final post -- Nabors, Staten, Outley : mission transition -- Firestone : privatization -- Afterward : starting over -- Conclusion : accomplishments -- Appendix : biographies of African Americans who served in Liberia 1910-1942

This qualitative study examines the coping strategies of African American grandmothers grieving the loss of an adult child to an AIDS death while parenting orphaned grandchildren. The results suggest that (a) African American cultural norms compel caregiving behaviors that include parenting grandchildren, even at great personal cost; (b) an abiding religious and spiritual faith allowed the respondents to cope with the several losses they experienced; and (c) social service agencies, churches, primary care and mental health facilities that provide services for AIDS survivors will need to develop programs that are culturally sensitive and accessible to the targeted populations.

The development of work roles among African American women is discussed using a self-regenerating loop characteristic of historicist theory. The necessity of a multicultural view of women and work is essential in understanding African American women and their families. The use of past circumstances and consequences results in a more comprehensive model for African American married women in the incorporation of the interaction between work and family. Work outside the home as a significant component in the lives of African American women commands careful attention to theories and historical discussions. Different experiences by race in paid employment outside the home have implications for understanding current issues affecting all employed women.

"Burnett and Hoffman set forth a persuasive argument to marketing decision makers, the media, agencies and entrepreneurs that they must change the way they view African American consumers and a powerful subset within this group, Affluent African Americans. In this book, the authors define the audience (through demographics and psychographics), provide rich historical background for the rise of this community, and then compare the affluent African American market with the traditional affluent American market. Together, this provides a comprehensive look at the rise of this market, detailed data about how this market consumes, and how business can target this untapped source of business"--Provided by publisher

Presents a framework for discussions in which all workers, Black, Brown, and White, are urged to take part; includes unemployment, the wage gap, and the need for African Americans to be represented at all levels of government.

For a variety of reasons, there is little systematic evidence about African American attitudes about interracial marriage. National data are often sparse or not available, and they are often dated. Using a Year 2000 nationally representative poll from The New York Times, we analyze African American approval of interracial marriage. The sample comprised 934 African Americans. Eighty-five percent say they approve of interracial marriage. Education, sex, age, and region are significantly related to approval in the bivariate analyses. Analysis of the amount of contact or friendship African Americans have with Whites appears to be a critical variable affecting attitudes about intergroup marriage; the effects of most of the other variables become nonsignificant when friendship is included in the analysis.

"This is the first paper to document the effect of health on the migration propensities of African Americans in the American past. Using both IPUMS and the Colored Troops Sample of the Civil War Union Army Data, I estimate the effects of literacy and health on the migration propensities of African Americans from 1870 to 1910. I find that literacy and health shocks were strong predictors of migration and the stock of health was not. There were differential selection propensities based on slave status - former slaves were less likely to migrate given a specific health shock than free blacks. Counterfactuals suggest that as much as 35% of the difference in the mobility patterns of former slaves and free blacks is explained by differences in their human capital, and more than 20% of that difference is due to health alone. Overall, the selection effect of literacy on migration is reduced by one-tenth to one-third once health is controlled for. The low levels of human capital accumulation and rates of mobility for African Americans after the Civil War are partly explained by the poor health status of slaves and their immediate descendants"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site

AbstractThis article examines transnational connections between African American emancipation in the United States and Chinese and Indian indenture within the British Empire. In an era of social upheaval and capitalist crisis, planters and colonial officials envisioned coolies as a source of uninterrupted plantation labor. This vision was often bound to the conditions of African American emancipation. In British Honduras, colonial officials sought to bring emancipated African Americans to the colony as labor for sugar plantations. When this project failed, interest turned toward indentured Chinese labor managed by white planters from the U.S. South. In India's North-Western Provinces, the outbreak of famine came to be seen as a "kindred distress" to the crisis in Lancashire's textile industry. Unemployed English factory workers were seen as suffering from famine due to the scarcity of slave-produced cotton, just as colonial subjects suffered from scarcity of food. While some weavers in the North-Western Provinces were taken into the coolie trade, the emigration of unemployed Lancashire weavers was looked to as a possible alternative to indenture. Drawing upon archives in Australia, Belize, Britain, India, and the United States, this article explores connections between seemingly disparate histories. By focusing upon their interrelation, this article locates the formation of crisis not in raw materials, but rather within a transnational struggle over racialized labor exploitation, or what W.E.B. Du Bois called the "dark and vast sea of human labor."