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How psychology explains why a leader is willing to use military force to protect or salvage reputationIn Who Fights for Reputation, Keren Yarhi-Milo provides an original framework, based on insights from psychology, to explain why some political leaders are more willing to use military force to defend their reputation than others. Rather than focusing on a leader's background, beliefs, bargaining skills, or biases, Yarhi-Milo draws a systematic link between a trait called self-monitoring and foreign policy behavior. She examines self-monitoring among national leaders and advisers and shows that while high self-monitors modify their behavior strategically to cultivate image-enhancing status, low self-monitors are less likely to change their behavior in response to reputation concerns.Exploring self-monitoring through case studies of foreign policy crises during the terms of U.S. presidents Carter, Reagan, and Clinton, Yarhi-Milo disproves the notion that hawks are always more likely than doves to fight for reputation. Instead, Yarhi-Milo demonstrates that a decision maker's propensity for impression management is directly associated with the use of force to restore a reputation for resolve on the international stage.Who Fights for Reputation offers a brand-new understanding of the pivotal influence that psychological factors have on political leadership, military engagement, and the protection of public prestige

This is an Open Access book. The primary objective of this book is to seek out insights into the concept of high-quality growth (HQG). It explores the essential attributes of HQG, such as inclusiveness, sustainability, and resilience, as well as its relationship with transformation, by drawing principally on illustrative cases and instances of international cooperation. The United Nations document on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) states that "We resolve to create conditions for sustainable, inclusive and sustained economic growth, shared prosperity and decent work for all." As such, the concept of quality growth is inherent in many aspects of the SDGs. A similar approach can be seen in the Development Cooperation Charter announced by the Japanese government in 2015. According to the Charter, one of the most important challenges of development is quality growth and the reduction of poverty achieved through such growth. The approach in the Charter emphasizes inclusiveness, sustainability, and resilience. This volume is a pioneering study on quality growth as well as its relationship with SDGs and transformation. Comprehensive studies on quality growth are very few. The case study approach distinguishes the present volume from some previous literature that discussed quality growth within the framework of general policy. Instead, in this book, concrete cases and experiences provide insights into hands-on "ingredients". Through the case studies, it can be seen more clearly that transformation and quality growth are phenomena that do not occur automatically but, rather, ones that require specific, properly designed strategies and approaches. Another unique feature of this book is that it aims to make explicit some of the consistent, but implicit, principles of Japan's international cooperation.

The paper deals with the relation between the concept of entropy in
international relations and the influence of the coronavirus pandemic upon
them. In many ways, the coronavirus pandemic is an unprecedented event in
contemporary history, but the corona age only confirms the already present
trend of chaos and unpredictability in post-Cold War international
relations, which Randall Schweller explained by the concept of entropy - the
tendency of the rise in the disorder of every closed system. The goal of the
paper is to consider this concept and revisit it by an assessment of how the
impact of the coronavirus pandemic on international relations fits into it.
Starting from Schweller?s observation that, in the past, hegemonic wars were
the primary mechanism of containing entropy in the international system,
along with his prediction that some natural catastrophe could have a certain
impact in that direction in the future, the author departs with this
research question: Could the coronavirus pandemic bring a reduction of
entropy in the post-corona age, or will it only deepen the trend of entropy?
Confirming the latter, the author finds the explanation for the resilience
of entropy in the absence of balance of power in the contemporary
international system - which is opposed to Schweller?s expectation that only
hegemony can contain entropy. The conclusion is that the great powers in the
post-corona age should consciously work on restoring and maintaining a
balance of power if they want to make the system more resilient to some next
global catastrophe.

Derzeit wird der Jugendstrafvollzug in Österreich stark kritisiert. Die Öffentlichkeit wird immer wieder mit Missständen in Strafvollzugsanstalten, die Jugendliche betreffen, durch die Medien konfrontiert. Aus diesem Grund werden in der vorliegenden Diplomarbeit die spezifischen völkerrechtlichen Bestimmungen der Straf- und Untersuchungshaft für Kinder und Jugendliche mit der österreichischen Rechtsordnung verglichen. Durch diesen Vergleich werden die Mängel der österreichischen Rechtslage, die bei der Umsetzung auftreten, aufgezeigt und es werden Empfehlungen, die zur Behebung dieser Mängel beitragen können, formuliert. Im Einzelnen werden die völkerrechtlichen Voraussetzungen an die Straf- und Untersuchungshaft, kinderspezifische Verfahrensgarantien sowie Aspekte der kinderspezifischen Behandlung während des Freiheitsentzuges untersucht. Bezüglich der behandelten Verfahrensgarantien werden das Recht auf umgehenden Zugang zu einem rechtskundigen oder anderen geeigneten Beistand und das Recht auf Haftprüfung mit der österreichischen Rechtsordnung verglichen. Die Aspekte der kinderspezifischen Behandlung, die in dieser Arbeit behandelt werden, beinhalten das Folterverbot, das Gebot zur Trennung von Kindern und Erwachsenen, das Recht auf Bildung und die Überprüfungs- und Beschwerdemechanismen während der Untersuchungs- und Strafhaft. ; Currently prisons dealing with juvenile offenders are criticised in Austria. The public has been repeatedly confronted by the media with abuse in these penal institutions. Therefore, this diploma thesis compares the international provisions of youth imprisonment and pre-trial detention with the Austrian domestic law. The comparison shows the lack of implementation in the Austrian legal system. Furthermore recommendations will be made to avoid these deficits in the implementation. In detail, the requirements of international law regarding youth imprisonment and pre-trial detention, procedural safeguards for juveniles deprived of their liberty and special aspects concerning the treatment of juveniles during imprisonment and pre-trial detention will be examined. Regarding the procedural safeguards addressed the right of access to legal or other appropriate assistance and the right to challenge the legality will be compared with the Austrian legal system. The aspects addressed in this thesis, concerning the treatment of juveniles during imprisonment and pre-trial detention, are the prohibition of torture, the order to separate children from adults, the right to education and the inspection and complaints procedures. ; von Anna Opriessnig ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Graz, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2014 ; (VLID)252103