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International audience ; This article brings up the consequences of international organisations' actions on Uzbek political institutions. These organisations, which are powerful in term of ideological and financial resources, play a new role in the local political game. The Uzbek government uses the international organisations' presence to legitimize the new independence. On the other hand, international organisations – as the European TACIS project which is analysed as a case study in this article – propose to support the government in implementing the necessary reforms. They present their projects as a simple technical intervention without any political commitment. Nevertheless, the TACIS project supporting the construction of the Academy of State, has an explicit political character. The project underlines European contradictions and the limits in its external actions. It is actually taken over by the local power games opposing regional factions. It has no influence over the rules of the political game, but instead of fulfilling its goal, it is used as a resource by one group in the organisation of political struggle. ; Cet article met en lumière les conséquences des actions menées par les Organisations internationales sur les institutions politiques ouzbekes. Ces organisations, qui sont puissantes en termes de ressources idéologiques et financières, jouent un rôle nouveau dans le jeu politique local. Le gouvernement ouzbek instrumentalise la présence des institutions internationales pour légitimer sa nouvelle indépendance. D'un autre côté, ces dernières comme par exemple le projet européen TACIS, qui est utilisé dans cet article comme un cas d'étude, proposent d'aider le gouvernement à la mise en œuvre des réformes nécessaires. Elles présentent leurs projets comme de simples interventions techniques sans objectifs politiques. Néanmoins, le projet TACIS qui soutient la construction d'une Académie nationale, a un caractère éminemment politique. Le projet souligne les contradictions européennes et les limites ...

This paper discusses Rwandaâ??s First Review Under the Policy Support Instrument. Rwanda continues to face the challenge of sustaining high growth while reducing its reliance on aid and preventing the build-up of imbalances. After using foreign exchange reserves over the past few years to support the economy, the room for maneuver is more limited and it will be important to rebuild policy buffers. Growth is projected to increase to 6 percent in 2014. In the short term, the need to support growth and preserve the level of foreign reserves requires a cautious fiscal stance while maintaining prio

The activity of international holding companies has become crucial for the European economy. In particular, attention should to paid to the tax-related issues, which arise out of the cross-border activity of holding companies. Increasingly, holding companies employ aggressive tax optimisation in their strategies. While the tax policies of individual E.U. Member States have turned out to be of little effectiveness, simultaneously, the lack of a common and harmonised tax policy designed to counteract tax optimisation has become a serious problem for the European Union. Therefore, the European Commission strives to develop a fiscal concept which will - on the one hand - allow to effectively combat international tax optimisation adopted by holding companies and - on the other hand - be integral with the internal tax systems of individual Member States.

The paper analyses the general features of the ongoing debate within the
feminist approach to the International Relations studies with the aim to
discover whether its proponents continue to tear down the traditional norms
of this academic discipline at the beginning of the 21st century, to give
innovative insights, and to illuminate the power structure hidden in the
so-called ?mainstream? IR theories. The paper discusses the most important
feminist research questions and topics of the day, the basic feminist
argumentation and its genesis, and stresses internal disagreements and
criticism towards some theoretical standpoints within the feminist branch of
the International Relations discipline. The analysis focuses on research
articles and books published in the period 2001-2016 and primarily in the
United States and the United Kingdom - the countries where feminist academia
is fairly developed in the discipline of International Relations. The author
concludes that despite the influence strengthened by the increased number of
published research papers, books, and collections of papers in the early 21st
century, the proponents of feminist IR theories continue to struggle for
their ?place under the Sun? within the mainstream of the International
Relations academic community. The epistemological contribution of feminist
theories to the International Relations discipline is best seen in regard to
their dissident innovations, which ?soften? the traditionally rigid framework
of mainstream theory by expanding the list of legitimate research topics and
introducing postpositive methodological approaches and techniques.

Dieser Beitrag beleuchtet die Genese des EU-Prozesses zu Klimawandel und Sicherheit und dessen Entwicklung über den Zeitraum 2007 bis 2009. Die sicherheitspolitische Problematik des Klimawandels wird an den Regionen Südostasien und östlicher Mittelmeerraum ("Levante") aufgezeigt. Im Falle Südostasiens hat die EU gemeinsam mit dem ASEAN Regional Forum einen politischen Dialog zu den sicherheitspolitischen Implikationen des Klimawandels initiiert. In der Levante ist die weitere Entwicklung durch die Nähe zu Europa sowie die Fragilität der gesamten Region des Nahen und Mittleren Ostens von hohem politischen Interesse für die EU. Der Beitrag schließt mit einer Reflexion der bisherigen Aktivitäten der EU sowie mit einem Ausblick auf die mögliche Zukunft des EU-Prozesses zu Klimawandel und Sicherheit. (ICE2)

Abstract
This paper analyses frameworks for the design of the rules for international trading, assuming that it is possible to have some rule of law. In the Arrow–Debreu benchmark, where there is no economic power and political power is seemingly irrelevant, there is no need for trade agreements—free trade is the optimal policy for each country. But under even minimal deviations from that benchmark, trade agreements matter. We focus on environments in which there are market failures, technology is endogenous, and there is political power. Power dynamics play, for instance, a critical role in the design, implementation, and enforcement of agreements, with the latter being a critical difference between international agreements and domestic contracts and a key determinant of the feasibility and consequences of agreements. With endogenous technology, trade rules proscribing industrial policies may lead to lower growth and greater cross-country inequalities. Finally, we develop a normative framework which may be useful in the design and implementation of trade rules.