Suchergebnisse

Contexte et enjeux: Les espaces arborés peuvent prendre différentes formes dans les paysages à dominante agricole en France et en Europe tempérée : bois, bosquets et plantations, mais aussi haies, alignements d'arbres et plantations agroforestières. Ils sont en interaction étroite avec les activités agricoles, de culture ou d'élevage dans dynamiques particulières. Il peut s'agir (1) d'interactions socio-techniques entre acteurs et ressources lorsque des agriculteurs possèdent, gèrent ou utilisent des portions de forêt, (2) d'interactions biophysiques spatiales entre ressources quand l'activité agricole est influencée par la proximité des forêts, mais aussi (3) d'interactions sociales entre acteurs agriculteurs et forestiers qui vont parfois déterminer certains modes de gestion forestière. Ces différents points de vue expliquent la difficulté à bien délimiter les forêts des paysages ruraux agricoles, ainsi que le manque de connaissance à leur égard. Ces espaces arborés sont dynamiques et, durant les 2 derniers siècles, leur répartition spatiale a fortement changé, avec des processus de fragmentation par endroits et de défragmentation dans les zones de déprise agricole. Néanmoins, comparativement aux espaces agricoles environnants soumis aux rotations de cultures, ils apparaissent relativement stables et constituent de ce fait ce qu'on appelle des infrastructures écologiques influant très significativement les caractéristiques des milieux voisins. Ils sont ainsi souvent vus comme des réservoirs de biodiversité dans les paysages agricoles. Problématique: Etudier les relations entre ces espaces arborés des paysages et l'agriculture est crucial pour aider à concevoir des territoires ruraux valorisant au mieux et de façon durable l'ensemble de leurs ressources, agricoles et forestières, et des services qui y sont liés. Cette problématique s'inscrit dans les priorités nationales pour une agriculture plus agroécologique. Méthodes: A partir de plusieurs exemples de travaux récents en écologie, géographie, agronomie et ethnologie, la présentation montre les différents aspects de ces interactions entre espaces arborés et agriculture, comment elles influent sur des propriétés clés des territoires et comment elles pourraient être mieux valorisée. Ces exemples s'appuient sur des recherches interdisciplinaires et conduites en partenariat, combinant des approches écologiques avec des analyses socio-techniques. Résultats: De nombreux travaux ont largement montré les rôles clés des espaces arborés dans la dynamique de population d'espèces contribuant à des services écosystémiques importants pour l'agriculture comme la régulation des bioagresseurs ou la pollinisation. Ainsi des suivis spatialisés de la répartition des carabiques, prédateurs auxiliaires des cultures de part et d'autre de lisières forestières montrent clairement que les bois peuvent fournir un surcroit d'individus qui vont chasser dans les cultures adjacentes. De plus, plusieurs résultats laissent penser que cet effet est crucial surtout quand des évènements extrêmes réduisent drastiquement les populations déjà présentes dans les champs. Les espaces arborés joueraient ainsi un rôle de réservoir pour contribuer à reconstituer les populations d'auxiliaires. Des travaux similaires montrent des phénomènes comparables pour les pollinisateurs, en particulier sur l'intérêt des lisières dans la fourniture de ressources florales tout au long de l'année et de leur capacité à abriter des sites de nidification et d'hivernation. Les caractéristiques des lisières jouent un rôle important et mal connu dans ces échanges ; on peut supposer qu'ils pourraient être favorisés par une gestion particulière de ces interfaces. Les espaces arborés sont à l'origine d'un grand nombre de services écosystémiques. Le projet Terafor, soutenu par la Fondation de France, en a ainsi identifié près de 70 ; ils ont été intégrés dans un système d'analyse multi-critères destiné à aider à élaborer des projets de territoires agri-forestiers valorisant l'ensemble de ces services. Parallèlement, des recherches exploratoires tentent d'utiliser les données satellitaires nouvelles pour fournir des cartographies de niveaux potentiels de services. Enfin, il convient de signaler que si les espaces arborés sont sources de services pour l'agriculture, l'inverse est aussi vrai : les bois et forêts bénéficient de services issus des autres composantes des paysages ; la régulation des insectes défoliateurs des arbres s'avère par exemple plus élevée en lisière, tandis que les mouvements de chevreuils entre les cultures où ils se nourrissent et les bois semblent contribuer à la fertilisation du sol forestier. Le bois produit par les espaces arborés contribue à satisfaire l'accroissement de l'usage de la biomasse pour se substituer aux énergies fossiles, ou les compléter. Il existe maintenant de multiples formes de valorisation du bois qui s'adaptent aux conditions locales et aux possibilités des opérateurs. L'association Bois Paysan en Ariège a ainsi développé des circuits courts de vente de bûches aux particuliers. En réponse à une demande croissante, des filières nouvelles et originales se mettent en place, avec l'émergence, parfois, de véritables « ateliers bois » dans des exploitations agricoles qui diversifient ainsi leurs activités. Les usages du bois se sont aussi élargis et l'agriculture commence à en utiliser plus fréquemment, pas seulement comme source d'énergie ou de matériaux de construction. Dans le APIL en Ariège, par exemple, les multiples usages du bois en exploitation agricole sont testés : litière pour les animaux ou paillage pour les plantations. Au-delà du bilan matériel et économique pour les exploitations, ces démarches de valorisation des produits des espaces arborés des paysages agricoles contribuent aussi à renforcer des projets de territoires en valorisant des ressources dispersées par des usages les plus proches possibles. Grâce aux possibilités de communication actuelles et de mise en réseau, la dispersion des ressources en bois n'est plus toujours un handicap et devrait contribuer à une relocalisation d'une partie des approvisionnements en énergie et matériaux. Enfin, des recherches en sciences sociales ont clairement montré que les espaces arborés sont associés à une dimension culturelle particulière dans la perception qu'ont les habitants de leur environnement et de son devenir. Ainsi, dans le Sud-Ouest de la France, nous avons montré que les bois sont un marqueur social fort qui relie les familles d'aujourd'hui à leur histoire et s'inscrivent dans une tradition de transmission des patrimoines et de gestion à objectif d'autosuffisance particulière. Connaitre ces dimensions sociales est essentiel, tant pour les respecter et les préserver comme partie d'un patrimoine culturel spécifique, que pour pouvoir les faire évoluer et lever des blocages qui limiteraient des développements durables. A cet égard, les démarches participatives de co-construction de ces projets de développement semblent une façon pertinente de prendre en compte les multiples attentes des habitants d'un territoire agricole et forestier. Discussion et conclusion: Ces exemples soulignent combien la séparation entre gestion forestière et agriculture dans bien des régions est artificielle et mériterait d'être remise en cause dans les projets d'aménagement des territoires. Pourtant, les politiques actuelles, comme le récent Plan National Forêt Bois, semblent tourner le dos à la valorisation de ces interactions, privilégiant des approches par filières cloisonnées. La foresterie tout comme l'agriculture, et d'autres activités humaines, tireraient un bénéfice à mieux coordonner leurs objectifs et leurs actions. Des initiatives locales vont dans ce sens et la recherche montre comment ces interactions écologiques, techniques et socio-culturelles s'avèrent importantes dans une perspective de développement plus durable.

CLARIN AND SWE-CLARIN CLARIN (Common Language Resources and Technology Infrastructure) is a European Research Infrastructure Consortium (ERIC), an ESFRI (European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures) initiative which aims at (a) making extensive language-based materials available as primary research data to the Humanities and Social Sciences (HSS) research communities; and (b) offering state-of-the-art language technology (LT) as an e- research tool for this purpose, positioning CLARIN centrally in what is often referred to as the digital humanities (DH). Swe-Clarin as the Swedish CLARIN node was established in 2015 with funding from the Swedish Research Council by a consortium consisting of 9 members – so-called Swe-Clarin centers – representing the Swedish academic community as well as public memory institutions. The academic members are well balanced over the LT field, covering existing and possible research areas and user groups, and the memory institutions provide access to many of the language-based materials of interest to the users. Swe-Clarin is coordinated by Språkbanken, University of Gothenburg. From the start, Swe-Clarin has aimed to establish good relations to the HSS fields and open the door for all researchers who wish to work with DH research using text and speech as primary research data. To avoid being a project by language technologists for linguists, we strive to include the HSS researchers in the process as early as possible. Our preferred way of doing this has been to establish small pilot projects with at least one member from the HSS field and at least one Swe-Clarin consortium member, together formulating a research question the addressing of which requires working with large language-based materials. Ideally, the collaboration should additionally always include a data owner, a person or persons representing the institution where the text or speech data is kept – typically a memory institution. The pilot projects aim to spread the word of Swe-Clarin, show the potential of using language technology in DH research, create a user base for the tools and resources developed and maintained by Swe-Clarin, and last but not least, having this development being informed by input from users in the earliest possible stages of the project. Some pilot projects are already underway (see below). In addition to the pilot projects, we have arranged workshops and user days and published newsletters and a blog. The workshops held so far have been on topics such as: general introduction to Swe-Clarin, our tools and resources; historical resources and tools; making cultural heritage text data available for research; and HSS research on digitized speech data, such as those of the Swedish Media Archive. We have started a series of workshops called Swe-Clarin on tour where Språkbanken's widely used Korp corpus infrastructure (Borin et al. 2012) is used to explore previously unexplored materials in a hands-on manner, giving researchers of LT and HSS the opportunity to meet and discuss research questions and the potentials of using LT for DH. The experience from working with HSS researchers will help reveal the limitations of existing tools and hopefully also engender general methodological discussion, thus setting the stage for future development of tools more appropriate for DH research. The first such workshop was held at Stockholm University in the spring of 2016. It featured the ethnographic questionnaires collected by the Nordic Museum since the late 1920s and now digitized by them, and it was attended mainly by ethnologists. The next workshop in the series will be held in Umeå in conjunction with the Swedish Language Technology Conference in November 2016. There the material in focus will be the Swedish Government Official Reports (Statens offentliga utredningar, SOU), in the version digitized by the National Library of Sweden, comprising more than 400 million words covering the years 1922–1998. SOME SWE-CLARIN PILOT PROJECTS Attitudes Toward Rhetoric Over TimeIn this pilot project, a historian of rhetoric at Uppsala University together with the Swe-Clarin center Språkbanken explored how Språkbanken's Korp infrastructure could be applied to the research question of how the attitudes to rhetoric expressed in Swedish public discourse have changed over the last 200 years. The focus in the pilot project was on a large (almost 1 billion words) digitized historical newspaper material provided by the National Library, but some preliminary studies of modern social media were also included for comparison. (Viklund and Borin 2016) A Text Analysis Toolbox for Learner LanguageThe Swe-Clarin center at Uppsala University has developed SWEGRAM, a web service that provides automatic linguistic annotation at word and sentence level, which can subsequently be used to derive statistics on different linguistic characteristics of the texts, for example, the number of words and sentences in a text, the average length of a word, the distribution of word classes or different measures of readability. In a collaboration with researchers at the Department of Scandinavian Languages at Uppsala University, SWEGRAM has been made the basis for a web-based tool for annotation and quantitative analysis of student essays for the national exam in Swedish and Swedish as a second language for different grades (3rd, 6th, 9th grade). (Megyesi et al. 2016) The Annotated Strindberg CorpusThe Swe-Clarin center at Stockholm University in collaboration with the Swedish Literature Bank (Litteraturbanken) and the editorial team of the National Edition of August Strindberg's Collected Works aim to construct a linguistically annotated corpus of Strindberg's collected works. The National Edition consists of 72 volumes with about 6 million words published between 1981 and 2012. The annotated version of the corpus will enable new kinds of research to be conducted on this material, as well as pave the way for even deeper annotation in the future. (Nilsson Björkenstam et al. 2014) LAST BUT NOT LEAST We strongly encourage you to contact us if you are interested in any of our resources, in conducting a pilot study with us or if you have any ideas or questions regarding digital humanities research with respect to language technology and resources: . See also . REFERENCES Borin, L., Forsberg, M., & Roxendal, J. (2012). Korp – the corpus infrastructure of Språkbanken. In Proceedings of LREC 2012 (pp. 474–478). Istanbul: ELRA. Megyesi, B., Näsman, J., & Palmér, A. (2016). The uppsala corpus of student writings: Corpus creation, annotation, and analysis. In Proceedings of LREC 2016 (pp. 3192–3199). Portorož: ELRA. Nilsson Björkenstam, K., Gustafson Capková, S., & Wirén, M. (2014). The Stockholm University Strindberg Corpus: Content and possibilities. In R. Lysell (Ed.), Strindberg on international stages/Strindberg in translation. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Viklund, J., & Borin, L. (2016). How can big data help us study rhetorical history? In Selected Papers from the CLARIN Annual Conference 2015 (pp. 79–93). Linköping: LiU EP.

Desde que se promulga la Ley de Accidentes de Trabajo en 1900, comienza en nuestro país una larga y prolija carrera por construir el edificio preventivo que culminará con la promulgación de la Ley de Prevención de Riesgos Laborales de 1995. Un siglo en el que la contradicción entre lo evidente, es decir, la existencia, el número y la gravedad de las cifras alcanzadas por los accidentes de trabajo, y lo prioritario, el ahorro de costes, la preocupación por aumentar la productividad a toda costa, mejorar los ingresos, tanto a nivel empresarial como a título particular, han estado siempre presente. Para poder conocer esta tensión entre lo evidente y lo prioritario, hemos planteado en esta tesis, como objetivo general, analizar la evolución de la siniestralidad laboral en España durante el siglo XX. Y como objetivos específicos: construir la serie estadística de accidentes del trabajo para el siglo XX, contextualizar el desarrollo normativo en materia de seguridad e higiene con la situación política, económica y social. Contrastar el desarrollo normativo con la evolución estadística. Analizar su evolución cronológica y el comportamiento de sus variables más destacadas. Analizar los cambios acontecidos en el proceso de elaboración de la estadística y el comportamiento estadístico que ha conocido en el sector de la minería y la construcción naval. Contrastar el comportamiento de la serie nacional con la evolución de las empresas mineras y la construcción naval. Contextualizar la aparición de algunas de las instituciones médico sanitarias que han ido surgiendo a lo largo del siglo. Analizar el alcance social de algunas de las instituciones médico-preventivas creadas a lo largo del siglo Proponer nuevos planteamientos y líneas de investigación. Para abordar estos objetivos, hemos tenido que llevar a cabo la construcción de la serie de accidentes de trabajo para el siglo XX en España desde una perspectiva general y particular para alguna de las grandes empresas nacionales del sector de la minería y de la construcción naval. Ello nos ha permitido superar la visión tradicional centrada en lo normativo y jurídico e incorporar la dimensión estadística de este fenómeno. De este trabajo hemos obtenido algunas de las siguientes conclusiones: 1. La serie de accidentes de trabajo para el siglo XX en España no responde a la evolución académicamente aceptada de los ciclos económicos. 2. La legislación en el corto y medio plazo no ha tenido una incidencia directa sobre el número de accidentes o al menos no se puede medir. 3. Se ha venido legislando fundamentalmente para la gran empresa. 4. El Franquismo, en el ámbito de la seguridad e higiene en el trabajo, supuso un claro continuismo con lo que se venía practicando durante el primer tercio del siglo. 5. El balance social de algunas de las iniciativas instituciones ha sido realmente escaso. 6. El discurso preventivo va a colisionar con las prácticas retributivas aplicadas desde los años Cuarenta. 7. El protagonismo que en este ámbito ha mantenido la Medicina del Trabajo justifica la atención prestada a las necesidades reparadoras más que a las preventivas. 8. Desde los Comités de Seguridad e Higiene y desde los Departamentos de Seguridad de las grandes empresas se empezaron a vislumbrar los riesgos de la institucionalización de la seguridad e higiene. 9. De los accidentes de trabajo lo conocemos prácticamente todo pero no somos capaces de reducir su número de una manera significativa. 10. El papel que la Organización Sindical Española ha jugado en este ámbito hay que reducirlo a labores de difusión y a labores formativas. El trabajo desarrollado en la tesis nos permite concluir que la tensión entre lo evidente y lo prioritario puede ser una buena línea argumental para tratar de explicar este fenómeno tan complejo pero al mismo tiempo tan atrayente. ; Since the Workers' Compensation Act was enacted in 1900, begins in our country a long and tedious race to build preventive building culminating in the enactment of the Law on Prevention of Occupational Risks in 1995. A century in which the contradiction between the obvious, that is, the existence, number and severity of the figures achieved by the accidents, and the priority, cost savings, concerns about increasing productivity at all costs, improve revenues, both enterprise level as a private capacity, have always been present. To know this tension between the obvious and the priority, we have raised in this thesis, the general objective of analyzing the evolution of workplace accidents in Spain during the twentieth century. And as specific objectives: to build the statistical series of accidents for the twentieth century, contextualize the policy development in the field of health and safety with the political, economic and social situation. Regulatory developments contrast with the statistical evolution. Analyze its chronological evolution and behavior of its most important variables. Analyze the changes that occurred in the process of making statistics and statistical behavior that has known in the mining and shipbuilding. Contrast the behavior of the national series with the evolution of the mining and shipbuilding. Contextualize the emergence of some of the medical and health institutions that have emerged throughout the century. Analyze the social scope of some of the medical and preventive institutions created throughout the century propose new approaches and lines of research. To address these objectives, we have had to carry out the construction of the number of accidents for the twentieth century in Spain from a comprehensive and unique perspective on some of the big national companies in the mining sector and shipbuilding. This has allowed us to overcome the traditional vision centered on the normative and legal and incorporate the statistical dimension of this phenomenon. In this work we have obtained some of the following conclusions: 1. The number of accidents for the twentieth century in Spain does not respond to academically accepted the evolution of economic cycles. 2. Legislation in the short and medium term has not had a direct impact on the number of accidents or at least can not be measured. 3. legislation has been enacted primarily for the enterprise. 4. The Franco in the field of health and safety at work, was a clear continuity with what had been practiced during the first third of the century. 5. The social balance of some of the initiatives institutions has been really low. 6. Preventive speech will collide with compensation practices implemented since the forties. 7. The role that this area has maintained the Occupational justifies the attention paid to preventive . rather than remedial needs. 8. From the Health and Safety Committees and from security departments of large companies became apparent the risks of institutionalization of safety and hygiene. 9. Of the accidents we know practically everything but we are not able to reduce their number significantly. 10. The role that Spanish trade union organization has played in this area must be reduced to outreach work training and work. The work on the thesis allows us to conclude that the obvious tension between the priority and can be a good storyline to try to explain this complex phenomenon but yet so appealing.

In Eastern Europe the financial crisis of 2008 highlighted the gap between expectations concerning the new configuration of liberal and capitalist states on the one hand, and the social realities on the other. Waves of contention followed, which were provoked especially by austerity measures implemented by the respective governments. These were in their majority directed against the post-communist elites, which were held responsible for the perceived slow progress regarding economic performance and the democratization process in the years before. With the purpose of analyzing new forms of collective action and protests that appeared following this crisis, this dissertation is dedicated to study, in a comparative manner, activist networks in Hungary and Romania between 2008 and 2014.The following questions are in the center of the study: Are those recent waves of mobilization different from forms of protests prior to the crisis or can we observe a continuation of repertoires of contention? If Romania and Hungary are considered to be countries still located in the transition process, without having reached the "goal" of consolidated democracies, are the conditions and forms of collective action also undergoing profound transformations? If so, how can we explain the different dynamics in those two countries?Given the fact, that the analysis of social movements is becoming a multicentric subfield of social sciences, the present study draws on a diversity of analytical angles, not only stemming from approaches to investigate social movements and regime change, but also including additional theoretical avenues, in order to answer these main questions. Taking into account the transformation background of Romania and Hungary seems the appropriate perspective to understand recent mobilizations. For this purpose, this study analyzes processes of the accumulation of cognitive and relational social capital, shaping a new generation of activists. By doing so, the emphasis could be put on observing the effects of protests on subsequent mobilizations and the spillover/ interaction between activist networks over time. In a first step, I gathered comparable data on the political, economic and social environment, in which these networks arose, by carrying out expert on-line surveys in both countries. For a better understanding of mechanisms of resource mobilization, mobilization channels, network characteristics and organizational features, I conducted 26 in-depth interviews with activists from both countries. As a result, I was able to highlight the significance of protest-specific experiences for future mobilizations. Online social networks appear to play a key role in this dynamic in contemporary social movements, mainly through their capacity of generating a collective identity and transforming personal indignation into collective action. The nature and the intensity of this dynamic vary in the two countries. While I observed a growth of, what I called "recreational activism" in Romania, resulting from the concomitance of patterns of cultural consumption and civic involvement, a certain protest fatigue can be attested for the first years after the crisis in Hungary. Confronted with stable political configurations and a government that is widely supported by the electorate, movements contesting the power of Fidesz were not able to destabilize existing power structures in Hungary. Hence, this study shows that a longstanding culture of protest and of civic engagement does not necessarily lead, in different circumstances, to high levels of political activism of challengers to political power. Furthermore, the Romanian case suggests that rather the absence of such a culture, combined with a lack of precedent and experiences for both, engaged citizens and authorities can open spaces for renegotiating rules and provoke (lasting) political and cultural changes. ; La crise financière a démystifié le système capitaliste aux yeux de larges segments de la population d'Europe de l'Est, exacerbant le décalage entre les attentes suscitées par le processus de démocratisation et la situation, souvent difficile, d'un nombre important de citoyens. Dans ce contexte, l'indignation que certains d'entre eux expriment s'est dirigée contre la classe politique, donnant naissance à de nouvelles formes de mobilisation. Cette thèse analyse ces mobilisations dans un cadre comparatif incluant des réseaux militants en Hongrie et en Roumanie, sur la période 2008 - 2014. Quelles sont les caractéristiques des récentes vagues de protestations ? Ces protestations s'inscrivent-elles dans la continuité de répertoires d'action plus anciens ? Si la Roumanie et la Hongrie sont « en transition », quelles sont les mutations qui affectent les conditions de mobilisation ? Comment expliquer les différences de dynamiques que l'on observe dans les deux pays ? Pour répondre à ces questions, nous avons essayé de bâtir des passerelles entre deux champs de recherche, celui de la transition démocratique et celui des mouvements sociaux. En Roumanie comme en Hongrie, la prise en compte des transformations systémiques induites par la transition semble en effet essentielle à la compréhension des phénomènes de mobilisation récents. L'analyse détaillée des processus d'accumulation de capital social relationnel et cognitif qui en résulte - à l'origine de l'émergence de nouvelles générations d'activistes – constitue l'apport principal de notre travail. La démarche diachronique que nous avons adoptée nous a par ailleurs permis d'identifier et de caractériser les influences qu'un réseau militant peut avoir sur un autre et l'impact d'une protestation sur la suivante. Soucieux de produire des informations précises et circonstanciées sur l'environnement politique, économique et culturel dans lequel naissent les mobilisations étudiées, nous avons interrogé, à partir d'un sondage en ligne, des spécialistes de la société civile, des médias et de la vie politique des deux pays. Parallèlement, nous avons réalisé 26 entretiens approfondis avec des activistes en Hongrie et en Roumanie pour parvenir à définir les processus de mobilisation des ressources, les canaux de mobilisation utilisées, les caractéristiques des réseaux et des organisations en présence, mais aussi l'identité des activistes et, subséquemment, leur perception du contexte d'action dans lequel ils s'inscrivent. En prenant en compte l'ensemble de ces éléments, nous avons pu montrer comment l'accumulation d'expériences de mobilisations nourrissait les mouvements suivants, plus nombreux et plus visibles au fil du temps. Dans cette dynamique, les réseaux sociaux en ligne jouent un rôle essentiel. La socialisation politique sur Facebook a notamment contribué au développement d'une identité commune et à la transformation de l'indignation personnelle en engagement collectif. La multiplication des interactions sociales, une certaine similitude de goûts et de visions du monde, ainsi qu'un effort de réseautage ont permis à l'activisme en ligne de se transformer en activisme de rue. La nature et l'intensité de cet engagement diffèrent selon les deux pays. En Roumanie, « un militantisme récréationnel » puisant ses racines dans la simultanéité de la consommation culturelle et de l'implication civique est observable. A l'inverse, en Hongrie l'enthousiasme civique semble s'essouffler. Confrontés à un pouvoir politique stable, soutenu par la majorité de la population et capable de s'opposer fermement aux initiatives de la société civile, les mouvements de contestation hongrois n'ont pas réussi à déstabiliser le pouvoir en place. Cet exemple montre qu'une culture de protestation relativement vivace ne débouche pas automatiquement sur un fort niveau de mobilisation citoyenne. Par contraste, le cas de la Roumanie .

The European Red List is a review of the conservation status of European species according to IUCN regional Red Listing guidelines. It identifies those species that are threatened with extinction at the regional level, so that appropriate conservation action can be taken to improve their status. This Red List publication summarises results for all hitherto described native European Orthoptera species (grasshoppers, crickets and bush-crickets). All Orthoptera species (grasshoppers, crickets and bushcrickets) native to or naturalised in Europe before AD 1500 (a total of 1,082 species), have been assessed in this Red List. The geographical scope is continent-wide, extending from Iceland in the west to the Urals in the east, and from Franz Josef Land in the north to the Canary Islands in the south. The Caucasus region is not included. Red List assessments were made at two regional levels: for geographical Europe, and for the 28 Member States of the European Union in 2016. The status of all species was assessed using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (IUCN 2012a), which is the world's most widely accepted system for measuring extinction risk. All assessments followed the Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels (IUCN 2012b). The assessments were compiled based on the data and knowledge from a network of leading European experts on Orthoptera. The assessments were then completed and reviewed at six workshops held in Italy, Greece, France, Bulgaria, Spain and Germany as well as through email correspondence with relevant experts. More than 145 experts participated in the assessment and review process for European Orthoptera species. Assessments are available on the European Red List website and data portal: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/ conservation/species/redlist and http://www.iucnredlist. org/initiatives/europe. Overall, 25.7% and 28% of Orthoptera species are assessed as threatened at the European and EU 28 levels, respectively. However, the exact proportion of threatened species is uncertain, as there are 107 (10%) Data Deficient (DD) species in Europe and 84 DD species (8.5%) in the EU 28. Estimating that a similar relative proportion of the DD assessments are likely to be threatened (IUCN 2011), the best estimate of the threatened share of Orthoptera species is thus 28.5% in Europe and 30.6% in the EU 28. Further research on DD species to clarify their status is therefore critical. A further 13.9% (149 species) and 13% (128 species) are considered Near Threatened in Europe and in the EU 28, respectively. By comparison, the best estimate of threatened species of those other groups that have been assessed comprehensively in Europe is 58% of freshwater molluscs, 40% of freshwater fishes, 23% of amphibians, 20% of reptiles, 17% of mammals, 16% of dragonflies, 13% of birds, 9% of butterflies and bees, 8% of aquatic plants and marine fishes and 2% of medicinal plants (IUCN 2015). Additional European Red Lists assessing a selection of species showed that 22% of terrestrial molluscs, 16% of crop wild relatives and 15% of saproxylic beetles are also threatened (IUCN 2015). No other groups have yet been assessed at the European level. Looking at the population trends of European Orthoptera species, 30.2% (325 species) have declining populations, 7.6% (82 species) are believed to be more or less stable and 3.2% (34 species) are increasing. However, the population trends for the majority of species (59%, 634 species) remain unknown. Out of the 739 species that are endemic to Europe (i.e., they are found nowhere else in the world), 231 (31.3%) are threatened, highlighting the responsibility that European countries have to protect the global populations of these species. Overall, the European areas with the highest diversity of species are found in southern Europe, especially in the Mediterranean region and the Balkans. Hotspots of endemic species are found in the Iberian, the Italian and the Balkan Peninsulas, and in some large mountain areas (the Alps, Pyrenees, Carpathians and Appenines). The greatest concentration of threatened species is found along some Mediterranean coasts and Mediterranean mountain blocks. Finally, the number of Data Deficient species reflects the general distribution of Orthoptera species, being highest in the Mediterranean and the Lower Volga region in southern European Russia. The main threat to European Orthoptera is the loss, degradation and fragmentation of their habitats as a consequence of agricultural land use intensification. This includes direct destruction by transformation of permanent grassland or shrubland habitats into cropland, degradation of habitat quality caused by overgrazing, abandonment, use of fertilisers or heavy machinery and direct mortality from frequent mowing or the use of pesticides. Other important threats to Orthoptera are the increasing frequency of wildfires, touristic development and urbanisation, climate change, afforestation and intensive forest management, drainage and river regulations, recreational activities, deforestation, limestone quarrying and sand excavations and invasive species.Orthoptera are a diverse group of insects with more than 1,000 species known to occur in Europe and play important roles in the ecosystem such as being part of the food chain and prey to many vertebrate species. They are also good indicators of land use intensity, which makes them one of the most important invertebrate groups for environmental monitoring and assessment. Conservation strategies for the European Orthoptera species with the highest extinction risk should be developed and implemented. The European Red List should be used to inform nature and biodiversity policies to improve the status of threatened species. The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) should be enhanced by promoting traditional low-intensity agricultural land use systems, particularly pastoralism in Europe, and committing to a long-term reduction in the use of pesticides and fertilisers, encouraging the uptake of alternative pest management. Orthoptera species should be made a standard group for inclusion in Environmental Impact Assessments to avoid negative impacts of new development projects on threatened species.Degraded habitats of threatened Orthoptera species throughout Europe should be restored and guidelines for the optimal management of Orthoptera habitats should be developed. The protection of Orthoptera habitats throughout Europe should be improved, so that each threatened and endemic European species is present in at least one protected area with an adequate adaptive management scheme and monitoring for threatened Orthoptera species. Orthoptera inventories in protected areas should be made mandatory to identify priority species for the respective area and develop strategies for their protection. A pan-European monitoring programme for Orthoptera species should be developed, by merging all existing recording schemes. Specific research on those species that have not been recently recorded in Europe to clarify if they may be Extinct or Regionally Extinct, or have been assessed as Data Deficient should be conducted and funding mechanisms should be put in place to support this research. The effects of the lesser understood threats (e.g., wildfires, pesticides, climate change) on Orthoptera should be studied. The European Red List of Grasshoppers, Crickets and Bush-crickets should be revised at regular intervals of ten years, and whenever new data becomes available.

Dottorato di ricerca in Economia e territorio ; The main objective of this research is to verify whether some industrial symbiosis pathways can be implemented in the industrial area of Rieti-Cittaducale managed by Consorzio di Sviluppo Industriale della Provincia di Rieti. In order to achieve this objective the thesis aims to answer the following research questions: i) Why is it important to move from a linear economy to a circular economy through industrial symbiosis? ii) What economic concepts can be used to explain the industrial symbiosis at the regional level? iii) What are the most interesting initiatives of circular economy and industrial symbiosis in different territorial scale? iv) How can we verify opportunities of industrial symbiosis in the industrial area of Rieti-Cittaducale? v) Are there some possible pathways of industrial symbiosis that can be implemented in the industrial area of Rieti-Cittaducale? With the aim to answer these research questions the thesis is organized into six chapters. In the first chapter, we show why the industrial symbiosis can be considered an effective industrial policy tool for the transition towards a circular economy. For this purpose, we first focus on the main reasons of the decoupling between economic growth and human pressure on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Then, we focus on the importance of the transition from an open and linear economy to a closed and circular one in order to overcome such decoupling. Finally, a description the most relevant issues concerning the industrial symbiosis takes place, by discussing the extent to which it may be an effective tool to convert in a circular way the current linear model of production. In the second chapter, we describe the main theories and models of regional economics, explaining more effectively the industrial symbiosis. To do so, we tackle the different concepts of space in the economic theories and their most important features, by focusing, in particular, on two groups of economic theories, the industrial location theories and the local development theories. The role played by industrial symbiosis in the regional economics is then discussed at the end of the chapter. In the third chapter, after describing the main policies on circular economy at the international level, we present some successful cases of industrial symbiosis at different spatial scales. Namely, two experiences of industrial symbiosis at the local level (Kalundborg in Denmark and Guigang Group in China), and two experiences at the regional level (National Industrial Symbiosis Programme, NISP in UK. and ENEA experiences of industrial symbiosis in Italy) are discussed. In the fourth chapter we explain the methodology used to verify whether some industrial symbiosis pathways can be implemented in the industrial area of Rieti-Cittaducale. At first we describe the research methodology used; after we focus on methodology applied to the industrial area of Rieti-Cittaducale. In the fifth chapter we introduce the case study of industrial symbiosis in the industrial area of Rieti-Cittaducale. At first, we describe the industrial cluster and its territorial context; then, we show the input/output matching of companies and the scenario analysis of the matches identified. In the last chapter we display the possible pathways of industrial symbiosis in the industrial area of Rieti-Cittaducale. At first we focus on the main industrial symbiosis pathways identified; then we discuss the main economic and environment results that can be achieved through their implementation. The evidences emerged from the analysis developed in these six chapters are the basis to draw some conclusions and answer to the research questions that inspired this thesis. ; Il principale obiettivo della tesi di dottorato è di verificare se alcuni percorsi simbiosi industriale possono essere implementati nell'area industriale di Rieti-Cittaducale, gestita dal Consorzio di Sviluppo Industriale della Provincia di Rieti. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo la tesi si propone di rispondere alle seguenti domande di ricerca: i) perché è importante passare da un'economia lineare a un'economia circolare attraverso la simbiosi industriale? ii) Quali concetti economici possono essere utili per spiegare la simbiosi industriale a livello territoriale? iii) Quali sono le iniziative più interessanti di economia circolare e di simbiosi industriale a diversa scala territoriale? iv) Come possiamo verificare l'esistenza di percorsi di simbiosi industriale nell'area industriale di Rieti-Cittaducale? v) Ci sono alcuni possibili percorsi di simbiosi industriale che possono essere implementati nell'area industriale di Rieti-Cittaducale? Per rispondere a queste domande di ricerca la tesi è organizzata in sei capitoli. Nel primo capitolo vengono mostrati i principali motivi per cui la simbiosi industriale può essere considerata un efficace strumento di politica industriale per la transizione verso un'economia circolare. A tal fine, inizialmente, ci si concentra sulle principali ragioni della necessità di un disaccoppiamento tra la crescita economica e la pressione umana sulla biodiversità e i servizi eco-sistemici. Successivamente, viene evidenziata l'importanza della transizione da un'economia aperta e lineare a uno chiuso e circolare, al fine di raggiungere tale disaccoppiamento. Infine, vengono analizzate alcune delle più rilevanti questioni riguardanti la simbiosi industriale, esaminando come questa possa essere un efficace strumento per convertire l'attuale modello lineare di produzione in uno circolare. Nel secondo capitolo sono descritte le principali teorie e modelli di economia regionale che più efficacemente spiegano la simbiosi industriale. Per farlo, vengono illustrati i diversi concetti di spazio presenti nelle teorie economiche e le loro caratteristiche più importanti, concentrandosi, in particolare, su due gruppi di teorie economiche, le teorie localizzazione industriale e le teorie di sviluppo locale. Infine, viene esaminato il ruolo che la simbiosi industriale svolge nell'economia regionale. Nel terzo capitolo, dopo aver descritto le principali policy riguardanti l'economia circolare a livello internazionale, si presentano alcuni casi di successo di simbiosi industriale a diverse scale spaziali. In particolare, vengono esposte due esperienze di simbiosi industriale a livello locale (Kalundborg in Danimarca e Guigang Gruppo in Cina) e due esperienze a livello regionale (National Industrial Symbiosis Programme, NISP, nel Regno Unito e le esperienze ENEA di simbiosi industriale in Italia). Nel quarto capitolo, viene spiegata la metodologia utilizzata per verificare l'esistenza di possibili percorsi di simbiosi industriale da implementati nella zona industriale di Rieti-Cittaducale. In un primo momento si descrive la metodologia di ricerca utilizzata; successivamente viene spiegata come questa metodologia sia stata applicata all'area industriale di Rieti-Cittaducale. Nel quinto capitolo è presentato il caso studio di simbiosi industriale nell'area industriale di Rieti-Cittaducale. In un primo momento, viene descritto il cluster industriale e il suo contesto territoriale; in seguito, viene mostrato input/output matching tra le diverse imprese e l'analisi di scenario dei match identificati. Nell'ultimo capitolo, vengono poi mostrati alcuni dei possibili percorsi di simbiosi industriale individuati nell'area industriale di Rieti-Cittaducale. In un primo momento si descrivono i principali percorsi di simbiosi industriale identificati; in seguito vengono esaminati i principali risultati economici e ambientali che si possono ottenere dalla loro attuazione. Nelle conclusioni, in base alle evidenze emerse dall'analisi sviluppata nei sei capitoli, vengono date le risposte alle domande di ricerca che hanno ispirato questa tesi e vengono fatte, infine, alcune riflessioni finali.

Taking into account the limitations of official approaches for addressing agri-food research, as well as their associated policies to tackle the problems of hunger and vulnerability of agri-food systems to global change, it becomes necessary to consider new frameworks and alternative policies for research and management of agri-food systems. With this thesis we contribute to the advances of agri-food research by rethinking the way of conceptualizing the agri-food system and by designing and testing analysis tools capable to link the research process with the management dynamics found in the local territory. We focus our attention on those linked to the political paradigm of food sovereignty. To achieve this objective we adopted a deductive and inductive method of research, organized in three phases. During the first phase, and under the wider umbrella of Sociology of Agriculture and Food, we developed a conceptual and theoretical framework which integrates systemic thinking and development studies capable to analyze the political paradigm of food sovereignty. For this purpose, we linked the approach focused in the analysis of socio-ecological systems (SES) with the vulnerability approach focused in the analysis of actors¿ dynamics. As a result, we have obtained an integrate framework that address the ecological and social dimensions of agri-food systems. During the second phase, we tested the framework developed in an empirical case study of a local agri-food system of the canton of Loja, located at the Southern Ecuadorian Andean region. The case is of particular interest due to the recent consideration of comunas and barrios as basic units for citizen participation within decentralized autonomous governments; and, the parallel process of creation of new collective action organizations, such as the recently conformed Agroecological Network of Loja (RAL). Using empirical data obtained from a survey conducted between December 2013 and March 2014 based on questionnaires to households (N = 116) and interviews to key informants (N = 14). We analyzed the role of social and institutional factors on the local agri-food system configuration taking into account the pillars of food sovereignty within the analysis. The results showed the significant, but differentiated, role of institutions (Agroecological Network of Loja), social groups (Saraguro indigenous culture) and income generation strategies on the agri-food system configuration. During the third phase, we assessed the future vulnerability vs resilience of local agri-food system through a participatory scenario development process. Using data obtained from semi-structured interviews (N = 14 and N = 25) and two workshops we analyzed the future trajectories of transformation for the local agri-food system under multiple ecological, socio-economic and political drivers of change. Four scenarios were envisioned by local actors. This assessment showed how drivers of change can affect different components of the local agri-food system when it is conceptualized as SES; and, how different perspectives contribute to build different future trajectories of active transformation. Overall, the results of the research process emphasize the role played by actors (understood as an intersectional group where gender takes meaning from its intersection with ethnicity and class) and novel institutional arrangements action to star the active transformation of agri-food systems in the marginal Andes. These findings have implications in agri-food systems policy design at local level, where the local peasant initiatives of social innovation have to be seen as potential mean to achieve the materialization of the political paradigm of food sovereignty within Andean agri-food system. ; Frente a las limitaciones tanto de los enfoques oficiales para la investigación agroalimentaria como de las políticas asociadas para abordar el problema del hambre y la vulnerabilidad de los sistemas agroalimentarios al cambio global, se hace necesario considerar nuevos marcos de análisis y políticas alternativas para el estudio y la gestión de los sistemas agroalimentarios. Con este trabajo de tesis nos proponemos contribuir al avance de la investigación agroalimentaria repensado la forma de conceptualizar el sistema agroalimentario y diseñando herramientas de análisis que vinculen el proceso de investigación con las dinámicas de gestión encontradas en el territorio local, enfocándonos en aquellas vinculadas con la soberanía alimentaria. Para alcanzar este objetivo hemos realizado un proceso (inductivo y deductivo) bajo el paraguas de la sociología de la agricultura y la alimentación, que hemos llevado a cabo en tres fases de investigación. Durante la primera fase, hemos desarrollado un marco teórico y metodológico que integra el pensamiento sistémico y estudios del desarrollo bajo el paradigma político de la soberanía alimentaria. Con este fin hemos vinculado el enfoque centrado en el análisis de los sistemas socio-ecológicos (SES) con el enfoque de vulnerabilidad centrado en el análisis de la dinámica de los actores. Como resultado hemos obtenido un marco integrado que aborda las dimensiones ecológica y social de los sistemas agroalimentarios, tal y como lo requiere el paradigma político de la soberanía alimentaria. Durante la segunda fase, hemos aplicado empíricamente el marco desarrollado en el sistema agroalimentario del cantón Loja, ubicado en los Andes del sur de Ecuador. Este caso de estudio es de particular interés debido a la reciente consideración de las comunas y barrios como unidades básicas para la participación ciudadana dentro de los gobiernos autónomos descentralizados; y, paralelamente, a la creación de nuevos procesos de acción colectiva, como la Red Agroecológica Loja (RAL). Usando datos empíricos obtenidos de cuestionarios a hogares campesino (N = 116) y entrevistas en profundidad a informantes clave (N = 14), realizada entre diciembre de 2013 y marzo de 2014, analizamos el rol de los factores sociales e institucionales sobre la configuración del sistema agroalimentario integrando dentro del análisis los pilares de la soberanía alimentaria. Este análisis mostró el rol significativo, pero diferenciado, de las instituciones (Red Agroecológica Loja), grupos sociales (cultura indígena Saraguro) y las estrategias de generación de ingresos para dar lugar a la configuración del sistema agroalimentario local. Durante la tercera fase, evaluamos la vulnerabilidad vs resiliencia del sistema agroalimentario local mediante un proceso de análisis de escenarios participativos. Hemos analizado las futuras trayectorias de transformación del sistema agroalimentario local bajo múltiples conductores de cambio (de tipo ecológico, socio-económico y político) mediante el análisis de datos obtenidos a partir de entrevistas semi-estructuradas (N = 14 y N = 25) y dos talleres. Los actores locales visionaron cuatro posibles futuros escenarios. Nuestra evaluación muestra cómo los conductores de cambio afectan los diferentes componentes del sistema agroalimentario local cuando se lo conceptualiza como SES; y, cómo las diferentes perspectivas de los actores construyen diferentes trayectorias para la transformación activa del sistema. En general, los resultados del proceso de investigación enfatizan el rol que desempeñan los actores (entendido como un grupo interseccional donde el género se concibe a partir de su intersección con la etnicidad y la clase) y los nuevos arreglos de acción institucional para iniciar la transformación activa del sistema agroalimentario en los sectores marginales andinos. ; Postprint (published version)

In Eastern Europe the financial crisis of 2008 highlighted the gap between expectations concerning the new configuration of liberal and capitalist states on the one hand, and the social realities on the other. Waves of contention followed, which were provoked especially by austerity measures implemented by the respective governments. These were in their majority directed against the post-communist elites, which were held responsible for the perceived slow progress regarding economic performance and the democratization process in the years before. With the purpose of analyzing new forms of collective action and protests that appeared following this crisis, this dissertation is dedicated to study, in a comparative manner, activist networks in Hungary and Romania between 2008 and 2014.The following questions are in the center of the study: Are those recent waves of mobilization different from forms of protests prior to the crisis or can we observe a continuation of repertoires of contention? If Romania and Hungary are considered to be countries still located in the transition process, without having reached the "goal" of consolidated democracies, are the conditions and forms of collective action also undergoing profound transformations? If so, how can we explain the different dynamics in those two countries?Given the fact, that the analysis of social movements is becoming a multicentric subfield of social sciences, the present study draws on a diversity of analytical angles, not only stemming from approaches to investigate social movements and regime change, but also including additional theoretical avenues, in order to answer these main questions. Taking into account the transformation background of Romania and Hungary seems the appropriate perspective to understand recent mobilizations. For this purpose, this study analyzes processes of the accumulation of cognitive and relational social capital, shaping a new generation of activists. By doing so, the emphasis could be put on observing the effects of protests on subsequent mobilizations and the spillover/ interaction between activist networks over time. In a first step, I gathered comparable data on the political, economic and social environment, in which these networks arose, by carrying out expert on-line surveys in both countries. For a better understanding of mechanisms of resource mobilization, mobilization channels, network characteristics and organizational features, I conducted 26 in-depth interviews with activists from both countries. As a result, I was able to highlight the significance of protest-specific experiences for future mobilizations. Online social networks appear to play a key role in this dynamic in contemporary social movements, mainly through their capacity of generating a collective identity and transforming personal indignation into collective action. The nature and the intensity of this dynamic vary in the two countries. While I observed a growth of, what I called "recreational activism" in Romania, resulting from the concomitance of patterns of cultural consumption and civic involvement, a certain protest fatigue can be attested for the first years after the crisis in Hungary. Confronted with stable political configurations and a government that is widely supported by the electorate, movements contesting the power of Fidesz were not able to destabilize existing power structures in Hungary. Hence, this study shows that a longstanding culture of protest and of civic engagement does not necessarily lead, in different circumstances, to high levels of political activism of challengers to political power. Furthermore, the Romanian case suggests that rather the absence of such a culture, combined with a lack of precedent and experiences for both, engaged citizens and authorities can open spaces for renegotiating rules and provoke (lasting) political and cultural changes. ; La crise financière a démystifié le système capitaliste aux yeux de larges segments de la population d'Europe de l'Est, exacerbant le décalage entre les attentes suscitées par le processus de démocratisation et la situation, souvent difficile, d'un nombre important de citoyens. Dans ce contexte, l'indignation que certains d'entre eux expriment s'est dirigée contre la classe politique, donnant naissance à de nouvelles formes de mobilisation. Cette thèse analyse ces mobilisations dans un cadre comparatif incluant des réseaux militants en Hongrie et en Roumanie, sur la période 2008 - 2014. Quelles sont les caractéristiques des récentes vagues de protestations ? Ces protestations s'inscrivent-elles dans la continuité de répertoires d'action plus anciens ? Si la Roumanie et la Hongrie sont « en transition », quelles sont les mutations qui affectent les conditions de mobilisation ? Comment expliquer les différences de dynamiques que l'on observe dans les deux pays ? Pour répondre à ces questions, nous avons essayé de bâtir des passerelles entre deux champs de recherche, celui de la transition démocratique et celui des mouvements sociaux. En Roumanie comme en Hongrie, la prise en compte des transformations systémiques induites par la transition semble en effet essentielle à la compréhension des phénomènes de mobilisation récents. L'analyse détaillée des processus d'accumulation de capital social relationnel et cognitif qui en résulte - à l'origine de l'émergence de nouvelles générations d'activistes – constitue l'apport principal de notre travail. La démarche diachronique que nous avons adoptée nous a par ailleurs permis d'identifier et de caractériser les influences qu'un réseau militant peut avoir sur un autre et l'impact d'une protestation sur la suivante. Soucieux de produire des informations précises et circonstanciées sur l'environnement politique, économique et culturel dans lequel naissent les mobilisations étudiées, nous avons interrogé, à partir d'un sondage en ligne, des spécialistes de la société civile, des médias et de la vie politique des deux pays. Parallèlement, nous avons réalisé 26 entretiens approfondis avec des activistes en Hongrie et en Roumanie pour parvenir à définir les processus de mobilisation des ressources, les canaux de mobilisation utilisées, les caractéristiques des réseaux et des organisations en présence, mais aussi l'identité des activistes et, subséquemment, leur perception du contexte d'action dans lequel ils s'inscrivent. En prenant en compte l'ensemble de ces éléments, nous avons pu montrer comment l'accumulation d'expériences de mobilisations nourrissait les mouvements suivants, plus nombreux et plus visibles au fil du temps. Dans cette dynamique, les réseaux sociaux en ligne jouent un rôle essentiel. La socialisation politique sur Facebook a notamment contribué au développement d'une identité commune et à la transformation de l'indignation personnelle en engagement collectif. La multiplication des interactions sociales, une certaine similitude de goûts et de visions du monde, ainsi qu'un effort de réseautage ont permis à l'activisme en ligne de se transformer en activisme de rue. La nature et l'intensité de cet engagement diffèrent selon les deux pays. En Roumanie, « un militantisme récréationnel » puisant ses racines dans la simultanéité de la consommation culturelle et de l'implication civique est observable. A l'inverse, en Hongrie l'enthousiasme civique semble s'essouffler. Confrontés à un pouvoir politique stable, soutenu par la majorité de la population et capable de s'opposer fermement aux initiatives de la société civile, les mouvements de contestation hongrois n'ont pas réussi à déstabiliser le pouvoir en place. Cet exemple montre qu'une culture de protestation relativement vivace ne débouche pas automatiquement sur un fort niveau de mobilisation citoyenne. Par contraste, le cas de la Roumanie .

This dissertation will focus on the analysis of water and sanitation service delivery solutions in the context of peri-urban and rural areas. In particular, it will investigate if public-public partnerships (PuPs) can represent a valid and effective alternative to private sector participation. As highlighted by PSIRU (in Hall et al, 2005: 4), there are different types of PuPs, including a large variety of actors: national public authorities, communities, NGOs, Trade Unions, international public authorities and international associations. This dissertation will focus on a specific kind of PuPs, the partnerships between public authorities and communities, where the responsibility for service provision is progressively transferred from national governments to local people. This choice is motivated by the growing importance given to the participation of local people in the development of initiatives directly or indirectly affecting their condition of life. As argued by IRC (IRC, 2007), in the last years community management has become one of the most important concept, a `guiding principle¿ in most rural water supply and sanitation schemes. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to examine if community-based management could possibly represent a better option than public-private partnerships (PPPs) for the delivery of rural water and sanitation services and capable to be successfully adopted in various national contexts, playing a role of growing importance. The dissertation will first outline the general situation of water resources at world scale and in particular in developing countries. The relationship between water / poverty reduction and water / sustainability will be examined. The dissertation will realize an overview of the water management systems. Then, this study will analyze the water services in rural and peri-urban areas of developing countries, where, according to the IFAD (2001: 2), more than half of the world¿s poor, over 70%, live and depend on farming activities for their survival. The characteristics of rural areas, including the presence of isolated settlements and the lack of infrastructure facilities, and the inefficiency of central and local governments have, in many cases, produced critical situations in terms of inadequate rural water supplies and sanitation infrastructure. This dissertation will, then, define the concepts of PPPs, PuPs and government-communities partnerships, delineating their historical evolution and the increasing attention and support they have received. In particular, it will explore the main literature and critics concerning PPPs, highlighting strengths and weaknesses that have been attributed to this kind of partnership. This study will examine two case studies where PPPs systems have been implemented. Moreover, this dissertation will analyze the link between community management, on one side, and efficiency and sustainability, on the other, by presenting two case studies - Salvegu, Ghana and Karnataka, India - where local communities are responsible of the operation and maintenance of rural water and sanitation services. Through the analysis of the case studies, in fact, it will identify some of the characteristics of Government-communities partnership that could contribute to improve water and sanitation service delivery even in remote and disadvantaged rural areas and, on the other side, the weaknesses and limits of this kind of partnership. Finally, the dissertation will propose a new concept of water partnership, the Local Water Partnership, based on the cooperation among 3 local water partners: local government, local community and local private sector. ; Esta tesis se centrará en el análisis de las soluciones de distribución de agua y servicios de saneamiento en el contexto de las áreas peri-urbanas y rurales. Se investigará si las asociaciones público-públicas (PuP) pueden representar una alternativa válida y eficaz a la participación del sector privado. Como destacado por la PSIRU (en Hall et al, 2005: 4), hay diferentes tipos de PuPs, incluyendo una gran variedad de actores: autoridades públicas nacionales, comunidades, ONG, sindicatos, autoridades públicas internacionales y asociaciones internacionales. Esta tesis se centrará en un tipo específico de las PuPs, las asociaciones entre las autoridades públicas y las comunidades, donde la responsabilidad de la prestación de servicios se transfiere progresivamente a partir de los gobiernos nacionales hacia la población local. Esta elección está motivada por la creciente importancia dada a la participación de la población local en el desarrollo de iniciativas que afectan directa o indirectamente a su condición de vida. Como argumentado por el IRC (IRC, 2007), en los últimos años la gestión comunitaria se ha convertido en uno de los concepto más importante, un "principio rector" en la mayoría de los sistemas de abastecimiento de agua-saneamiento rural. El propósito de este estudio es examinar si la gestión basada en la comunidad local podría representar una opción mejor que las asociaciones público-privadas (PPPs) para el suministro de agua y servicios de saneamiento en zonas rurales y capaz de ser adoptado con éxito en diversos contextos nacionales. La tesis describirá en primer lugar la situación general de los recursos hídricos a escala mundial y en los países en desarrollo. La relación entre agua/reducción de la pobreza y agua/sostenibilidad será examinada. La tesis doctoral realizará una análisis general de los sistemas de gestión del agua. Entonces, este estudio analizará los servicios de agua en zonas rurales y peri-urbanas de los países en desarrollo, donde, de acuerdo con el FIDA (2001: 2), más de la mitad de los pobres del mundo, más del 70%, viven y dependen de las actividades agrícolas para su supervivencia. Las características de las zonas rurales, incluyendo la presencia de asentamientos aislados y la falta de instalaciones de infraestructura, y la ineficiencia de los gobiernos centrales y locales, en muchos casos, han producido situaciones críticas en cuanto a la insuficiencia de los suministros de agua en zonas rurales y la infraestructura de saneamiento. Esta disertación definirá los conceptos de PPP, PuPs, y de asociaciones entre administraciones públicas y comunidades, delineando su evolución histórica y la creciente atención y el apoyo que han recibido. Se estudiará la principal literatura y la crítica relativa a las PPPs, analizando los puntos fuertes y débiles que se han atribuido a este tipo de asociación. Este estudio examinará dos estudios de casos donde se han implementado sistemas de PPPs. Por otra parte, esta tesis doctoral analizará la relación entre la gestión por parte de la comunidad, por un lado, y la eficiencia y la sostenibilidad, por el otro, mediante la presentación de dos estudios de caso - Salvegu, Ghana y Karnataka, India - donde las comunidades locales son responsables de la operación y el mantenimiento de servicios de agua y saneamiento rural. A través del análisis de los estudios de casos, la tesis va a identificar algunas de las características de las asociaciones entre autoridades gubernamentales y las comunidades locales que podrían contribuir a mejorar la prestación de servicios de agua y saneamiento, incluso en las zonas rurales remotas y desfavorecidas y, por otro lado, las debilidades y límites de este tipo de asociación. Por último, la tesis propondrá un nuevo concepto de asociación hidrica, la Partnership Hidrica Local, basado en la cooperación entre los 3 socios locales de agua: el gobierno local, la comunidad local y el sector privado local. ; Postprint (published version)

Background: Internet use and accessibility has grown exponentially across the globe. The highest rates are noted in adolescents and youth. The swift development of technological improvements combined with interactive and enticing online activities has demonstrated to be unprecedented. As a result, the endless possibilities of the Internet become exceptionally appealing, whereby the risk of excessive use becomes elevated. Excessive use of the Internet is a strong precursor for subsequent pathological Internet use (PIU). Considered to be a subtype of a behavioural addiction, the construct of PIU is closely related to the biopsychosocial model of addiction. This suggests that there are genetic, biological, psychological and social components involved in the complex pathways of PIU development. Thus, initiatives that adopt such a multifaceted approach are critically needed in order to attain a better understanding of PIU and related factors. Objectives: The primary aim of this thesis is to improve our knowledge of adolescent PIU by utilising a multifactorial approach. The objective of Study I is to estimate the prevalence of PIU and assess its potential link with demographic and social factors. The objectives in Studies II and III are to ascertain the correlations between PIU, psychopathology and suicidality, while Study IV investigates the association between PIU and health risk-behaviours. The objective of Study V is to evaluate the preventive effect of mental health action in schools on PIU and related psychosocial impairments. Methods and materials: The studies in this thesis were conducted within the framework of the FP7 European Union project: Saving and Empowering Young Lives in Europe (SEYLE). SEYLE is a randomised controlled trial (RCT) assessing the efficacy of mental health interventions based on different strategies and approaches. Adolescents were recruited from randomly-selected schools across study sites in eleven countries, including Austria, Estonia, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Romania, Slovenia and Spain, with Sweden serving as the coordinating centre. PIU was measured using Young's Diagnostic Questionnaire (YDQ). Social factors, health risk-behaviours, psychopathology and suicidality were measured using validated psychometric instruments. Apposite statistical models were applied in each study in order to assess the respective outcomes of interests. Results: Findings for each study are described accordingly: Study I comprised a sample of 11,956 adolescents (female/male: 6731/5225; mean age: 14.9 ±0.89). The overall prevalence of PIU was 4.4%. Prevalence rates of PIU were significantly higher in males than females (5.2% versus 3.8%). Adolescents in Israel had the highest prevalence of PIU, whereas Italy had the lowest. A significant correlation between mean hours online per day and male gender were observed. In terms of online activities, Internet gaming was significantly associated with males, while social networking was significantly correlated with females. Students not living with a biological parent, low parental involvement and parental unemployment showed the strongest association with PIU. Study II was a systematic review and meta-analysis. An electronic literature search was conducted using the following databases: MEDLINE, PsycARTICLES, PsychINFO, Global Health, and Web of Science. PIU and known synonyms were included in the search as well as psychopathology (i.e. depression, anxiety, symptoms of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive-compulsive symptoms, social phobia and hostility/aggression). Effect sizes for the correlations observed were identified from either the respective publication or calculated using Cohen's d or R2. The potential effect of publication bias was assessed using a funnel plot model and evaluated by Egger's test based on a linear regression. Twenty articles met the pre-set inclusion and exclusion criteria: 75% reported significant correlations of PIU with depression, 57% with anxiety, 100% with symptoms of ADHD, 60% with obsessivecompulsive symptoms, and 66% with hostility/aggression. The majority of studies reported a higher rate of PIU among males than females. Depression and symptoms of ADHD appeared to have the most significant and consistent correlation with PIU. Study III comprised a sample of 11,356 school-based adolescents (M/F: 4,856/6,500; mean age: 14.9). Results showed that suicidal behaviours (suicidal ideation and suicide attempts), depression, anxiety, conduct problems and hyperactivity/inattention were significant and independent predictors of PIU. The correlation between PIU, conduct problems and hyperactivity/inattention was stronger among females, while the link between PIU and symptoms of depression, anxiety and peer relationship problems was stronger among males. The association between PIU, psychopathology and self-destructive behaviours was stronger in countries with a higher prevalence of PIU and suicide rates. These findings ascertain that psychopathology and suicidal behaviours are strongly related to PIU. This association is significantly influenced by gender and country suggesting socio-cultural influences. Study IV involved a sample of 11,931 adolescents who were included in the analyses: 43.4% male and 56.6% female (M/F: 5179/6752), with a mean age of 14.89±0.87 years. Adolescents reporting poor sleeping habits and risk-taking actions showed the strongest associations with PIU, followed by tobacco use, poor nutrition and physical inactivity. Among adolescents in the PIU group, 89.9% were characterized as having multiple risk-behaviours. The significant association observed between PIU and risk-behaviours, combined with a high rate of cooccurrence, underline the importance of considering PIU when screening, treating or preventing high-risk behaviours among adolescents. Study V included a sample of n=2,831 school-based adolescents. The sample comprised 47.1% male and 52.9% female adolescents (M/F: 1333/1498), with a mean age of 14.83±0.90 years. In order to avoid contamination from the SEYLE interventions, only those who were in the control group were included in this study. Mental health action in schools (MHAS) was defined as adolescents reporting to have received mental health education at their school and was approached by a teacher to discuss psychosocial issues prior to baseline assessment. Outcomes showed that adolescents exposed to MHAS had a 50 percent lower risk for the onset of PIU compared to the unexposed group. When analysing psychosocial impairments, results showed that adolescents in the MHAS group also exhibited a significantly lower incidence of ≥30 percent for emotional distress, depression and coping problems. Conclusion: Significant correlations between PIU and health risk-behaviours, psychopathology and suicidality were observed among European adolescents. Given the momentous proclivity of evidence-based research, it is clear that PIU is a condition that merits international recognition as a potential disorder. Implementing evidence-based mental health action in schools appear to be effective in the overall risk-reduction of PIU. Of course, the level of efficacy, in terms of prevention efforts, is dependent on the structure of the respective intervention. It is, therefore, critical that an international accord is reached in order to develop a standardized approach to ascertain the nomenclature, taxonomy and diagnostic criteria of PIU. The future direction of PIU research must focus on this fundamental issue in order to legitimize and advance our knowledge and understanding of this condition.

This dissertation will focus on the analysis of water and sanitation service delivery solutions in the context of peri-urban and rural areas. In particular, it will investigate if public-public partnerships (PuPs) can represent a valid and effective alternative to private sector participation. As highlighted by PSIRU (in Hall et al, 2005: 4), there are different types of PuPs, including a large variety of actors: national public authorities, communities, NGOs, Trade Unions, international public authorities and international associations. This dissertation will focus on a specific kind of PuPs, the partnerships between public authorities and communities, where the responsibility for service provision is progressively transferred from national governments to local people. This choice is motivated by the growing importance given to the participation of local people in the development of initiatives directly or indirectly affecting their condition of life. As argued by IRC (IRC, 2007), in the last years community management has become one of the most important concept, a `guiding principle¿ in most rural water supply and sanitation schemes. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to examine if community-based management could possibly represent a better option than public-private partnerships (PPPs) for the delivery of rural water and sanitation services and capable to be successfully adopted in various national contexts, playing a role of growing importance. The dissertation will first outline the general situation of water resources at world scale and in particular in developing countries. The relationship between water / poverty reduction and water / sustainability will be examined. The dissertation will realize an overview of the water management systems. Then, this study will analyze the water services in rural and peri-urban areas of developing countries, where, according to the IFAD (2001: 2), more than half of the world¿s poor, over 70%, live and depend on farming activities for their survival. The characteristics of rural areas, including the presence of isolated settlements and the lack of infrastructure facilities, and the inefficiency of central and local governments have, in many cases, produced critical situations in terms of inadequate rural water supplies and sanitation infrastructure. This dissertation will, then, define the concepts of PPPs, PuPs and government-communities partnerships, delineating their historical evolution and the increasing attention and support they have received. In particular, it will explore the main literature and critics concerning PPPs, highlighting strengths and weaknesses that have been attributed to this kind of partnership. This study will examine two case studies where PPPs systems have been implemented. Moreover, this dissertation will analyze the link between community management, on one side, and efficiency and sustainability, on the other, by presenting two case studies - Salvegu, Ghana and Karnataka, India - where local communities are responsible of the operation and maintenance of rural water and sanitation services. Through the analysis of the case studies, in fact, it will identify some of the characteristics of Government-communities partnership that could contribute to improve water and sanitation service delivery even in remote and disadvantaged rural areas and, on the other side, the weaknesses and limits of this kind of partnership. Finally, the dissertation will propose a new concept of water partnership, the Local Water Partnership, based on the cooperation among 3 local water partners: local government, local community and local private sector. ; Esta tesis se centrará en el análisis de las soluciones de distribución de agua y servicios de saneamiento en el contexto de las áreas peri-urbanas y rurales. Se investigará si las asociaciones público-públicas (PuP) pueden representar una alternativa válida y eficaz a la participación del sector privado. Como destacado por la PSIRU (en Hall et al, 2005: 4), hay diferentes tipos de PuPs, incluyendo una gran variedad de actores: autoridades públicas nacionales, comunidades, ONG, sindicatos, autoridades públicas internacionales y asociaciones internacionales. Esta tesis se centrará en un tipo específico de las PuPs, las asociaciones entre las autoridades públicas y las comunidades, donde la responsabilidad de la prestación de servicios se transfiere progresivamente a partir de los gobiernos nacionales hacia la población local. Esta elección está motivada por la creciente importancia dada a la participación de la población local en el desarrollo de iniciativas que afectan directa o indirectamente a su condición de vida. Como argumentado por el IRC (IRC, 2007), en los últimos años la gestión comunitaria se ha convertido en uno de los concepto más importante, un "principio rector" en la mayoría de los sistemas de abastecimiento de agua-saneamiento rural. El propósito de este estudio es examinar si la gestión basada en la comunidad local podría representar una opción mejor que las asociaciones público-privadas (PPPs) para el suministro de agua y servicios de saneamiento en zonas rurales y capaz de ser adoptado con éxito en diversos contextos nacionales. La tesis describirá en primer lugar la situación general de los recursos hídricos a escala mundial y en los países en desarrollo. La relación entre agua/reducción de la pobreza y agua/sostenibilidad será examinada. La tesis doctoral realizará una análisis general de los sistemas de gestión del agua. Entonces, este estudio analizará los servicios de agua en zonas rurales y peri-urbanas de los países en desarrollo, donde, de acuerdo con el FIDA (2001: 2), más de la mitad de los pobres del mundo, más del 70%, viven y dependen de las actividades agrícolas para su supervivencia. Las características de las zonas rurales, incluyendo la presencia de asentamientos aislados y la falta de instalaciones de infraestructura, y la ineficiencia de los gobiernos centrales y locales, en muchos casos, han producido situaciones críticas en cuanto a la insuficiencia de los suministros de agua en zonas rurales y la infraestructura de saneamiento. Esta disertación definirá los conceptos de PPP, PuPs, y de asociaciones entre administraciones públicas y comunidades, delineando su evolución histórica y la creciente atención y el apoyo que han recibido. Se estudiará la principal literatura y la crítica relativa a las PPPs, analizando los puntos fuertes y débiles que se han atribuido a este tipo de asociación. Este estudio examinará dos estudios de casos donde se han implementado sistemas de PPPs. Por otra parte, esta tesis doctoral analizará la relación entre la gestión por parte de la comunidad, por un lado, y la eficiencia y la sostenibilidad, por el otro, mediante la presentación de dos estudios de caso - Salvegu, Ghana y Karnataka, India - donde las comunidades locales son responsables de la operación y el mantenimiento de servicios de agua y saneamiento rural. A través del análisis de los estudios de casos, la tesis va a identificar algunas de las características de las asociaciones entre autoridades gubernamentales y las comunidades locales que podrían contribuir a mejorar la prestación de servicios de agua y saneamiento, incluso en las zonas rurales remotas y desfavorecidas y, por otro lado, las debilidades y límites de este tipo de asociación. Por último, la tesis propondrá un nuevo concepto de asociación hidrica, la Partnership Hidrica Local, basado en la cooperación entre los 3 socios locales de agua: el gobierno local, la comunidad local y el sector privado local. ; Postprint (published version)

Taking into account the limitations of official approaches for addressing agri-food research, as well as their associated policies to tackle the problems of hunger and vulnerability of agri-food systems to global change, it becomes necessary to consider new frameworks and alternative policies for research and management of agri-food systems. With this thesis we contribute to the advances of agri-food research by rethinking the way of conceptualizing the agri-food system and by designing and testing analysis tools capable to link the research process with the management dynamics found in the local territory. We focus our attention on those linked to the political paradigm of food sovereignty. To achieve this objective we adopted a deductive and inductive method of research, organized in three phases. During the first phase, and under the wider umbrella of Sociology of Agriculture and Food, we developed a conceptual and theoretical framework which integrates systemic thinking and development studies capable to analyze the political paradigm of food sovereignty. For this purpose, we linked the approach focused in the analysis of socio-ecological systems (SES) with the vulnerability approach focused in the analysis of actors¿ dynamics. As a result, we have obtained an integrate framework that address the ecological and social dimensions of agri-food systems. During the second phase, we tested the framework developed in an empirical case study of a local agri-food system of the canton of Loja, located at the Southern Ecuadorian Andean region. The case is of particular interest due to the recent consideration of comunas and barrios as basic units for citizen participation within decentralized autonomous governments; and, the parallel process of creation of new collective action organizations, such as the recently conformed Agroecological Network of Loja (RAL). Using empirical data obtained from a survey conducted between December 2013 and March 2014 based on questionnaires to households (N = 116) and interviews to key informants (N = 14). We analyzed the role of social and institutional factors on the local agri-food system configuration taking into account the pillars of food sovereignty within the analysis. The results showed the significant, but differentiated, role of institutions (Agroecological Network of Loja), social groups (Saraguro indigenous culture) and income generation strategies on the agri-food system configuration. During the third phase, we assessed the future vulnerability vs resilience of local agri-food system through a participatory scenario development process. Using data obtained from semi-structured interviews (N = 14 and N = 25) and two workshops we analyzed the future trajectories of transformation for the local agri-food system under multiple ecological, socio-economic and political drivers of change. Four scenarios were envisioned by local actors. This assessment showed how drivers of change can affect different components of the local agri-food system when it is conceptualized as SES; and, how different perspectives contribute to build different future trajectories of active transformation. Overall, the results of the research process emphasize the role played by actors (understood as an intersectional group where gender takes meaning from its intersection with ethnicity and class) and novel institutional arrangements action to star the active transformation of agri-food systems in the marginal Andes. These findings have implications in agri-food systems policy design at local level, where the local peasant initiatives of social innovation have to be seen as potential mean to achieve the materialization of the political paradigm of food sovereignty within Andean agri-food system. ; Frente a las limitaciones tanto de los enfoques oficiales para la investigación agroalimentaria como de las políticas asociadas para abordar el problema del hambre y la vulnerabilidad de los sistemas agroalimentarios al cambio global, se hace necesario considerar nuevos marcos de análisis y políticas alternativas para el estudio y la gestión de los sistemas agroalimentarios. Con este trabajo de tesis nos proponemos contribuir al avance de la investigación agroalimentaria repensado la forma de conceptualizar el sistema agroalimentario y diseñando herramientas de análisis que vinculen el proceso de investigación con las dinámicas de gestión encontradas en el territorio local, enfocándonos en aquellas vinculadas con la soberanía alimentaria. Para alcanzar este objetivo hemos realizado un proceso (inductivo y deductivo) bajo el paraguas de la sociología de la agricultura y la alimentación, que hemos llevado a cabo en tres fases de investigación. Durante la primera fase, hemos desarrollado un marco teórico y metodológico que integra el pensamiento sistémico y estudios del desarrollo bajo el paradigma político de la soberanía alimentaria. Con este fin hemos vinculado el enfoque centrado en el análisis de los sistemas socio-ecológicos (SES) con el enfoque de vulnerabilidad centrado en el análisis de la dinámica de los actores. Como resultado hemos obtenido un marco integrado que aborda las dimensiones ecológica y social de los sistemas agroalimentarios, tal y como lo requiere el paradigma político de la soberanía alimentaria. Durante la segunda fase, hemos aplicado empíricamente el marco desarrollado en el sistema agroalimentario del cantón Loja, ubicado en los Andes del sur de Ecuador. Este caso de estudio es de particular interés debido a la reciente consideración de las comunas y barrios como unidades básicas para la participación ciudadana dentro de los gobiernos autónomos descentralizados; y, paralelamente, a la creación de nuevos procesos de acción colectiva, como la Red Agroecológica Loja (RAL). Usando datos empíricos obtenidos de cuestionarios a hogares campesino (N = 116) y entrevistas en profundidad a informantes clave (N = 14), realizada entre diciembre de 2013 y marzo de 2014, analizamos el rol de los factores sociales e institucionales sobre la configuración del sistema agroalimentario integrando dentro del análisis los pilares de la soberanía alimentaria. Este análisis mostró el rol significativo, pero diferenciado, de las instituciones (Red Agroecológica Loja), grupos sociales (cultura indígena Saraguro) y las estrategias de generación de ingresos para dar lugar a la configuración del sistema agroalimentario local. Durante la tercera fase, evaluamos la vulnerabilidad vs resiliencia del sistema agroalimentario local mediante un proceso de análisis de escenarios participativos. Hemos analizado las futuras trayectorias de transformación del sistema agroalimentario local bajo múltiples conductores de cambio (de tipo ecológico, socio-económico y político) mediante el análisis de datos obtenidos a partir de entrevistas semi-estructuradas (N = 14 y N = 25) y dos talleres. Los actores locales visionaron cuatro posibles futuros escenarios. Nuestra evaluación muestra cómo los conductores de cambio afectan los diferentes componentes del sistema agroalimentario local cuando se lo conceptualiza como SES; y, cómo las diferentes perspectivas de los actores construyen diferentes trayectorias para la transformación activa del sistema. En general, los resultados del proceso de investigación enfatizan el rol que desempeñan los actores (entendido como un grupo interseccional donde el género se concibe a partir de su intersección con la etnicidad y la clase) y los nuevos arreglos de acción institucional para iniciar la transformación activa del sistema agroalimentario en los sectores marginales andinos. ; Postprint (published version)

Gaia is a cornerstone mission in the science programme of the EuropeanSpace Agency (ESA). The spacecraft construction was approved in 2006, following a study in which the original interferometric concept was changed to a direct-imaging approach. Both the spacecraft and the payload were built by European industry. The involvement of the scientific community focusses on data processing for which the international Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC) was selected in 2007. Gaia was launched on 19 December 2013 and arrived at its operating point, the second Lagrange point of the Sun-Earth-Moon system, a few weeks later. The commissioning of the spacecraft and payload was completed on 19 July 2014. The nominal five-year mission started with four weeks of special, ecliptic-pole scanning and subsequently transferred into full-sky scanning mode. We recall the scientific goals of Gaia and give a description of the as-built spacecraft that is currently (mid-2016) being operated to achieve these goals. We pay special attention to the payload module, the performance of which is closely related to the scientific performance of the mission. We provide a summary of the commissioning activities and findings, followed by a description of the routine operational mode. We summarise scientific performance estimates on the basis of in-orbit operations. Several intermediate Gaia data releases are planned and the data can be retrieved from the Gaia Archive, which is available through the Gaia home page. ; This work has made use of results from the European Space Agency (ESA) space mission Gaia, the data from which were processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC). Funding for the DPAC has been provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the Gaia Multilateral Agreement. The Gaia mission website is http: //www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia. The authors are current or past members of the ESA and Airbus DS Gaia mission teams and of the Gaia DPAC. This work has financially been supported by: the Algerian Centre de Recherche en Astronomie, Astrophysique et Géophysique of Bouzareah Observatory; the Austrian FWF Hertha Firnberg Programme through grants T359, P20046, and P23737; the BELgian federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) through various PROgramme de Développement d'Expériences scientifiques (PRODEX) grants; the BrazilFrance exchange programmes FAPESP-COFECUB and CAPES-COFECUB; the Chinese National Science Foundation through grant NSFC 11573054; the Czech-Republic Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports through grant LG 15010; the Danish Ministry of Science; the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research through grant IUT40-1; the European Commission's Sixth Framework Programme through the European Leadership in Space Astrometry (ELSA) Marie Curie Research Training Network (MRTN-CT-2006-033481), through Marie Curie project PIOF-GA-2009-255267 (SAS-RRL), and through a Marie Curie Transfer-of-Knowledge (ToK) fellowship (MTKD-CT-2004-014188); the European Commission's Seventh Framework Programme through grant FP7- 606740 (FP7-SPACE-2013-1) for the Gaia European Network for Improved data User Services (GENIUS) and through grant 264895 for the Gaia Research for European Astronomy Training (GREAT-ITN) network; the European Research Council (ERC) through grant 320360 and through the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme through grant agreement 670519 (Mixing and Angular Momentum tranSport of massIvE stars – MAMSIE); the European Science Foundation (ESF), in the framework of the Gaia Research for European Astronomy Training Research Network Programme (GREATESF); the European Space Agency in the framework of the Gaia project; the European Space Agency Plan for European Cooperating States (PECS) programme through grants for Slovenia; the Czech Space Office through ESA PECS contract 98058; the Academy of Finland; the Magnus Ehrnrooth Foundation; the French Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) through action "Défi MASTODONS"; the French Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES); the French L'Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) investissements d'avenir Initiatives D'EXcellence (IDEX) programme PSL∗ through grant ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02; the Région Aquitaine; the Université de Bordeaux; the French Utinam Institute of the Université de Franche-Comté, supported by the Région de Franche-Comté and the Institut des Sciences de l'Univers (INSU); the German Aerospace Agency (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V., DLR) through grants 50QG0501, 50QG0601, 50QG0602, 50QG0701, 50QG0901, 50QG1001, 50QG1101, 50QG140, 50QG1401, 50QG1402, and 50QG1404; the Hungarian Academy of Sciences through Lendület Programme LP2014-17; the Hungarian National Research, Development, and Innovation Office through grants NKFIH K-115709 and PD-116175; the Israel Ministry of Science and Technology through grant 3-9082; the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) through grants I/037/08/0, I/058/10/0, 2014-025-R.0, and 2014- 025-R.1.2015 to INAF and contracts I/008/10/0 and 2013/030/I.0 to ALTEC S.p.A.; the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF); the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) through grant NWO-M-614.061.414 and through a VICI grant to A. Helmi; the Netherlands Research School for Astronomy (NOVA); the Polish National Science Centre through HARMONIA grant 2015/18/M/ST9/00544; the Portugese Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) through grants PTDC/CTE-SPA/118692/2010, PDCTE/CTEAST/81711/2003, and SFRH/BPD/74697/2010; the Strategic Programmes PEstOE/AMB/UI4006/2011 for SIM, UID/FIS/00099/2013 for CENTRA, and UID/EEA/00066/2013 for UNINOVA; the Slovenian Research Agency; the Spanish Ministry of Economy MINECO-FEDER through grants AyA2014- 55216, AyA2011-24052, ESP2013-48318-C2-R, and ESP2014-55996-C2-R and MDM-2014-0369 of ICCUB (Unidad de Excelencia María de Maeztu); the Swedish National Space Board (SNSB/Rymdstyrelsen); the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research, and Innovation through the ESA PRODEX programme, the Mesures d'Accompagnement, and the Activités Nationales Complémentaires; the Swiss National Science Foundation, including an Early Postdoc.Mobility fellowship; the United Kingdom Rutherford Appleton Laboratory; the United Kingdom Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) through grants PP/C506756/1 and ST/I00047X/1; and the United Kingdom Space Agency (UKSA) through grants ST/K000578/1 and ST/N000978/1. The GBOT programme uses observations collected at (i) the European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere with the VLT Survey Telescope (VST), under ESO programmes 092.B-0165, 093.B-0236, 094.B-0181, 095.B-0046, 096.B-0162, and 097.B-0304; (ii) the Liverpool Telescope, which is operated on the island of La Palma by Liverpool John Moores University in the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias with financial support from the United Kingdom Science and Technology Facilities Council; and (iii) telescopes of the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network. In addition to the authors of this paper, there are numerous people who have made essential contributions to Gaia, for instance those employed in the design, manufacturing, integration, and testing of the spacecraft and its modules, subsystems, and units. ; Peer-reviewed ; Publisher Version

In Eastern Europe the financial crisis of 2008 highlighted the gap between expectations concerning the new configuration of liberal and capitalist states on the one hand, and the social realities on the other. Waves of contention followed, which were provoked especially by austerity measures implemented by the respective governments. These were in their majority directed against the post-communist elites, which were held responsible for the perceived slow progress regarding economic performance and the democratization process in the years before. With the purpose of analyzing new forms of collective action and protests that appeared following this crisis, this dissertation is dedicated to study, in a comparative manner, activist networks in Hungary and Romania between 2008 and 2014.The following questions are in the center of the study: Are those recent waves of mobilization different from forms of protests prior to the crisis or can we observe a continuation of repertoires of contention? If Romania and Hungary are considered to be countries still located in the transition process, without having reached the "goal" of consolidated democracies, are the conditions and forms of collective action also undergoing profound transformations? If so, how can we explain the different dynamics in those two countries?Given the fact, that the analysis of social movements is becoming a multicentric subfield of social sciences, the present study draws on a diversity of analytical angles, not only stemming from approaches to investigate social movements and regime change, but also including additional theoretical avenues, in order to answer these main questions. Taking into account the transformation background of Romania and Hungary seems the appropriate perspective to understand recent mobilizations. For this purpose, this study analyzes processes of the accumulation of cognitive and relational social capital, shaping a new generation of activists. By doing so, the emphasis could be put on observing the effects of protests on subsequent mobilizations and the spillover/ interaction between activist networks over time. In a first step, I gathered comparable data on the political, economic and social environment, in which these networks arose, by carrying out expert on-line surveys in both countries. For a better understanding of mechanisms of resource mobilization, mobilization channels, network characteristics and organizational features, I conducted 26 in-depth interviews with activists from both countries. As a result, I was able to highlight the significance of protest-specific experiences for future mobilizations. Online social networks appear to play a key role in this dynamic in contemporary social movements, mainly through their capacity of generating a collective identity and transforming personal indignation into collective action. The nature and the intensity of this dynamic vary in the two countries. While I observed a growth of, what I called "recreational activism" in Romania, resulting from the concomitance of patterns of cultural consumption and civic involvement, a certain protest fatigue can be attested for the first years after the crisis in Hungary. Confronted with stable political configurations and a government that is widely supported by the electorate, movements contesting the power of Fidesz were not able to destabilize existing power structures in Hungary. Hence, this study shows that a longstanding culture of protest and of civic engagement does not necessarily lead, in different circumstances, to high levels of political activism of challengers to political power. Furthermore, the Romanian case suggests that rather the absence of such a culture, combined with a lack of precedent and experiences for both, engaged citizens and authorities can open spaces for renegotiating rules and provoke (lasting) political and cultural changes. ; La crise financière a démystifié le système capitaliste aux yeux de larges segments de la population d'Europe de l'Est, exacerbant le décalage entre les attentes suscitées par le processus de démocratisation et la situation, souvent difficile, d'un nombre important de citoyens. Dans ce contexte, l'indignation que certains d'entre eux expriment s'est dirigée contre la classe politique, donnant naissance à de nouvelles formes de mobilisation. Cette thèse analyse ces mobilisations dans un cadre comparatif incluant des réseaux militants en Hongrie et en Roumanie, sur la période 2008 - 2014. Quelles sont les caractéristiques des récentes vagues de protestations ? Ces protestations s'inscrivent-elles dans la continuité de répertoires d'action plus anciens ? Si la Roumanie et la Hongrie sont « en transition », quelles sont les mutations qui affectent les conditions de mobilisation ? Comment expliquer les différences de dynamiques que l'on observe dans les deux pays ? Pour répondre à ces questions, nous avons essayé de bâtir des passerelles entre deux champs de recherche, celui de la transition démocratique et celui des mouvements sociaux. En Roumanie comme en Hongrie, la prise en compte des transformations systémiques induites par la transition semble en effet essentielle à la compréhension des phénomènes de mobilisation récents. L'analyse détaillée des processus d'accumulation de capital social relationnel et cognitif qui en résulte - à l'origine de l'émergence de nouvelles générations d'activistes – constitue l'apport principal de notre travail. La démarche diachronique que nous avons adoptée nous a par ailleurs permis d'identifier et de caractériser les influences qu'un réseau militant peut avoir sur un autre et l'impact d'une protestation sur la suivante. Soucieux de produire des informations précises et circonstanciées sur l'environnement politique, économique et culturel dans lequel naissent les mobilisations étudiées, nous avons interrogé, à partir d'un sondage en ligne, des spécialistes de la société civile, des médias et de la vie politique des deux pays. Parallèlement, nous avons réalisé 26 entretiens approfondis avec des activistes en Hongrie et en Roumanie pour parvenir à définir les processus de mobilisation des ressources, les canaux de mobilisation utilisées, les caractéristiques des réseaux et des organisations en présence, mais aussi l'identité des activistes et, subséquemment, leur perception du contexte d'action dans lequel ils s'inscrivent. En prenant en compte l'ensemble de ces éléments, nous avons pu montrer comment l'accumulation d'expériences de mobilisations nourrissait les mouvements suivants, plus nombreux et plus visibles au fil du temps. Dans cette dynamique, les réseaux sociaux en ligne jouent un rôle essentiel. La socialisation politique sur Facebook a notamment contribué au développement d'une identité commune et à la transformation de l'indignation personnelle en engagement collectif. La multiplication des interactions sociales, une certaine similitude de goûts et de visions du monde, ainsi qu'un effort de réseautage ont permis à l'activisme en ligne de se transformer en activisme de rue. La nature et l'intensité de cet engagement diffèrent selon les deux pays. En Roumanie, « un militantisme récréationnel » puisant ses racines dans la simultanéité de la consommation culturelle et de l'implication civique est observable. A l'inverse, en Hongrie l'enthousiasme civique semble s'essouffler. Confrontés à un pouvoir politique stable, soutenu par la majorité de la population et capable de s'opposer fermement aux initiatives de la société civile, les mouvements de contestation hongrois n'ont pas réussi à déstabiliser le pouvoir en place. Cet exemple montre qu'une culture de protestation relativement vivace ne débouche pas automatiquement sur un fort niveau de mobilisation citoyenne. Par contraste, le cas de la Roumanie .

The political contention that considers forests to be mere economic assets to achieve state welfare has slowly changed into a more conservative view since the Ninth World Forestry Congress in Mexico in 1985 rightly acknowledged that there has been severe tropical forest destruction and environmental deterioration around the globe. Several international agreements to address specific forestry issues have been established and new forms of forest governance have been formed, and an alliance of domestic and international actors have to implement these, mostly in forest-rich countries. These attempts have sometimes met with difficulty, due to the domestic forest-related bureaucracies' own programmes and goals. Here, various interests in domestic politics compete for international support, resulting in the acceptance, rejection of, or changes to, those forest governances. Consequently, international forest governance may be adopted in a country in a form that is different from its original concept. To gain more insight into forest politics as carried out by bureaucracies, and its consequences for forest policy processes and forest resources, this dissertation examines the question of how forest-relevant bureaucracies respond to new international forest governance. This framework contributes to a description of the bureaucratic processes involved in the implementation of selected international forest governances. For this purpose this framework will be structured as follows: 1. Theoretical framework on bureaucratic politics, domestic politics in response to international forest regimes, theory of power, and the concept of absolute and relative power gains; 2. Methodological framework for data collection and analysis of international forest issues relevant in Indonesia, the role of influential actors in specific cases, bureaucracies respond to forest policy introduced by other actors, and power dynamics of actors involved; and 3. Results, highlighting the selection of international forest governance forms by domestic bureaucracies, the effort bureaucracies make to restore their authority over forests, the international influence on forest politics, the forming of super bureaucracy and its suspension, and symbolic forest policy. The origin of this framework consists of five articles, each of which addresses specific questions in selected study cases. The publications are listed below, together with a brief description. Article 1: Wibowo, A., & Giessen, L. (2015). Actor positions on primary and secondary international forest-related issues relevant in Indonesia. Journal of Sustainable Development, 8(3):10-27. This article identifies timber legality, climate change (including the REDD initiative) oil palm plantation and its environmental aspects, harmonisation of wood and forest certification schemes, land use change, forest and species conservation, and deforestation and decentralized forest governance as the seven most relevant forest issues in Indonesia. Article 2: Wibowo, A., & Giessen, L. (2015). Absolute and relative power gains among state agencies in forest-related land use politics: The Ministry of Forestry and its competitors in the REDD+ Programme and the One Map Policy in Indonesia. Land Use Policy, 49, 131-141. It describes how the two forest-related policies involving many state agencies do not work well since there is no strong leading agency responsible for them. Article 3: Wibowo, A., Sahide, M.A.K, & Giessen, L. (2015). From voluntary private to mandatory state governance in Indonesian forest certification: Reclaiming authority and legitimacy by bureaucracies. Article submitted to Global Environmental Change. This describes the strategy of the Ministry of Forestry of increasing its influence over stakeholders along the value chain of domestic timber business, by utilising its authority in Indonesia-EU FLEGT-VPA negotiation. Article 4: Pratiwi, S., Wibowo, A., & Giessen, L. (2015). Third-party certification of forest management in Indonesia: Analysing stakeholders' recognition and preferences. Journal Manajemen Hutan Tropika [Journal of Tropical Forest Management], 21(2), 65–75. This unveils certification schemes preferred by industries and the criteria they use in selecting such schemes. Article 5: Wibowo, A., Pratiwi, S., & Giessen, L. (2015). Comparing forest certification and timber legality systems in Indonesia: Complementary or competitive? Environmental, Development and Sustainability, under revision. This compares two international and one national forest certification scheme with the timber legality verification system in Indonesia that uses the Forest Certification Assessment Guide (FCAG), and concludes that those schemes are in competition and that each of them tries to delegitimise the others. These five publications answer the central question of how forest-relevant bureaucracies respond to new international forest governance. To address this central question, four questions that are more specific are formulated, namely: (i) What policy instruments are international forest governances trying to apply to domestic forest policy?; (ii) Who are the important domestic and non-domestic actors involved in the policy processes concerning specific forest issues?; (iii) How do the main forest-related bureaucracies respond to forest policy introduced by other bureaucracies?; and (iv) What are political factors influence the acceptance of new forest-related policies?. We used non-participant observations, expert interviews, and content analyses of policy documents in most of our works. Specifically, online survey was used to identify stakeholders' perception on forest certification schemes working in Indonesia and Forest Certification Assessment Guide (FCAG) to compare the standard of forest sustainability certification and timber legality verification. We applied theory of actor-centred power, theory of power, concept of absolute and relative power gains, and domestic response to foreign agenda in all publications. The results show that, first, forest-related bureaucracies are more responsive to issues with high economic benefit, and pay less attention to those with low economic benefit. They are also more involved with topics that become issues of international concern, such as timber legality, climate change and REDD+, and oil palm plantation and its environmental aspects. Second, domestic bureaucracies in charge of economic tasks are more involved in the forestry business than those in charge of environmental tasks. In addition to the Ministry of Forestry, the Ministry of Trade and the Ministry of Industry are the two ministries most involved in domestic forest governance. Other state agencies that influence domestic forest policy are UKP4 (Presidential Delivery Unit for Development Monitoring and Oversight, Unit Kerja Presiden Bidang Pengawasan dan Pengendalian Pembangunan), REDD+ Agency, BAPPENAS (National Development Planning Agency, Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional), DNPI (National Council on Climate Change, Dewan Nasional Perubahan Iklim). Third, domestic bureaucracies form alliances with central power in the states (the president) to be involved in or/and to shape domestic forest policies, and to cooperate with international actors to gain public legitimacy for the way in which they run their programmes. Fourth, the three main cases examined in this dissertation, namely REDD+, one map policy and forest certification, are likely to be symbolic only. Symbolic policy is defined as sense of a non-policy, which formulates goals and instruments but is not assigned with clear responsibilities in terms of implementing agencies, sufficient staff, budget resources and necessary information. This conclusion is based on the fact that REDD+ policy, as well as timber legality verification, are based on weak legal constructions, have no single and strong leading agency responsible for ensuring continuity, and have only weak long-term agendas with no stand-alone budgets or discrete staff. Weak legal construction means that the policy can be changed, postponed or discontinued by other powerful actors, and having no leading agency means that there is an absence of an actor with the power to direct and implement the policy or of an authority that would penalize anyone acting against it.