Suchergebnisse

In nearly every area of environmental protection the question of economic instruments, which may range from trade restrictions to levies for environmental purposes, has been raised. This also holds true for the area of climate change. In the negotiations leading to the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol, the use of economic instruments was at the very centre of the debates. Although a number of economic mechanisms have been included in the Kyoto Protocol itself, the discussion concerning the use of economic instruments for purposes of combating climate change continues.

pt. 1. Introduction and approaches to sustainability appraisal -- pt. 2. Dimensions of sustainability -- pt. 3. National and international experience to date -- pt. 4. Sustainability appraisal methodologies and their application -- pt. 5. Where to from here?

Almost everyone recognizes the salience of cyberspace as a fact of daily life. Given its ubiquity, scale, and scope, cyberspace has become a fundamental feature of the world we live in and has created a new reality for almost everyone in the developed world and increasingly for people in the developing world. This paper seeks to provide an initial baseline, for representing and tracking institutional responses to a rapidly changing international landscape, real as well as virtual. We shall argue that the current institutional landscape managing security issues in the cyber domain has developed in major ways, but that it is still "under construction." We also expect institutions for cyber security to support and reinforce the contributions of information technology to the development process. We begin with (a) highlights of international institutional theory and an empirical "census" of the institutions-in-place for cyber security, and then turn to (b) key imperatives of information technology-development linkages and the various cyber processes that enhance developmental processes, (c) major institutional responses to cyber threats and cyber crime as well as select international and national policy postures so critical for industrial countries and increasingly for developing states as well, and (d) the salience of new mechanisms designed specifically in response to cyber threats. ; This material is based on work supported by the U.S. Office of Naval Research, Grant No. N00014-09-1-0597. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations therein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Office of Naval Research.

This article assesses separately the push/pull-factor explanations in Sassen's theory on migration from newly industrialising countries to cities in OECD countries. The push-factor explanation argues that foreign direct investments spawn migration flows to the country from which these investments stem. The pull-factor explanation revolves around demand for low-skilled workers in cities due to the clustering of advanced producer services. It is found that Dutch investment flows indeed function as a push factor for migration to Dutch cities, but that the local settlement of immigrants is not related to the clustering of advanced producer services.