Suchergebnisse

В статье проведен анализ влияния кризиса на объемы и темпы роста торговли фьючерсными контрактами на международных товарных биржах, в частности на деятельность Лондонской Биржи Металлов, крупнейшей мировой биржи металлов, а также изучены возможности создания биржи цветных металлов в России.

International organisations have considered national unity a necessary prerequisite to maintaining political stability and restoring economic growth in countries facing severe economic crisis. The European Union and the International Monetary Fund promoted such unity in Greece when making stabilisation packages available during the country's sovereign debt crisis in 2011-2012. Focused on the conditions under which diverse political groups can credibly coordinate their economic and political strategies, this article examines domestic and international factors that impact the prospect of political unity in Greece and small European economies. Anchored in the historical institutionalism tradition, it finds that political unity in small European economies has been consolidated during periods of economic growth and when complementary international institutions existed, but has regularly been undermined in countries experiencing the opposite conditions, including Greece. National unity in Greece over the long term requires domestic reforms, but such reforms will not be sustainable without external economic growth and a multilateral architecture that incentivises economic groups to share the benefits and costs of structural reform. Since the latter conditions are not ones that a small country itself can produce, sustained political unity rests as much with the actions of big economies as it does with Greece overcoming the historic legacies of its particular model of capitalism. Adapted from the source document.

"Conventionally, international legal scholarship concerned with norm conflicts focuses on identifying how international law can or should resolve them. This book adopts a different approach. It focuses on identifying those norm conflicts that law cannot and should not resolve. The book offers an unprecedented, controversial, yet sophisticated, argument in favour of construing such irresolvable conflicts as legal dilemmas. Legal dilemmas exist when a legal actor confronts a conflict between at least two legal norms that cannot be avoided or resolved. Addressing both academics and practitioners, the book aims to identify the character and consequences of legal dilemmas, to distill their legal function within the sphere of international law, and to encourage serious theoretical and practical investigation into the conditions that lead to a legal dilemma. The first part proposes a definition of legal dilemmas and distinguishes the term from numerous related concepts. Based on this definition, the second part scrutinises international law's contemporary norm conflict resolution and accommodation devices in order to identify their limited ability to resolve certain kinds of norm conflicts. Against the background of the limits identified in the second part, the third part outlines and evaluates the book's proposed method of dealing with legal dilemmas. In contrast to conventional approaches that recommend dealing with irresolvable norm conflicts by means of non liquet declarations, judicial law-making, or a balancing test, the book's proposal envisions that irresolvable norm conflicts are dealt with by judicial and sovereign actors in a complementary fashion. Judicial actors should openly acknowledge irresolvable conflicts and sovereign actors should decide with which norm they will comply. The book concludes with the argument that analysing various aspects of international law through the concept of a legal dilemma enhances its conceptual accuracy, facilitates more legitimate decision-making, and maintains its dynamic responsiveness." -- Publisher's website

The activities of the United Nations, as the most important international
organization, as well as the efforts of certain regional and national
organizations, are discussed in this article on the subject of Internet
governance. The article pays special attention to the ?internet of things,?
the increasing use of which causes the emergence of new, dangerous, and
serious threats, further complicating the problem of Internet governance.
The stated subject of the research is directly related to the aim of the
paper, which is to present and analyse the activities of various entities,
international, regional and national institutions and organizations, as well
as leading states, primarily the United States and Russia, and documents
that attempt to regulate activities in cyberspace. The basic hypothesis is
that opposing national interests prevent international bodies, particularly
the United Nations, from reaching a consensus on the fundamental principles
of Internet governance, resulting in insecurity in the face of increasingly
frequent, diverse, and serious threats to the Internet and cyberspace in
general. Based on the arguments presented in the paper, there have been
numerous attempts to regulate Internet governance that have not materialized
in concrete decisions implemented in national legislation and practice. Due
to the growing dependence on information and communication technologies, the
problem of the non-existence of regulations in this area makes the
information society even more vulnerable.