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Many Canadian manufacturers have high unit costs compared to their foreign competitors because of their small size, high levels of product diversity, and quality of management. The increasing competition over the 1970s would have caused such manufacturers to increase their scale and specialization in order to improve productivity and reduce costs. Such rationalization would lead to increased intra‐industry trade (iit) in which both imports and exports increase together for many firms and industries. This paper presents the results of research on the extent of domestic and international IIT for Canada. The analysis uses data on imports and exports collected at the level of the enterprise, disaggregated by sector of control and size of enterprise. The results of the analysis show thatiitis significant in many industries with greater foreign than Canadian involvement. One policy implication is that attempts to curtail imports in order to increase employment would only reduce the process of rationalization and in the long‐run reduce rather than increase employment in the manufacturing sector.RésuméPlusieurs fabricants canadiens accusent des coûts unitaires élevés par rapport à leurs concurrents étrangers en raison de la petite taille de leur entreprise, de la très grande diversité des produits et de la qualité de leur gestion. Une concurrence accrue au cours des années 1970 aurait dû, en principe, mener ces fabricants à produire davantage et de façon plus spécialisée pour augmenter la productivité et réduire les coûts. Ce type de rationalisation aurait dû, à son tour, produire une augmentation du commerce intra‐industriel (iit) et augmenter le volume des importations et des exportations de plusieurs entreprises. Ce mémoire présente les résultats d'une étude sur l'étendue du commerceiitdomestique et étranger au Canada. L'analyse a été effectuée à l'aide de données concernant les importations et les exportations qui ont été recueillies auprès d'entreprises et classées selon la nature de leur contrôle et la taille de l'entreprise. Les résultats de l'analyse démontrent que le commerceiitest considérable pour plusieurs entreprises mais qu'il prévaut dans le cas des entreprises dont le contrôle est étranger, par opposition aux entreprises dont le contrôle est canadien. Ces résultats impliquent donc que des politiques visant à réduire les importations pour augmenter l'emploi n'auraient pour effet que d'entraver le processus de rationalisation et réduire à long terme l'emploi dans le secteur manufacturier.

If women's rights norms have become internationally acknowledged, is it reasonable to assume that the status of women worldwide has improved because of international norms? It is argued here that the assumption of a global-to-local flow of norms inherent in most of the global norm diffusion literature is simplistic. To provide a more adequate theoretical framework, the paper juxtaposes the debate on the impact of international regimes and the power of global norms with an interdisciplinary mix of transnational approaches that identify multidirectional processes of appropriation and contestation of global norms. Departing from the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) as the most authoritative and steady piece of the international women's rights discourse, the transnational perspective developed here proposes three main constellations of traveling global norms: global discourse translation, impact translation, and distorted translation. Adapted from the source document.

Modern law seems to be designed to keep emotions at bay. The Sentimental Court argues the exact opposite: that the law is not designed to cast out affective dynamics, but to create them. Drawing on extensive ethnographic fieldwork - both during the trial of former Lord's Resistance Army commander Dominic Ongwen at the International Criminal Court's headquarters in The Netherlands and in rural northern Uganda at the scenes of violence - this book is an in-depth investigation of the affective life of legalized transitional justice interventions in Africa. Jonas Bens argues that the law purposefully creates, mobilizes, shapes, and transforms atmospheres and sentiments, and further discusses how we should think about the future of law and justice in our colonial present by focusing on the politics of atmosphere and sentiment in which they are entangled.

"National economies are linked through flows of capital and goods. This book addresses those linkages, analyzes their benefits for economic development, and evaluates a country's opportunities to reap the best possible rewards by influencing the linkages. The book focuses on the role of product characteristics in international economics and their impact on economic development. After an introduction to the topic, it analyzes the influence of product sophistication on growth, and offers alternative means of measuring product characteristics. In turn, the book provides evidence for the impact of foreign equity on the characteristics of the products that firms produce. Moreover, it presents empirical findings that prove that the quality of a country's legal and institutional framework is influenced by said country's predisposition to trade rule-of-law-intensive goods."--

Do development international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) facilitate or destroy the bureaucratic capacity of the states in which they operate? The literature is split on this question. Some scholars argue that development INGOs weaken state capacity by delivering social services that the government is supposed to provide. Others argue that by increasing a country's domestic demand for improved human rights, development INGOs improve a government's capacity to fulfill them. In this paper, we show that the effect of development INGOs on state capacity depends on whether a state is democratic or nondemocratic. In our cross-sectional time-series analysis, we find that development INGO presence has a significant positive relationship with state capacity in democracies but no relationship with state capacity in nondemocratic states. These findings help explain the inconsistent claims in the existing INGO literature and are also relevant for development INGOs and the policymakers that support them.

Dans cet article, nous nous intéressons aux migrations internationales étudiantes ghanéennes et sénégalaises. L'utilisation de données d'enquêtes quantitatives sociodémographiques rétrospectives, collectées dans le cadre du projet Migrations entre l'Afrique et l'Europe (MAFE), nous permet de comparer les caractéristiques sociodémographiques et les profils scolaires, professionnels et migratoires des étudiants du supérieur, nationaux et internationaux. Les typologies des parcours nous indiquent que les étudiants du supérieur ne constituent pas un groupe homogène et que les étudiants internationaux sont composés de deux groupes aux parcours distincts. L'analyse biographique en temps discret permet de montrer que les individus qui accèdent à l'éducation supérieure, au Ghana comme au Sénégal, sont fortement sélectionnés selon le genre et le niveau d'éducation du père. Si les déterminants de l'accès à l'éducation supérieure à l'étranger sont différents pour les Ghanéens et les Sénégalais, ils ont en commun d'être liés à certaines caractéristiques socioculturelles et familiales des individus.

Throughout the liberal democratic world, the practice of lobbying governments and policy makers is considered integral to the process of policy formulation. Lobbying in Ireland has come to the fore of public policy debates given the catastrophic collapse of the Irish economy since late 2008 and the role played by lobbyists in contemporary Irish politics. This article offers the results of one of the first significant questionnaires on lobbying regulation given to politicians, lobbyists and administrators in the Republic of Ireland. The aim of this article is to present Irish policy makers with a range of options to consider in relation to devising a system of lobbying regulation to promote transparency. We present insights into international best practice in terms of lobbying regulations so that Irish policy makers can reach informed decisions when considering this matter. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.