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AbstractThis article examines relationships between religion and racial intolerance across 47 countries by applying multilevel modeling to European survey data and is the first in-depth analysis of moderation of these relationships by European national contexts. The analysis distinguishes a believing, belonging, and practice dimension of religiosity. The results yield little evidence of a link between denominational belonging, religious practice, and racial intolerance. The religiosity dimension that matters most for racial intolerance in Europe is believing: believers in a traditional God and believers in a Spirit/Life Force are decidedly less likely, and fundamentalists are more likely than non-believers to be racially intolerant. National contexts also matter greatly: individuals living in Europe's most religious countries, countries with legacies of ethnic-religious conflict and countries with low GDP are significantly more likely to be racially intolerant than those living in wealthier, secular and politically stable countries. This is especially the case for the religiously devout.

The economic background of Aristotle's Politics goes far beyond the considerations on oikonomia in the first book, or the scattered references to economic principles throughout the whole work. It is the method of analysis of politics as an empiric, measurable and secularized discipline where his work is most linked with modern social sciences, economy among them. Secularization will be exemplified through three case studies: the oath, the concept of justice, and the idea of salvation / preservation. In all these cases, there is no concession to mythological or religious notions, but they are instruments of the logos, which constitutes a unique enterprise in Antiquity.