Suchergebnisse

The restoration of the independence of the Republic of Lithuania on 11 March 1990 ipso facto implies the beginning of buildup of the new legal system in Lithuania and succession of the best Western values legal traditions. At the same time it is considered to be the starting point for the legal system of the Republic of Lithuania from which it has been beginning to evolve and develop into the direction of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. This is clearly reflected in the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania adopted by citizens of the Republic of Lithuania in the Referendum of 25 October 1992. The preamble of the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania provides that one of the most significant aims of the Lithuanian nation is to strive for an open and harmonious civil society and law-based state. The social nature of human beings pushes them for social interaction and each human being has his own interests which may not always coincide with interest of other individuals. Therefore, a state's high priority task is to ensure that every human being and the whole society is protected by state from unlawful acts. The state is forced to take legal means to disclose the criminal acts committed by the individuals, and limitation of human rights and fundamental freedoms is inevitable. For this purpose, legislation has granted law enforcement authorities the right to use special investigative techniques in conducting the prosecution. It should be noted that the special investigation techniques such as controlled delivery, covert surveillance, electronic surveillance of all forms are legitimate and internationally recognized e.g., 1988 The United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic In Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. That encourage national lawmakers transform special investigation methods from criminal surveillance law to criminal procedure law.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of illustrations -- Acknowledgements -- Preface -- Abbreviations -- PART I: Law Enforcement -- 1. De-escalation and Police Use of Excessive Force -- 2. Reforming, Transforming, Reimagining, or Defunding the Police -- 3. Mental Health of United States Law Enforcement Officers -- PART II: Attorneys and Courts -- 4. Bail, Bail Bonds, Cash Bail, and Unequal Justice -- 5. Ineffective Assistance of Defense Counsel -- 6. Prosecutorial Misconduct, Consequences, Remedies, and Immunity -- PART III: Sentencing and Corrections -- 7. Sentencing -- 8. Capital Punishment -- 9. Mass Incarceration and Prison Privatization -- 10. Mentally Ill Offenders -- Index.

RISK ASSESSMENT AND SENTENCING IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS AND PROPOSALS -- RISK ASSESSMENT AND SENTENCING IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS AND PROPOSALS -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1: RISK AND NEEDS ASSESSMENT IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM -- SUMMARY -- AN OVERVIEW OF RISK AND NEEDS ASSESSMENT -- RISK-NEEDS-RESPONSIVITY (RNR) PRINCIPLES -- CRITIQUES OF RISK AND NEEDS ASSESSMENT -- SELECT ISSUES FOR CONGRESS -- APPENDIX A. COMPARISON OF RISK AND NEEDS ASSESSMENT LEGISLATION

As a system that deals with social ordering, the law is very much a function of words, i. e. of language. Language is one of the most effective ways of communicating. One of the most cardinal principles of the common law criminal system is constituted in the maxim ignorantia juris non excusat (ignorance of the law is no excuse). In conformity with this principle, Tanzania`s Penal Code, the basic criminal law statute, assumes that everybody knows the law. Knowledge of the law presupposes `legal literacy`, which in turn means that the citizemy (or at least a reasonable portion of it) is capable of understanding what the law says. Hence, the law must speak in a language the people understand. Only then can they reasonably be expected to generally conduct themselves in accordance with the law.