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The Laws relating the offences against the human body has completely changed with the promulgation of the Criminal Law Ordinance, commonly called Qisas and Diyat Law but the doctors in their medicolegal certificates still express their opinions according to the previous law, which causes problem for the courts to assess the true nature of injury. This practice should immediately be stopped as it confuses the facts, dims the issue and hinders the dispensation of justice. Qisas and Diyat Law has introduced new classification of hurt (injury), which is more clear and elaborate. Besides, this law has provided compensation for physical sufferings due to criminal hurts for the first time in Pakistan. The provisions for the grant of compensation for criminal damages are Arsh, Daman and diyat. In addition there is a provision of qisas. These legal terms should be clearly understood before undertaking medico legal certification.

The aim of the contribution is to define the concept of international military operations to which the rules of humanitarian law apply. The work also offers a definition of the sending state and the host state of these operations. It also identifies the normative sources governing these phenomena: from international humanitarian law ("ius in bello") to human rights law, UN standards, the agreements on the status of the forces deployed, but also internal legal systems.

There is no issue more central to a legal order than responsibility, and yet the dearth of contemporary theorizing on international responsibility law is worrying for the state of international law. The volume brings philosophers of the law of responsibility into dialogue with international responsibility law specialists. Its tripartite structure corresponds to the three main theoretical challenges in the contemporary practice of international responsibility law: the public and private nature of the international responsibility of public institutions; its collective and individual dimensions; and the place of fault therein. In each part, two international lawyers and two philosophers of responsibility law address the most pressing questions in the theory of international responsibility law. The volume closes with a comparative 'world tour' of the responsibility of public institutions in four different legal cultures and regions, identifying stepping-stones and stumbling blocks on the path towards a common law of international responsibility.

This article begins by exploring the development of extraterritoriality in the US. It notes the expansion of extraterritorial provisions in federal criminal legislation & how these provisions permit prosecutors to proceed with criminal actions for conduct occurring outside this country. It also reflects on the use of an "objective territorial principle" by the judiciary that permits criminal prosecutions whenever the conduct of the actor has a substantial effect in the US. As an alternative to using "objective territoriality," this article advocates using a "defensive territoriality" approach. This article stresses the benefits of using a "defensive territoriality" approach to decide whether to prosecute an extraterritorial crime. 69 References. Adapted from the source document.

The article is devoted to the study of political and legal bases of models of conducting the U.S. internal environmental policy that influence the rulemaking processes in the field of environmental protection. The significance of the study is determined by the fact that environmental policy and environmental law are among the most important modern issues of the United States. This situation can be logically explained by the fact that environmental issues have long since gone beyond the sphere, environmental policy is primarily the matter of competence of the federal government and the limits of its interference in the internal affairs of States. Secondly, the environmental aspect plays a significant role in shaping the electoral mood of the U.S. population, the population, especially the middle and upper classes, is concerned about the escalation of environmental problems and anomalies caused by climate change, as evidenced by the results of the 2020 United States presidential election. In addition, environmental policy is an important element of economic and tax policy as well as one of the factors exacerbating the struggle between business and government regulators. As a result of these processes, there is a need to develop effective management models that would help address them. Examining the political and legal basis of the U.S. internal environmental policy, the article defines processes which complicate the implementation of effective environmental protection. Besides, it has been identified that the federal government and States are no longer the only actors in the process of environmental policy-making. The development of industry and corporations, the implementation and development of the concept of human rights has led to the fact that private sector and public began to have a significant influence on the formation and conduct of the U.S. environmental policy and legislation. As a result of such trends, alternative models of environmental policy emerged in order to meet the needs and interests of all stakeholders. ; Стаття присвячена дослідженню політико-правових основ моделей ведення внутрішньої екологічної політики США, які впливають на процеси нормотворчості у сфері захисту навколишнього середовища. Актуальність дослідження визначається тим, що ведення політики захисту навколишнього середовища та екологічне право є одними із найважливіших проблем сучасних Сполучених Штатів. Дану ситуацію можна логічно пояснити тим, що питання екології давно вийшли за межі суто даної сфери, екологічна політика – це, в першу чергу, питання компетенції федерального управління та меж його втручання у справи окремих штатів. По-друге, екологічний аспект відіграє суттєву роль у формуванні електоральних настроїв населення США, а саме населення, особливо середній та елітарний класи, стурбоване загостренням екологічних проблем та аномаліями, які викликані кліматичними змінами, про що свідчать результати виборів президента США 2020 року. Крім того, екологічна політика є важливим елементом економічної та податкової політики, а також одним із факторів загострення боротьби між бізнесом та державними органами регулювання. Як результат даних процесів виникає потреба в розробці ефективних моделей управління, які б допомогли врегулювати їх. Досліджуючи політико-правові основи ведення екологічної політики США, у статті було визначено процеси, які ускладнюють здійснення ефективного захисту навколишнього середовища. Крім того, було встановлено, що федеральна влада та окремі штати більше не єдині суб'єкти процесу формування екологічної політика. Розвиток промисловості та корпорацій, впровадження та розвиток концепції прав людини призвело до того, що приватний сектор та громадськість стали здійснювати значний вплив на формування та ведення екологічної політика і законодавства США. Як результат таких тенденцій відбулася поява альтернативних моделей ведення екологічної політики з метою задоволення інтересів усіх зацікавлених осіб.

The development of philosophical science spreads to aspects of the operation of law along with the dynamics of human civilization. However, this philosophical concept must be filtered with the essential values, including Indonesia. This is because the fusion of philosophical ideas with elements as stated in the state constitution of a nation must be interpreted and crystallized in various legal products issued by a government. This study aims to describe the Pancasila perspective on the development of legal philosophy in Indonesia and analyze the meaning of 'justice' from a progressive legal perspective. This research is legal research using a conceptual approach and legislation. The legal materials used in this research are primary legal materials and secondary legal materials. These two materials are considered to examine the legal issues raised in this research. The result of this study is that the philosophy of law in Indonesia is based on the precepts of all the principles in Pancasila. Pancasila is actually in line with the flow of legal philosophy, namely Sociological Jurisprudence. This departs from the three dimensions of Pancasila, which is oriented to give birth to harmony from the implementation of rights and obligations in every existing legal subject. Then, the concept of progressive law provides the view that Justice is more oriented as substantive Justice, not procedural Justice. This is because Justice is the essence of the law itself; so that Justice cannot be calculated mathematically, cannot be interpreted purely textually, or can only be said to be 'fair' when there are two people who have the same share as others.