Suchergebnisse

In recognition of fundamental changes in the way governments approach energy-related environmental issues, the IEA has prepared this publication on CO 2 emissions from fuel combustion. This annual publication was first published in 1997 and has become an essential tool for analysts and policy makers in many international fora such as the Conference of the Parties. The data in this book are designed to assist in understanding the evolution of the emissions of CO 2 from 1971 to 2010 for more than 140 countries and regions by sector and by fuel. Emissions were calculated using IEA energy databases and the default methods and emission factors from the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories . Data found in this book are also available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/co2-data-en.

Substantial efforts have been made since the close of World War II to transfer resources directly from the richer to the poorer countries in order to foster economic development. There have been multilateral lending agencies such as the International Bank for Eeconstruction and Development, the Inter-American Development Bank, the International Development Association, the new Asian Development Bank, and the United Nations' Special Fund; bilateral American programs such as the lending and granting activities of the Export-Import Bank and the various AID programs; bilateral foreign programs such as the French and British loan and grant programs to their respective former colonial territories (and the few which remain under formal political tutelage), the Japanese loan and grant programs in the form of reparations and successor programs, the German loan program (largely in the form of short to mediumterm export credits); and loose co-ordinating or aid-policy discussion centers such as the Colombo Plan and the Development Assistance Committee of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.

Although traditionally viewed as paragons of international cooperation, research institutions and universities are becoming venues for hostile foreign activity. Research security (RS) refers to the measures that protect the inputs, processes, and products that are part of scientific research, inquiry, and discovery. While RS traces its roots to the 1940s, global economic and research and development competition, the nexus between dual-use technology and military power, a cluster of newly emerging industries, scientific responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, and societal shifts towards digitization, combine to challenge RS in unique ways. With an eye on safeguarding traditional notions of open science, our article refurbishes Canadian RS within the context of emerging challenges and international responses. Detailing the legal, extralegal, illegal, and other ways in which RS is threatened, we use a comparative assessment of emerging responses in the US, Australia, Japan, and Israel to draw lessons for Canada.

Remittances can potentially help to promote economic development by providing a mechanism to share risks, reduce poverty and improve equality. However, from the viewpoint of economic theory the overall impacts of remittances are uncertain, as different mechanisms lead to opposite impacts. Since the 1990s Vietnam has experienced a dramatic growth in remittance flows from abroad. Vietnam is a unique case for study, as economic motives historically played a smaller role in outward migration than in other countries. Fortunately, household survey data are available for this time period, allowing for a detailed analysis of the impacts of international remittances on Vietnam. Specifically, we examine the characteristics of recipients and the impacts of international remittances on economic inequality and poverty. We conclude that international remittances are helping to improve equality. For this reason, new development policies must also account for their potential impacts on remittance flows.

This research focuses on a world based on multiculturalism, thanks to the protection of minorities in international law, addressing racial intolerance and exacerbation of the differences between ethnicities. Today, as part of the dynamics of international relations, the existence of minorities, their demands for recognition and exercise of his human rights and fundamental freedoms, their struggles special rights campaigners and shapers of their recognition, focus on civil and political rights and social groups have the right to exist and be recognized. This paper aims to raise the issue that arises from the emergency situation of minority groups worldwide, achieving awareness of everyday life faced, through the possibility of conception of a policy of non-discrimination groups that have historically been identified as being "different" taking into account criteria as absurd as religion, ethnicity or language. What some, is a social phenomenon, which currently are considered as explosive and dynamic in its need for new minority identities or regain their former cultural identities, hence its relevance, its unity, referring to the links remain among its members, victims of intolerance and xenophobia processes: racial, ethnic. ; Este trabajo de investigación se enfoca en un mundo basado en la multiculturalidad, gracias a la protección de las minorías en el Derecho Internacional, haciendo frente a la intolerancia racial y de exacerbación de las diferencias existentes entre las etnias. Hoy día, en el marco de la dinámica de las relaciones internacionales, la existencia de las minorías, sus demandas de reconocimiento y ejercicio de sus Derechos Humanos y sus libertades fundamentales, sus luchas reivindicadoras de derechos especiales y forjadoras de su reconocimiento, se enfocan en sus derechos civiles y políticos como grupos sociales que tienen derecho a existir y a ser reconocidos. Este trabajo tiene por objeto plantear la problemática que surge de la situación actual de emergencia de los grupos minoritarios a nivel mundial, lograr la sensibilización de la cotidianidad que enfrentan, a través de la posibilidad de la concepción de una política dirigida a la no discriminación de grupos que históricamente han sido señalados por ser "diferentes" tomando en cuenta criterios tan absurdos como la religión, en la etnia o en la lengua. Lo que para algunos, constituye un fenómeno social, que en la actualidad, son considerados tan explosivos y dinámicos por su necesidad de lograr nuevas identidades minoritarias o recuperar sus antiguas identidades culturales; de allí su pertinencia, haciendo referencia a los vínculos que se mantienen entre sus miembros, víctimas de procesos de intolerancia y xenofobia: diferencia racial, étnica.

This article is hinged on literature as a paradigm of international politics from a Nigerian perspective. It shows the strong connections between how literature as a shaper of perceptions about people and nations ultimately influences international relations. Zeroing in on the works of Nigerian writers, it analyses the ways in which their plays, novels, poems and critical essays portray and project Nigeria to the world, especially in political terms. In conclusion, it is posited that the relationship between writers, the nation, the state and politics is indispensable for a co-ordinated paradigm of Nigeria's foreign policy. (NJIA - Nigerian Inst Int Aff/DÜI)

Realists assume that individuals are obsessed with relative gains and that cooperation is the exception rather than the norm in international relations. In contrast, liberal institutionalists assume that, in many situations, individuals are motivated by absolute gains. These critical assumptions are examined. Results show that the salience of relative gains varies with the beliefs of the individual, the nature of the opponent, and the context of the situation, and that individuals often employ alternative pure strategies (e.g., equity) or mixed strategies (e.g., relative gains in the domain of gains and absolute gains in the domain of losses). Decision strategies (e.g., relative gains, absolute gains, joint gains, equality, and altruism) are linked to the growing constructivist literature in international relations.