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Abstract
The paper discusses the concept of adequacy central for Pertażycki's methodology. According to Petrażycki any valuable scientific theory should be adequate, that is, neither limping (to broad with respect its actual scope) nor jumping (too narrow with respect to its actual scope). Consequently, adequacy of a theory is a stronger condition than its truth. Every adequacy theory is true, but not conversely. However, there is problem, because scientific laws are conditionals (implications). This suggests that adequacy is too strong conditions, because the consequence of an implication has a wider scope than its antecedent. Thus, laws should have the form of equivalence. The paper shows how model-theoretic characterization of theories allows to recognize truth and adequacy, consistently with Petrażycki's claims.

This article focuses on the difference that place makes to methodological practice. It argues, following Sin, that the spatial contexts in which methods are carried out remain 'largely excluded from any theorization of the social construction of knowledge' (2003: 306). Through viewing 'place' as both a social and a geographical entity (following Cresswell, 1996), this article argues that although the importance of social relationships in methodology is widely accepted (through, for example, processes of researcher reflexivity), the influence of the 'where of method' has received less attention. The article addresses this issue by arguing for the explicit consideration of the geographical dimension of place in methodology. It does so by introducing the notion of a polylogic approach to method. The polylogic approach moves away from the conventional configuration of method as a dialogue (e.g. between researcher and researched) and towards method explicitly including researcher, researched, and the geographic place of methodology.

Questions on the theme which developments will be in Europe the next ten, thirty to fifty years can be considered as complex societal problems. These problems need an integral approach based on analysis of the temporary situation, with a reflection of the past and focusing on new developments, trends, political values and ideas. Analysing the situation in Europe should be done in accordance to a micro analysis of the states of Europe and a macro analyses of the world. Several issues like finance, economy, infrastructure, internet, environment, employment, knowledge, education, health care, technical developments etc. should be integrated with each other and should be analysed in relation to the legal and political ideas. Many actors with different power and emotions are involved. Analysing as well as predicting future developments should be done with several groups of people. A new methodology is developed that handles these kind of questions. The method support the analysis of the past, the temporary situation and the future, integrating the many different aspects. This new methodology, the method Compram (DeTombe, 1994), is based on the idea that handling complex societal problems is based on knowledge, power and emotion. The method handles these problems with a six step approach starting with analysing the situation with neutral experts from different fields, then analysing the same situation with the different actors, then together based on several scenario's trying to make a picture of future developments. In the paper the method will be described in relation to the questions of future development of Europe.

Intro -- Preface -- References -- Acknowledgment -- Contents -- List of Figures -- Chapter 1: Introduction: Conjunctures and Crises -- Defining the Conjuncture -- Overview of the Book -- Methodology and Political Strategy in Two Parts -- Hall and Gramsci's Relevance for Contemporary Cultural Studies -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2: Hall's Method for Reading Gramsci -- Metaconjuncture: Foundations and Prospects -- How Hall Historicizes Gramsci -- Situating Gramsci: From Reformism and Syndicalism to Neoliberalism -- Situating Gramsci in Cultural Studies Scholarship: Hall's Method -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3: The Rediscovery of the Conjuncture -- Analyzing the Conjuncture -- Mobilizing the Conjuncture -- Metaconjuncture, Marxism, and Cultural Studies -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 4: Politics as Method/Method as Politics Part One: Organic Concepts -- Organic -- This Theoretical Legacy -- Complexly Embedded: Organicità and the Recontextualization of the Organic Intellectual -- R. L. Stephens, Race, Class, and Organic Intellectuals -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 5: Politics as Method/Method as Politics Part Two: Organizational Concepts -- Organic Centralism -- Rethinking Organic Centralism -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 6: Metaconjuncture Lab -- Notes -- References -- Index.

Fan studies is a multifaceted discipline that developed from widely different fields of research, resulting in a great variety of methodological approaches. A recurring issue in discussions on methodology in fan studies is the tension between the researchers' attachment to the phenomenon they are studying and the more detached, critical role of a researcher. The double position as both a participant in and observer of the communities that they are researching has led to valuable discussions about reflexivity and positionality in fan studies methodologies. Indeed, the double position of fan and researcher can inform and enrich research by bringing fannish practices and sensibilities to research projects. This tension between attachment to and detachment from the field influences the research process, leading to ethical challenges that acafans must face as a result of their dual positionality. Drawing on affect theory, and reflecting on our own research experiences from an autoethnographic perspective, we show how fannish attachment to the subject-object of study can be a driving force—a resource rather than an impediment to good research. An affective turn in methodology could improve knowledge not only within the field of fan studies but in the social sciences in general.

In the modern age,financial organizations&economicdevelopments are interconnected; which supports economy in terms of savings, investment, infrastructure, trade, employment, capital market, venture capital, foreign capital, regional development, electronic development,entrepreneurship development, political stability, and control of economy rapid growth.In order to support varieties of business models, financial sectors offer multiple products across different time framessince Inception. As the products increases, deployment of infrastructure varies from time to time due to advancement in technologies.Since some of the products are independent to each other and possess changing customer base with different dimensions are stored in isolated heterogeneous systems.To drive the customer centric organizations, business intelligence teamsare challenged to relate the customers between isolated systemshaving limited common set of data factors for linkages. To keep this issue in mind, we have proposed a versatile record linkage methodology which relates the customers andclassifiesas individual, household, corporate, etc. irrespective of multiple features(personal details, demographic details, etc. ) versus multiple classes(E.g.:Household, individual) at once to improve the time complexity. To relate multidimensional fuzzy customer data processing at single shot, this methodology finds the source and target dataset's relativity using pairwise similarity measure and create Boolean factor table to execute the record linkages and classification usingdeep random forest.

Practice turn marks an important advancement in International Relations theorizing. In challenging abstract meta-theoretical debates, practice theorizing in International Relations aims to get close to the lifeworld(s) of the actual practitioners of politics. Scholars from different positions such as constructivism, critical theory, and post-structuralism have critically interrogated the analytical framework of practices in international politics. Building upon these works, we are concerned with a question of how to examine the context of international practices that unfolds in multiple ways in practitioners' performances. Our central thesis is that a distinct pragmatic methodology offers an opportunity to keep with the practice turn and avoid the problematic foundational moves of mainstream practice theorizing. This involves foregrounding three interrelated processes in examining practices: the role of exceptions in the normal stream of performances, normative uptake of the analysts, and the semantic field that actors navigate in political performances. We argue that this methodology is predicated on its usefulness to interpret practices through reflective social-science inquiry.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- INTRODUCTION -- The Rise and Fall of Logical Positivism -- Weber and Positivism -- Observation and Interpretation -- Weber and Phenomenology -- Weber's Methodological Essays -- Notes -- References -- CHAPTER ONE -- Introduction -- The Battle of the Methods -- Weber and the Methodological Unity of the Sciences -- The Nomological Model -- References -- CHAPTER TWO -- The Problem of the 'Irrationality' of Human Action -- Understanding and Interpretation I -- References -- CHAPTER THREE -- Understanding and Interpretation II -- The Methodology of the Social Sciences: Conclusion -- References -- Index

AbstractThe discipline of anthropology is one of the foundational stones for performance studies, to the extent that it provided one of our most common methodologies for research: ethnography. However, in this essay, I am interested in what anthropology can learn from performance studies methodologically, namely, looking at performance as a valuable research method, especially for an intersectional feminist practice. Following Saidiya Hartman's scholarship, and Tavia Nyong'o's and Consuelo Pabón's readings of Gilles Deleuze, I use the concept of fabulation to explore and interpret the potency of performance as methodology. Through an analysis of a performance piece by the Ensemble Kashmir Theatre Akademi (EKTA), I argue that performance offers the possibility to enact a register of the past (based on an embodied archive) at the same time that it has the potential to produce ephemeral visions of a future of liberation. In the end, I argue that moving beyond looking and writing about embodied practices, which anthropologists have done extensively, toward the purposeful creation of performance in the context of anthropological research can serve as a fruitful tool to practice feminist positionality.

part II METHODOLOGY -- chapter 1 Logic-in-Use and Reconstructed Logic -- chapter 2 Logic and Psychology -- chapter 3 The Task of Methodology -- chapter 4 -- chapter 5 The Empirical Basis -- chapter 6 Functions of Concepts -- chapter 7 Theoretical Terms -- chapter 8 Openness of Meaning -- chapter 9 Specification of Meaning -- chapter 10 Concepts in Behavioral Science -- chapter 11 Functions of Laws -- chapter 12 The Content of Laws -- chapter 13 Types of Laws -- chapter 14 Laws in Behavioral Science -- chapter 15 The Process of Observation -- chapter 16 Observation in Behavioral Science -- chapter 17 Functions of Experiment -- chapter 18 The Structure of Experiment -- chapter 19 Experiment in Behavioral Science -- chapter 20 Functions of Measurement -- chapter 21 The Structure of Measurement -- chapter 22 Scales -- chapter 23 Validity -- chapter 24 Measurement in Behavioral Science -- chapter 25 Functions of Statistics -- chapter 26 Probability and Induction -- chapter 27 Statistical Description -- chapter 28 Statistical Hypotheses -- chapter 29 Statistics in Behavioral Science -- chapter 30 The Structure of Models -- chapter 31 Functions of Models -- chapter 32 Shortcomings of Models -- chapter 33 Models in Behavioral Science -- chapter 34 Theories and Laws -- chapter 36 Validation of Theories -- chapter 37 Theories in Behavioral Science -- chapter 38 The Pattern Model -- chapter 39 The Deductive Model -- chapter 40 Explanation and Prediction -- chapter 41 Functions of Explanation -- chapter 42 Explanation in Behavioral Science -- chapter 43 Values in Inquiry -- chapter 44 Theory of Value -- chapter 45 Behavioral Science and Policy -- chapter 46 The Future of Behavioral Science.

This introduction to the special conference issue for the 2014 Millennium Conference on Method, Methodology and Innovation aims to provide a background to the conference theme, as well as the articles included in this issue. It hence serves to outline the reasoning for holding a conference on method and methodology in International Relations (IR), situates the present debate within a broader context, elaborates on why Millennium is a journal that is well suited to host such a debate, and offers an overview of the different contributions made in this issue.

Abstract
A number of commentators have recently suggested that there is a puzzle surrounding Locke's acceptance of Newton's Principia. On their view, Locke understood natural history as the primary methodology for natural philosophy and this commitment was at odds with an embrace of mathematical physics. This article considers various attempts to address this puzzle and finds them wanting. It then proposes a more synoptic view of Locke's attitude towards natural philosophy. Features of Locke's biography show that he was deeply interested in mathematical physics long before the publication of the Principia. This interest was in line with important developments in the Royal Society. It is argued that Locke endorsed a two-stage approach to natural philosophy which was consistent with an embrace of both natural history and mathematical physics. The Principia can be understood as consistent with this approach.

Abstract
The present paper deals with some basic questions of methodology in labour history. It deals with three main questions: the question of class and social identities in labour history; the question of the category of 'labouring poor' vis-à-vis the category of working class; and finally, the question of the place of state in treating the relation between labour and capital. On the first question, it argues that social identities become sites of social oppression in the moment of class. On the second question, it argues that while the category of 'labouring poor' has descriptive power, it lacks analytical rigour and can make sense only in conjunction with the category of working class. Finally, it contends that labour history must understand the relative autonomy of the state while dealing with the question of relation between labour and capital and yet it must not take the question of tripartite arrangement between labour, capital and state too literally or formally, as state does serve the long-term collective class interests of capital. The essay also refutes the valorization of the so-called 'everyday forms of resistance' over the importance of the collective class resistance of the working class.