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AbstractJohn F. Kennedy is remembered as the consummate American politician of his day, but he was also shaped by a distinct ethnic-religious tradition, that of Catholic Irish-Americans in the US. The often tragic history of Ireland is not easily reconciled with the power and glamour of the Kennedy family, but John Kennedy was closer to his immigrant roots than perhaps any other president. That heritage was often evident in his early political career and his rise to the White House. It was necessarily less obvious once he became president of a large and diverse nation. In the final months of his presidency, as he began to set a clearer direction for the nation both at home and abroad, he found time to visit Ireland. This seemingly sentimental journey had a more serious tone as well, as Kennedy recognized the origins of modern Irish nationalism.

A romanticized view of class alignment in Britain exists that has been attacked and defended equally in academic works over the last twenty years. Historically, the Labour Party was seen as the defender of working-class interests, though critics within the party and the British socialist movement have often questioned this notion. Such questions have appeared more pertinent with the diminution of the working class due to the de-industrialization of the British economy. In 1983 Andrew Gamble noted that: "The greatest threat to this underlying strength of the British labour movement are the twin trends of declining manufacturing output and rising unemployment". He argued that it was the failure of the Labour Party to arrest these trends and "translate the overwhelming objective strength [...] into organizational strength and political leadership" which had led to the dealignment of the working class away from Labour.

Contends that the legacy of the Soviet welfare state is characterized by entrenched interests, legal entitlements, & reform-resistant institutional practices & attitudes. Taking David Lane's (2002) path-dependent approach, demonstrated is how embedded institutions, socially based norms, & inherited expectations have significantly impacted policy reform to curtail the transfer of Western institutions & policies. Further, inherited institutional deficits & postcommunist elite divisions between government reformers & the communist-dominated Duma have curbed welfare state transformations. In this context, efforts at housing, pension, & poverty policy reforms are detailed, finding that Russia's declining welfare resources are allocated to extant programs that do little for the "new poor." In addition to political & legislative roadblocks, social orientations & norms constrain reform. The welfare state legacy inhibits a shift to a more market-based benefits system, & the implications for social welfare & perhaps democracy are deemed ambiguous. 3 Tables. J. Zendejas

Ethics political communication used in the order in the government presented opinion or advice necessary keep a message manners according to customs culture gayo have separate ethics had meaning very important. Ethics political communication by the government to the society will affect any good; on the contrary, political communication also to the government will feed into aspects in improving the good order. Ethics political communication community groups as expressing an opinion society organizations politely and mannered use gayo culture and so is government response in accommodating the aspirations of the organizations. District of Aceh central gayo occupying an integral part of Indonesia. Those who have the character and values of the specific customs and culture of Indonesian society in general. The gayo customs and cultural values make the values of the Gayo customary philosophy in everyday life. The system of cultural values of the gayo community at events contains knowledge, beliefs, values, religion, norms, rules, and laws that become a reference for behavior in community life, the philosophical values of the gayo community, cannot be separated from the customs/culture of the gayo community as; Genap mupakat (democracy), amanat (integrity), tertip (orderly rules), alang tulung beret bantu (mutual help), gemasih (affection), setie (loyal), bersikekemelen (competing), dan mutentu (effective). Courteousness in conveying aspirations and opinions to the government and the government to the community must have politeness ethics in political communication to avoid inconsistencies and insecurity between the people and the government in Central Aceh

Ethics political communication used in the order in the government presented opinion or advice necessary keep a message manners according to customs culture gayo have separate ethics had meaning very important. Ethics political communication by the government to the society will affect any good; on the contrary, political communication also to the government will feed into aspects in improving the good order. Ethics political communication community groups as expressing an opinion society organizations politely and mannered use gayo culture and so is government response in accommodating the aspirations of the organizations. District of Aceh central gayo occupying an integral part of Indonesia. Those who have the character and values of the specific customs and culture of Indonesian society in general. The gayo customs and cultural values make the values of the Gayo customary philosophy in everyday life. The system of cultural values of the gayo community at events contains knowledge, beliefs, values, religion, norms, rules, and laws that become a reference for behavior in community life, the philosophical values of the gayo community, cannot be separated from the customs/culture of the gayo community as; Genap mupakat (democracy), amanat (integrity), tertip (orderly rules), alang tulung beret bantu (mutual help), gemasih (affection), setie (loyal), bersikekemelen (competing), dan mutentu (effective). Courteousness in conveying aspirations and opinions to the government and the government to the community must have politeness ethics in political communication to avoid inconsistencies and insecurity between the people and the government in Central Aceh

Egypt was at the beginning of the 1980s one of the few countries in the Middle East which seemed to have embarked on the road to democracy. When President Mubarak came to power after the assassination of Anwar Sadat, he promised to expand the scope for opposition and press freedom. Almost fifteen years later and three parliamentary elections wiser the future looks a lot less promising. While democratization has run up against a wall of governmental obstruction, and the development of civil society is hamstrung by restrictive laws, press freedom has become largely inconsequential. Against the background of the parliamentary elections of November 1995 Ahmed Abdalla has written a perceptive analysis of the prospects of democracy in Egypt. The editors have added an appendix with more specific information on the coming elections. (Amsterdam Middle East Pap/DÜI)

Contemporary political and social theorists (e.g. Habermas 1984; Delli Carpini/Keeter 1993; 1997; Vujčić 2001) consider political knowledge as an important dimension of a democratic political culture and a vital prerequisite for deliberating on various political issues, as well as for active and responsible participation in the political process. Despite the growing number of research and literature targeting this issue internationally, political literacy is still quite neglected in the academic discourse in Croatia, and therefore data on youth political literacy and socialization are scarce. Some of the recent studies show how Croatian youth has no or little knowledge related to democracy and citizen participation. They communicate undemocratic attitudes, poor knowledge of basic political concepts and human rights, as well as low level of 'being up to date' with the recent political turmoil. This paper analyses the most recent study on youth political literacy conducted in Croatian high schools in 2015, with more than 1000 students participating. Political literacy was operationalized through three dimensions: (I) understanding the fundamental political concepts, (II) knowledge of constitutional-political organization and (III) awareness of recent (national) political developments. Preliminary results indicate low level of literacy, but there are significant differences among students of different types of high schools – students attending grammar schools report significantly higher level of political knowledge. Considering that more than two third of all high school students in Croatia attend other types of vocational schools, it is evident that educational authorities and NGOs have to seriously (re)consider strengthening the program of political education.

Are there serious political-security conflicts between Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and India that could affect deepening relations? The strengthening of ASEAN and India's cooperation has already bore fruit with the implementation of the ASEAN–India free trade area. However, political security relations have not been fully examined especially if there are possibilities of potential conflicting policy directions. This article aims to contribute to further understanding of ASEAN and India's political and security relations through ASEAN's non-traditional security priorities in assessing potential threats to the region. There are indeed policy areas where ASEAN and India do not see eye to eye such as on issues of nuclear proliferation and human rights. However, because of the mutuality of interest between them, potential conflicts can be resolved.

The late Victorian era was characterized by close links between politicians and firms in the United Kingdom, with up to half of all members of Parliament serving as company directors. We analyze 467 British companies over the period 1895 to 1904. An analysis of election results shows that the election of a new tech director is associated with a 2 percent to 2.5 percent increase in that firm's share price, whereas old tech firms were unaffected by the electoral fortunes of their directors. New technology firms with political directors were more likely to undertake seasoned issues of both equity and debt.

We consider a framework of contractual interactions between urban transport authorities and transport operators. We estimate simultaneously the choice of contract by the authorities and the effect of regulation on the cost reducing activity of the operators. We test whether regulatory schemes currently implemented in the industry are the observable items of a more general menu of second best contracts. We suggest that the generation process of the data we have in hand is better explained by the political aspects of regulation. Moreover, the cost reducing effort of the operators is greater under fixed-price regimes, compared to the cost-plus case.

To develop an impressionistic model of conditions contributing to the effective implementation of youth employment programs, 9 cases of programs initiated by the 1977 Youth Employment Demonstration Project Act in 8 US cities are analyzed. Open-ended interviews with program executives & staff (N not provided) revealed how successful programs held delays & financial costs to a reasonable level & met their original objectives. Executives in successful programs often acted as "fixers," repairing & protecting their programs & creating patterns of interest convergence among relevant actors, turning mild interest into active support. They acted as the public sector's "political hand," analogous to the market's "invisible.". Modified HA