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A PhD candidate in biological sciences, who is also pursuing a graduate certificate in women's studies, describes male-centered paradigms in the study of fish coloration that overlook coloration displays in females. As a result, many traits common to both sexes are labeled "male traits," thereby obscuring the actual degree of sexual variation. It is argued that the traditionally male-dominated field of animal behavior has produced many theories that fail to consider female evolution. However, recent work by the growing number of women in the field, as well as some astute male scientists, has focused more on androcentric research that reflects larger cultural shifts in gender roles. Personal experiences as a woman in a male-dominated field are related, along with how childhood socialization served to restrict certain aspirations, & how human gender roles inhibit conceptions of male & female animals. A discussion of the need to challenge science's gender-based representations contends that the insights & methodologies of feminist theory must be applied in order to develop a more flexible view of animal nature. 17 References. J. Lindroth

This book details the results of the authors' research using laboratory animals to investigate individual choice theory in economics-consumer-demand and labour supply behaviour and choice under uncertainty. The use of laboratory animals provides the opportunity to conduct controlled experiments involving precise and demanding tests of economic theory with rewards and punishments of real consequence. Economic models are compared to psychological and biological choice models along with the results of experiments testing between these competing explanations. Results of animal experiments are used to address questions of social policy importance

Front Cover -- Mixed-Species Groups of Animals -- Mixed-Species Groups of Animals: Behavior, Community Structure, -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 - Introduction -- 1.1 WHAT IS A MIXED-SPECIES GROUP? DEFINING THE SCOPE OF THE BOOK -- 1.2 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON RESEARCH ON MIXED-SPECIES GROUPS -- 2 - A Diversity of Mixed-Species Associations -- 2.1 CLASSIFYING MIXED-SPECIES ASSOCIATIONS -- 2.2 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SPECIES WITHOUT ASSOCIATION -- 2.3 ASSOCIATION OF SPECIES DESPITE LACK OF INTERACTION -- 2.3.1 Aggregations in Habitat Patches -- 2.3.2 Aggregations Around a Resource -- 2.3.3 Aggregations Influenced by Predation -- 2.3.4 Aggregations During Migration -- 2.4 STATIONARY ASSOCIATIONS CENTERED AROUND SPECIES INTERACTIONS -- 2.4.1 Associations Based on a Protective Species -- 2.4.2 Mixed-Species Colonies or Roosts -- 2.4.3 Cleaning Mutualisms -- 2.5 CONCLUSIONS -- 3 - Moving Mixed-Species Groups in Different Taxa -- 3.1 COMPARING MOVING MIXED-SPECIES GROUPS -- 3.2 INVERTEBRATES -- 3.3 FISH AND AQUATIC AMPHIBIANS -- 3.3.1 Saltwater Fish -- 3.3.2 Freshwater Fish and Aquatic Amphibians -- 3.4 MAMMALS -- 3.4.1 Cetaceans -- 3.4.2 Ungulates -- 3.4.3 Primates -- 3.5 BIRDS -- 3.5.1 Seabirds -- 3.5.2 Shorebirds -- 3.5.3 Waterfowl -- 3.5.4 Waders -- 3.5.5 Grassland Birds -- 3.5.6 Forest Birds -- 3.6 MSGS THAT INCLUDE MULTIPLE TAXA AND WHERE ONE SPECIES MAKES FOOD MORE ACCESSIBLE TO OTHERS -- 3.6.1 Associations Based on One Species Increasing Prey Accessibility -- 3.6.2 Cooperative Hunting -- 3.6.3 Mutualisms in Which Increased Foraging Is Traded for Vigilance -- 3.7 CONCLUSIONS -- 4 - Adaptive Implications of Mixed-Species Grouping: Foraging, Physical, and Reproductive Factors -- 4.1 DIFFERENT TYPES OF MIXED-SPECIES GROUPS IN TERMS OF ADAPTATION -- 4.2 SOME POTENTIAL FORAGING BENEFITS OF (MIXED-SPECIES) GROUPING

This case study examines differences between how the animal‐behavior‐research fields of ethology and sociobiology account for female ornamental traits. I address three questions: 1) Why were female traits noted in early animal‐behavior writings but not systematically studied like male traits? 2) Why did ethology attend to female signals before sexual‐selection studies did? 3) And why didn't sexual‐selection researchers cite the earlier ethological literature when they began studying female traits? To answer these questions, I turn to feminist and other science‐studies scholars and philosophers of science. My main framework is provided by Bruno Latour, whose model I position within relevant feminist critique (Latour 1999). This approach provides an interactive account of how scientific knowledge develops. I argue that this embedded approach provides a more compelling reading of the relationship between gender and science than does focusing on androcentric biases. My overall aim is to counter arguments by some feminist biologists that feminist tools should emphasize the correction and removal of biases, and to address their fears that more rigorous critiques would lead to relativism or otherwise remove science as a tool for feminist use.

The relations linking aggressive to soc behavior are particularly strong when one considers the release & the control of aggressive behavior. The stimuli which provoke aggressive behavior nearly always come from outside; they are connected with the presence of a congener. One may assume that the stimuli & perceptions which enter into individual recognition have some connection with the triggering of aggressive. behavior ior. In mammals & esp in rodents, the role of olfactive cues has been stressed in a great many studies. In M mice, a great deal of individual recognition seems to depend on scent signals originating either in the genito-urinary region or in the urinary tract. The release of aggressive conducts is linked to similar olfactive cues: anosmia provokes a total disappearance of aggression in M mice. The role of the soc environment in the control of aggressive behavior can be studied by changing the density of pop. In natural conditions, the soc life tends to reduce aggressiveness; much animal behavior is directed towards developing exchange of information to reduce intra-specific fightings. But when M mice, for example, are isolated, their aggressiveness is increased; this phenomenon has been found in other animals & in man. In the same way, overcrowding increases aggressiveness in animals. Psychol'ts & physiologists have studied some of the internal changes involved by modification of the soc environment. In rodents, olfactive cues are also involved in these phenomena. AA.