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Since 2010, number of political uprisings took place in the Arab countries which so called The Arab Spring (at-Thawrât al-'Arabiyyah). The fall of regimes such as in Tunis, Egypt, and Libya, following the massive resistance of people was actually reflect the crisis of legitimacy and the weakness of authority of many political leaders in the region. Moreover, the loyalty of many people in the Arab countries to their leaders was also problematic decision when it has to deal with their primordial affiliations such as ashabiyah, wathanniyah, qaummiyah and ummah. The Arab Spring is a very important political movement which taught us lessons that both leadership and national character building are unfinished and will never be end as a process. This phenomenon also emphasized the importance of political system to be adaptive to the dynamic of domestic political situation and international atmosphere as well. The failure to adapt towards such conditions will causes to the fall of the ruling power.

A concise guide on how and why the Arab Spring failed, this book presents a detailed narrative of events in the Arab World, from the moment Mohammed Bouazizi lit himself - and the region - on fire. It presents an original investigation into why the Arab Spring cannot be seen as a wave of democratization, due to the contribution of intolerant Islamist actors in its failure, through their application of a distinctive conception of "the good" inconsistent with liberal democracy

After the Arab Spring : a new wave of transitional justice? / Kirsten J. Fisher and Robert Stewart -- 1. The Arab world after the popular uprisings : a spirit restored? / Bassel F. Salloukh -- 2. Building a future, exhuming the past : the struggles for accountability in the wake of regional uprisings / Anne Massagee -- 3. Transitional justice in the wake of the Arab uprisings : between complexity and standardization / Habib Nassar -- 4. Difficult but ultimately rewarding : lessons from transitional justice in Latin America / Andrew G. Reiter -- 5. The costs of avoiding transitional justice : lessons from Lebanon / Ora Szekely -- 6. Risks and rewards : lessons from Central and Eastern Europe's transitional justice experiences / Klaus Bachmann, Robert Stewart and Kirsten J. Fisher -- 7. Challenges of representation and inclusion : a case study of Islamist groups in transitional justice / Line Khatib -- 8. Transitional justice and the Arab Spring from a gender perspective / Elham Manea -- 9. Egypt and the struggle for accountability and justice / Michael Wahid Hanna -- 10. Justice after the war : the International Criminal Court and post-Gaddafi Libya / Mark Kersten -- 11. Selectivity, legitimacy and the pursuit of post-Arab Spring international criminal justice / Kirsten J. Fisher -- 12. Transitions in the Middle East and North Africa : new trajectories and challenges for transitional justice? / Hugo van der Merwe.

This book explores specific problems related to the phenomenon of the Arab Spring in North Africa. These topics include sexual minorities, youth, and gender issues, as well as broader themes covering the ideological, social, political, and religious backgrounds of the Arab Spring.

Introduction -- The religion of Islam -- Tasawwuf -- Ahmadiyya -- Shiʻa Islam -- The Zaidi Shiʻa sect -- The Ismaili Shiʻa sect -- The Alawites sect -- Hashashin Shiʻa sect -- The Islamic monarchy -- Arabia : the birthplace of Islam and Wahhabism -- Early reformers -- The Muslim brotherhood (MB) -- Arab tribalism -- The Arab Spring -- The Arab Spring in Tunisia -- Yemen -- The Arab Spring in Yemen -- Egypt -- Sectarianism in Egypt -- Egypt's copts -- Nubia and the Egyptian Nubians -- The Arab Spring in Egypt -- Libya -- The Berber -- The Arab Spring in Libya -- The Arab Spring in Syria -- The Palestinian refugees in Syria -- Lebanon -- Lebanon and Israel -- The Maronites -- The Druze -- Palestinian refugees in Lebanon -- The Arab Spring in Lebanon -- Jordan -- The Arab Spring in Jordan -- Morocco -- The Arab Spring in Morocco -- Iraq -- Saddam's Iraq wars : The invasion of Iraq -- the second Gulf War -- Iraqi Kurds -- The Arab Spring in Iraq -- Algeria -- The Arab Spring in Algeria -- Qatar -- Kuwait -- United Arab Emirates (UAE) -- The Arab Spring in the Gulf States -- Arab Spring in Kuwait -- The Arab Spring in Saudi Arabia -- The Palestinians -- The Arab Spring in the Palestinian Authority -- Israel and the West -- The Arab Spring and Israel -- The legacy of the Arab Spring.

Kristian Coates Ulrichsen provides a full examination of Qatar's startling rise to regional and international prominence and describes how its distinct policy stance toward the Arab Spring emerged. In only a decade, Qatari policy-makers - led by the Emir, Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani and the Prime Minister, Sheikh Hamad bin Jassim Al-Thani - catapulted Qatar from a sleepy backwater to a regional power with truly international reach

The Arab Spring dramatically increased investors' perceptions of political risk in MENA. An examination of these perceptions indicates long-run optimism that political transitions in the region -- if democratic and coupled with political stability -- could increase FDI and contribute to MENA's economic development.

1. The shari'a state and Western scholarship : the reality of the Islamist shari'atization of politics that seeks a name -- 2. The shari'a state is not the faith of Islam : shari'a and politics -- 3. The challenge of the Islamist shari'a state to international order : torn between the Westphalian synthesis, Pax Americana and Pax Islamica -- 4. Shari'a and Islamism in the 'Arab Spring' : from the promise of a blossoming spring to a frosty and lethal winter -- 5. From traditional shari'a reasoning to Islamist shari'atization of politics in the post-Arab Spring -- 6. Torn between combating prejudice and the accusation of Islamophobia : the shari'a state and policing speech in the debate 'Whither Islamic civilization?'.

Chapter 1 The Structure of Arab Society: Tribes and Artificial States -- chapter 2 The Ottoman Heritage -- chapter 3 Authoritarian Rule in the Islamic World -- chapter 4 The Caliphate and the Ideal of the Islamic State -- chapter 5 The Globalization of Information and the World Media -- chapter 6 Turkey, Egypt, Tunisia, Pakistan, and the Republican Model -- chapter 7 Saudi Arabia, the Gulf States, Morocco, Jordan, and the Monarchical Model -- chapter 8 Syria, Libya, Yemen, Afghanistan, Bosnia, Kosovo, and the Tribal Model -- chapter 9 Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, and the Shi{u2019}ite Model -- chapter 10 Algeria, Mali, Sudan, Somalia, the Palestinians, and the Revolutionary Model.

'Social Currents in North Africa' offers multidisciplinary analyses of social phenomena unfolding in the Maghreb today. The contributors analyze the genealogies of contemporary North African behavioral and ideological norms, and offer insights into post-Arab Spring governance and today's social and political trends.

One of the core dominant events, in the Middle East in 21th century, was Arab Spring revolutions in 2010-2011. These revolutions aimed to achieve democracy and get rid of the dictator regimes in the Arab countries. No doubt that Arab Spring had political social and economic reasonable and significant impacts. This paper will examine various reflections on the Arab revolutions of the Arab Spring (2010-2011) through modern Arab poetry, focusing on four selected poems as cases of study. In addition to the aimed historical reading, this paper attempts to analyse the selected poems focusing literary and poetic methods, as well as language and diction, comparing between them. For diversity, while all the selected poems are modern Arabic poetry, one of the selected poems is the neo-classic Arabic poetry of Ibrāhīm Obaydī, and the three others are free verse poetry from Ahmed Matar, Musʿab al-Mūrādī, and Ahmad Msāʿdih. Methodologically, this study is analytic, comparative and inductive, relying relevant poems of the selected four poets. This paper suggests not only that the Arab Spring played a significant historical role in the Middle East, leading to intensive civil and non-civil armed conflicts, but also, Modern Arab poetry contributes to historical documenting immortalizing the Arab Spring revolutions including their aims and motivations, as well as their social political and cultural impacts.

Arab Spring -- Contents -- Introduction -- Tahrir as Heterotopia -- Beyond the Arab Spring -- Emergency Law and Hypergovernance -- The Promises and Limitations of Economic Protests in the West Bank -- Stability or Democracy? -- The Turkish Model for the Arab Spring -- Notes on Contributors

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- 1. Introduction. The Arab Uprisings: Micro-Dynamics of Activism and Revolt between Change and Continuity-Fatima El-Issawi and Francesco Cavatorta -- Contents -- Part 1: Paths to Success, Paths to Failure: Democratic Transitions after the Arab Uprisings -- 2. The Democratic Transition in Tunisia: Three Keys to Understanding a Success Story-Nidhal Mekki -- 3. Post-2013 Egypt: On Delegitimising Democratic Demands-Amr Hamzawy -- 4. Syria: Causes and Consequences of the Popular Uprising-Salam Kawakibi -- 5. Libya: The Altered Resource Competition-Amir Magdy Kamel -- 6. The Moroccan Spring is Back: The Rif Hirak-Maati Monjib -- 7. Algeria -- or, The Limits of the Democratic Facade-Lahouari Addi -- Part 2: Dynamics of Change and Dynamics of Continuity: Social Transformations after the Uprisings -- 8. Guardians of Change-George Joffé -- 9. Politics: The Mainstream, the Marginal and the Alternative-Sarah Yerkes -- 10. Youth Activism and the Politics of 'Mediapreneurship': The Effects of Political Efficacy and Empowerment on Mediated Norm Conveyance in Tunisia and Morocco-Roxane Farmanfarmaian -- 11. Judicial Activism, Women's Rights and Cultural Change in Post-Uprising Tunisia-Amel Mili -- 12. The Secular-Islamist Divide in Tunisia: Myth or Reality?-Alessandra Bonci -- Contributors.