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The microenterprise strategy--helping people start small businesses--has generated attention among policymakers and the media as a way to create jobs and help lift people out of poverty. Through extensive interviews and case studies of five diverse microenterprise programs in different U.S. regions, Lisa J. Servon examines the potential and limits of these programs. In the late 1980s, the microenterprise strategy came to the United States from less-developed countries such as Bangladesh, where the Grameen Bank flourishes. Since then over 200 programs have opened their doors in nearly every state. This book identifies the current discourse on microenterprises, discusses how this approach represents a departure from traditional economic development and social welfare strategies, and examines the wide range of results. Boot strap Capital tells the story of both the programs and the people who use them. One program, Women's Initiative, targets very low income women in the San Francisco Bay Area and requires all clients to undergo three months of training before they can apply for a loan. Some of the participants are true entrepreneurs; others pursue self-employment because the mainstream economy has failed them. Servon finds that microenterprise programs combat the problem of persistent poverty by serving a broad socioeconomic group and by focusing on the goals of empowerment, economic literacy, and community organization. She shows that microenterprise programs do more to help those who exist at the margins of the mainstream economy than those who are completely cut off from it. She calls for a rethinking of expectations for this strategy, based on the experience of programs and entrepreneurs in this country. This book provides the basis for reframing policy support for these programs.

FROM PREOCCUPIED ATTACHMENT TO DEPRESSION: SERIAL MEDIATION MODEL EFFECTS ON A SAMPLE OF WOMEN Existing studies have confirmed the existence of a relation between depressive symptoms and insecure attachment, an undeveloped ability to mentalize, social anxiety and rumination, as well as their increasingly more frequent presence in the population of women. However, none of the studies have analyzed the mutual relations between the aforementioned phenomena. In this study we tested a multiple serial mediation model in which a preoccupied attachment style has an effect on depressive symptoms among women, mediated by the ability to mentalize one's own state of mind, social anxiety and a tendency towards rumination, successively, in that order. The research was carried out on a geographical cluster sample and included 1258 working-age adults, respondents from 37 urban and rural locations, 20 administrative districts of Serbia, from which a sample of women was extracted (N= 791). The Relationships Questionnaire – RQ (Bartholomew and Horowitz, 1991), the Mentalization Scale – MentS (Dimitrijević et al., 2015), the Scale of Social Anxiety (Tovilović, 2004) and the Ruminative Thought Style Questionnaire – RTSQ; Brinker and Dozois, 2009) were all used in the study. The results have indicated that there is a significant specific indirect effect of the preoccupied attachment style on depression mediated by all three mediators sequentially (estimated indirect effect = .004, boot-strapped 95% CI = .002 - .007), suggesting that the preoccupied attachment style has an effect on depression by leading to a decrease in the ability to mentalize one's own state of mind, which increases social anxiety, in turn leading to an increase in rumination, which ultimately leads to depression. These findings could be of importance for the treatment of a specific group of female patients with a preoccupied attachment style who suffer from depression.

PURPOSE. We sought to determine the role and retinal cellular location of microRNA-124 (miR-124) in a neuroinflammatory model of retinal degeneration. Further, we explored the anti-inflammatory relationship of miR-124 with a predicted messenger RNA (mRNA) binding partner, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (Ccl2), which is crucially involved in inflammatory cell recruitment in the damaged retina. METHODS. Human AMD donor eyes and photo-oxidative damaged (PD) mice were labeled for miR-124 expression using in situ hybridization. PDGFRa-cre RFP mice were used for Müller cell isolation from whole retinas. MIO-M1 immortalized cells and rat primary Müller cells were used for in vitro analysis of miR-124 expression and its relationship with Ccl2. Therapeutic efficacy was tested with intravitreal administration of miR-124 mimic in mice, with electroretinography used to determine retinal function. IBA1 immunohistochemistry and photoreceptor row counts were used for assessment of inflammation and cell death. RESULTS. MiR-124 expression was correlated with progressive retinal damage, inflammation, and cell death in human AMD and PD mice. In addition, miR-124 expression was inversely correlated to Ccl2 expression in mice following PD. MiR-124 was localized to both neuronal-like photoreceptors and glial (Müller) cells in the retina, with a redistribution from neurons to glia occurring as a consequence of PD. Finally, intravitreal administration of miR-124 mimics decreased retinal inflammation and photoreceptor cell death, and improved retinal function. CONCLUSIONS. This study has provided an understanding of the mechanism behind miR-124 in the degenerating retina and demonstrates the usefulness of miR-124 mimics for the modulation of retinal degenerations. ; Supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council in Australia (APP1127705, 2017-2019), the Australian Government Research Training Program, the Gretel and Gordon Bootes Foundation (2013), and the Ophthalmic Research Institute of Australia/Eye Surgeons' Foundation (2015).

Glutathione transferase Omega 1 (GSTO1-1) is an atypical GST reported to play a pro-inflammatory role in response to LPS. Here we show that genetic knockout of Gsto1 alters the response of mice to three distinct inflammatory disease models. GSTO1-1 deficiency ameliorates the inflammatory response stimulated by LPS and attenuates the inflammatory impact of a high fat diet on glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. In contrast, GSTO1-1 deficient mice show a more severe inflammatory response and increased escape of bacteria from the colon into the lymphatic system in a dextran sodium sulfate mediated model of inflammatory bowel disease. These responses are similar to those of TLR4 and MyD88 deficient mice in these models and confirm that GSTO1-1 is critical for a TLR4-like pro-inflammatory response in vivo. In wild-type mice, we show that a small molecule inhibitor that covalently binds in the active site of GSTO1-1 can be used to ameliorate the inflammatory response to LPS. Our findings demonstrate the potential therapeutic utility of GSTO1-1 inhibitors in the modulation of inflammation and suggest their possible application in the treatment of a range of inflammatory conditions. ; This work was supported by a grant from the Gretel and Gordon Bootes Medical Research Foundation to D.M. and P.B. The National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) is thanked for Project Grant APP1124673 to PB, MC, LO, AO, and Fellowship support for J.B. (2012–2016 Senior Research Fellowship #1020411). J.B. acknowledges the Australian Federal Government Education Investment Fund Super Science Initiative and the Victorian State Government, Victoria Science Agenda Investment Fund for infrastructure support, and Translating Health Discovery (THD) NCRIS soft infrastructure support through Terapeutic Innovation Australia (TIA).

In the past 40 years there has been an increase in second-hand consumption among consumers (Guiot and Roux 2010), since the 'shame and stigma associated with second-hand consumption' disappeared and second-hand goods became 'cool' and 'stylish' (Franklin 2011, 156). In Germany, for example, the turnover of goods sold in second-hand retail outlets is expected to increase from €1.902 mio in 2012 to €2.198 mio in 2020 (Statista n.d.). Second-hand consumption is a niche form of consumption and therefore does not correspond to the norm (Crewe and Gregson 2003; Williams and Paddock 2003). Second-hand goods can be distinguished from new goods because they are pre-used and pre-owned (Luchs et al. 2011). They are usually less expensive than new products and have some traces of wear-and-tear (Estelami and Raymundo 2012). Several forms of second-hand consumption exist. These range from 'car boot sales, charity shops, auctions, online auctions, seller websites, vintage and other second-hand shops, nearly new sales to bric-a-brac stalls run by charities or non-profit community organisations such as churches and schools' (Waight 2013a, 299). Although these places for second-hand exchange are shaped by both buyers and sellers (Gregson and Crewe 2003, 3), the professionalisation of second-hand charity shops has taken place recently. In particular, professional online platforms such as Ubup have revolutionised the second-hand market. Ubup is a second-hand retailer that buys second-hand clothes, and then checks, photographs and labels the clothes online for a professional customer experience, just as in a regular online shop for new clothes (Ubup, n.d). Second-hand shops of all forms are increasingly attempting to copy traditional retail practices (Gregson and Crewe 2003, 75).

Una novedad importante en la legislación educativa española (LOMCE) ha sido considerar necesario dotar a los alumnos que están finalizando Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO), de conocimientos mínimos en economía y finanzas, por si alguno de ellos deciden no continuar con su formación e intentar iniciarse en el mundo laboral. La elaboración de una programación didáctica sobre uno de los bloques formativos de la asignatura de Economía de 4º de la ESO, es la razón que nos ha llevado a realizar este TFM. El seguimiento de todas las fases que la normativa educativa dicta sobre una programación: objetivos, metodología, competencias, elaboración de unidades didácticas, atención a la diversidad y procesos de evaluación, sirve de garantía de la calidad que tienen que tener cualquier material relacionado con la enseñanza. ; An important innovation in the Spanish educational legislation (LOMCE) has been to consider necessary to provide to the students that are completing compulsory secondary education (ESO), minimum knowledge in economics and finance, for if any of them decide not to continue with their training and try to boot in the world of work. The elaboration of a didactic programming on one of the formative blocks of the Economics of 4or that, it is the reason that has led us to make this TFM. The follow-up of all the phases that regulations issued on educational programming: objectives, methodology, skills, development of teaching units, attention to the diversity and assessment processes, to serve as a guarantee of the quality that you have to have any material related to teaching. ; Universidad de Granada. Máster universitario de profesorado de educación secundaria obligatoria, bachillerato, formación profesional y enseñanza de idiomas

The study was conducted in Abia State, Nigeria. A sample size of 240 respondents generated through purposive and multi–stage sampling procedures. Data were realized using structured questionnaire and they were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Spearman's correlation co-efficient. About 62.5 %, 37.5 % and 64.4 % of the respondents were males, females and literates respectively. Means of 46.5 years, 8.5 persons and ₦31,458.00 respectively were recorded for age, household size, and monthly income respectively. Stepping on sharp objects (X = 3.08), cuts/ wounds from implements / tools (X = 3.38), insects bit/ stings (X = 3.25), sun – burns (X = 3.58), and poisoning from chemicals (X = 3.58) respectively were identified as the common farm- safety- risks and hazards in the study area. Avoidance of fatigue(X = 3.38), wearing of hats/ caps (X = 2.58), always armed with machetes (X = 3.2), protective clothing (X = 2.92), rain / jungle boots (X = 2.92), and experts handling chemical application(X = 2.58), among others were identified as preventive measures employed by the cocoa farmers. Results equally, revealed that the following agro – chemicals: mirex (X = 2.63), primegram (X = 3.50), galex (X = 3.58), glamozone (X = 3.63), karate (X = 3.00), furandan (X = 3.50), primextra (X = 3.38) and copper sulfate (X = 3.25), among others were still in use by cocoa farmers in the study area. About 79.9 % of the respondents indicated that the following operations in cocoa production in the study area still involved the use of child – labor: harvesting, weeding, transportation, planting, harvesting and fertilizer application respectively. The study therefore, recommends that government agencies and stake holders charged with monitoring and enforcement of banned chemicals in Nigeria, mostly in the study area should step-up activities mostly now that the protection of environment is a very topical issue in the world.

The study was conducted in Abia State, Nigeria. A sample size of 240 respondents generated through purposive and multi–stage sampling procedures. Data were realized using structured questionnaire and they were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Spearman's correlation co-efficient. About 62.5 %, 37.5 % and 64.4 % of the respondents were males, females and literates respectively. Means of 46.5 years, 8.5 persons and ₦31,458.00 respectively were recorded for age, household size, and monthly income respectively. Stepping on sharp objects (X = 3.08), cuts/ wounds from implements / tools (X = 3.38), insects bit/ stings (X = 3.25), sun – burns (X = 3.58), and poisoning from chemicals (X = 3.58) respectively were identified as the common farm- safety- risks and hazards in the study area. Avoidance of fatigue(X = 3.38), wearing of hats/ caps (X = 2.58), always armed with machetes (X = 3.2), protective clothing (X = 2.92), rain / jungle boots (X = 2.92), and experts handling chemical application(X = 2.58), among others were identified as preventive measures employed by the cocoa farmers. Results equally, revealed that the following agro – chemicals: mirex (X = 2.63), primegram (X = 3.50), galex (X = 3.58), glamozone (X = 3.63), karate (X = 3.00), furandan (X = 3.50), primextra (X = 3.38) and copper sulfate (X = 3.25), among others were still in use by cocoa farmers in the study area. About 79.9 % of the respondents indicated that the following operations in cocoa production in the study area still involved the use of child – labor: harvesting, weeding, transportation, planting, harvesting and fertilizer application respectively. The study therefore, recommends that government agencies and stake holders charged with monitoring and enforcement of banned chemicals in Nigeria, mostly in the study area should step-up activities mostly now that the protection of environment is a very topical issue in the world. Article visualizations:

International audience ; The globalization of the economy boots a strong development of an agribusiness model based on the integration of intensive and specialized farming systems in agribusiness companies driving input supply, technique and economic aspects through global trade channels. This model draws new patterns of local development where farmers and local people interact with global players.The county of Rio Verde (Goías State, Brazil) is a good example of this model, with the gradual development of an agribusiness cluster based on corn and soybean then an intensive poultry production coordinated by Brasil Foods. In the 2000s, the strong development of sugar cane production interacts with this dynamics driven by Brasil Foods questioning directly the model of local development. The authors analyze this local and regional development through the building the agribusiness cluster. The building of the Rio Verde cluster based on global players has a substantial improvement in the main indicators of socio-economic development. However, the externalities are high environmental pressure and governance mechanisms dominated by large private firms and funded in large part by the government. ; La mondialisation des échanges des produits agricoles provoque l'expansion, d'un modèle agroindustriel, basé sur l'intégration de systèmes de production intensifs et spécialisés à des grandes firmes pilotant l'apport d'intrants, la production, la transformation et la commercialisation au travers de circuits commerciaux et financiers planétaires. Impulsant des trajectoires de développement exogènes aux bassins de production, ce modèle interroge quant aux formes de durabilité qu'il instaure.La commune de Rio Verde (Goías, Brésil), illustre ce processus, avec la construction successive d'un pôle agroindustriel autour de la production de grains (maïs, soja), puis d'un pôle avicole et porcin organisé par la firme Perdigao (aujourd'hui Brasil Foods). L'émergence de ce cluster agroindustriel international appuyé par des politiques ...

International audience ; The globalization of the economy boots a strong development of an agribusiness model based on the integration of intensive and specialized farming systems in agribusiness companies driving input supply, technique and economic aspects through global trade channels. This model draws new patterns of local development where farmers and local people interact with global players.The county of Rio Verde (Goías State, Brazil) is a good example of this model, with the gradual development of an agribusiness cluster based on corn and soybean then an intensive poultry production coordinated by Brasil Foods. In the 2000s, the strong development of sugar cane production interacts with this dynamics driven by Brasil Foods questioning directly the model of local development. The authors analyze this local and regional development through the building the agribusiness cluster. The building of the Rio Verde cluster based on global players has a substantial improvement in the main indicators of socio-economic development. However, the externalities are high environmental pressure and governance mechanisms dominated by large private firms and funded in large part by the government. ; La mondialisation des échanges des produits agricoles provoque l'expansion, d'un modèle agroindustriel, basé sur l'intégration de systèmes de production intensifs et spécialisés à des grandes firmes pilotant l'apport d'intrants, la production, la transformation et la commercialisation au travers de circuits commerciaux et financiers planétaires. Impulsant des trajectoires de développement exogènes aux bassins de production, ce modèle interroge quant aux formes de durabilité qu'il instaure.La commune de Rio Verde (Goías, Brésil), illustre ce processus, avec la construction successive d'un pôle agroindustriel autour de la production de grains (maïs, soja), puis d'un pôle avicole et porcin organisé par la firme Perdigao (aujourd'hui Brasil Foods). L'émergence de ce cluster agroindustriel international appuyé par des politiques ...

International audience ; The globalization of the economy boots a strong development of an agribusiness model based on the integration of intensive and specialized farming systems in agribusiness companies driving input supply, technique and economic aspects through global trade channels. This model draws new patterns of local development where farmers and local people interact with global players.The county of Rio Verde (Goías State, Brazil) is a good example of this model, with the gradual development of an agribusiness cluster based on corn and soybean then an intensive poultry production coordinated by Brasil Foods. In the 2000s, the strong development of sugar cane production interacts with this dynamics driven by Brasil Foods questioning directly the model of local development. The authors analyze this local and regional development through the building the agribusiness cluster. The building of the Rio Verde cluster based on global players has a substantial improvement in the main indicators of socio-economic development. However, the externalities are high environmental pressure and governance mechanisms dominated by large private firms and funded in large part by the government. ; La mondialisation des échanges des produits agricoles provoque l'expansion, d'un modèle agroindustriel, basé sur l'intégration de systèmes de production intensifs et spécialisés à des grandes firmes pilotant l'apport d'intrants, la production, la transformation et la commercialisation au travers de circuits commerciaux et financiers planétaires. Impulsant des trajectoires de développement exogènes aux bassins de production, ce modèle interroge quant aux formes de durabilité qu'il instaure.La commune de Rio Verde (Goías, Brésil), illustre ce processus, avec la construction successive d'un pôle agroindustriel autour de la production de grains (maïs, soja), puis d'un pôle avicole et porcin organisé par la firme Perdigao (aujourd'hui Brasil Foods). L'émergence de ce cluster agroindustriel international appuyé par des politiques ...

International audience ; The globalization of the economy boots a strong development of an agribusiness model based on the integration of intensive and specialized farming systems in agribusiness companies driving input supply, technique and economic aspects through global trade channels. This model draws new patterns of local development where farmers and local people interact with global players.The county of Rio Verde (Goías State, Brazil) is a good example of this model, with the gradual development of an agribusiness cluster based on corn and soybean then an intensive poultry production coordinated by Brasil Foods. In the 2000s, the strong development of sugar cane production interacts with this dynamics driven by Brasil Foods questioning directly the model of local development. The authors analyze this local and regional development through the building the agribusiness cluster. The building of the Rio Verde cluster based on global players has a substantial improvement in the main indicators of socio-economic development. However, the externalities are high environmental pressure and governance mechanisms dominated by large private firms and funded in large part by the government. ; La mondialisation des échanges des produits agricoles provoque l'expansion, d'un modèle agroindustriel, basé sur l'intégration de systèmes de production intensifs et spécialisés à des grandes firmes pilotant l'apport d'intrants, la production, la transformation et la commercialisation au travers de circuits commerciaux et financiers planétaires. Impulsant des trajectoires de développement exogènes aux bassins de production, ce modèle interroge quant aux formes de durabilité qu'il instaure.La commune de Rio Verde (Goías, Brésil), illustre ce processus, avec la construction successive d'un pôle agroindustriel autour de la production de grains (maïs, soja), puis d'un pôle avicole et porcin organisé par la firme Perdigao (aujourd'hui Brasil Foods). L'émergence de ce cluster agroindustriel international appuyé par des politiques ...

International audience ; The globalization of the economy boots a strong development of an agribusiness model based on the integration of intensive and specialized farming systems in agribusiness companies driving input supply, technique and economic aspects through global trade channels. This model draws new patterns of local development where farmers and local people interact with global players.The county of Rio Verde (Goías State, Brazil) is a good example of this model, with the gradual development of an agribusiness cluster based on corn and soybean then an intensive poultry production coordinated by Brasil Foods. In the 2000s, the strong development of sugar cane production interacts with this dynamics driven by Brasil Foods questioning directly the model of local development. The authors analyze this local and regional development through the building the agribusiness cluster. The building of the Rio Verde cluster based on global players has a substantial improvement in the main indicators of socio-economic development. However, the externalities are high environmental pressure and governance mechanisms dominated by large private firms and funded in large part by the government. ; La mondialisation des échanges des produits agricoles provoque l'expansion, d'un modèle agroindustriel, basé sur l'intégration de systèmes de production intensifs et spécialisés à des grandes firmes pilotant l'apport d'intrants, la production, la transformation et la commercialisation au travers de circuits commerciaux et financiers planétaires. Impulsant des trajectoires de développement exogènes aux bassins de production, ce modèle interroge quant aux formes de durabilité qu'il instaure.La commune de Rio Verde (Goías, Brésil), illustre ce processus, avec la construction successive d'un pôle agroindustriel autour de la production de grains (maïs, soja), puis d'un pôle avicole et porcin organisé par la firme Perdigao (aujourd'hui Brasil Foods). L'émergence de ce cluster agroindustriel international appuyé par des politiques ...

International audience ; The globalization of the economy boots a strong development of an agribusiness model based on the integration of intensive and specialized farming systems in agribusiness companies driving input supply, technique and economic aspects through global trade channels. This model draws new patterns of local development where farmers and local people interact with global players.The county of Rio Verde (Goías State, Brazil) is a good example of this model, with the gradual development of an agribusiness cluster based on corn and soybean then an intensive poultry production coordinated by Brasil Foods. In the 2000s, the strong development of sugar cane production interacts with this dynamics driven by Brasil Foods questioning directly the model of local development. The authors analyze this local and regional development through the building the agribusiness cluster. The building of the Rio Verde cluster based on global players has a substantial improvement in the main indicators of socio-economic development. However, the externalities are high environmental pressure and governance mechanisms dominated by large private firms and funded in large part by the government. ; La mondialisation des échanges des produits agricoles provoque l'expansion, d'un modèle agroindustriel, basé sur l'intégration de systèmes de production intensifs et spécialisés à des grandes firmes pilotant l'apport d'intrants, la production, la transformation et la commercialisation au travers de circuits commerciaux et financiers planétaires. Impulsant des trajectoires de développement exogènes aux bassins de production, ce modèle interroge quant aux formes de durabilité qu'il instaure.La commune de Rio Verde (Goías, Brésil), illustre ce processus, avec la construction successive d'un pôle agroindustriel autour de la production de grains (maïs, soja), puis d'un pôle avicole et porcin organisé par la firme Perdigao (aujourd'hui Brasil Foods). L'émergence de ce cluster agroindustriel international appuyé par des politiques ...

International audience ; The globalization of the economy boots a strong development of an agribusiness model based on the integration of intensive and specialized farming systems in agribusiness companies driving input supply, technique and economic aspects through global trade channels. This model draws new patterns of local development where farmers and local people interact with global players.The county of Rio Verde (Goías State, Brazil) is a good example of this model, with the gradual development of an agribusiness cluster based on corn and soybean then an intensive poultry production coordinated by Brasil Foods. In the 2000s, the strong development of sugar cane production interacts with this dynamics driven by Brasil Foods questioning directly the model of local development. The authors analyze this local and regional development through the building the agribusiness cluster. The building of the Rio Verde cluster based on global players has a substantial improvement in the main indicators of socio-economic development. However, the externalities are high environmental pressure and governance mechanisms dominated by large private firms and funded in large part by the government. ; La mondialisation des échanges des produits agricoles provoque l'expansion, d'un modèle agroindustriel, basé sur l'intégration de systèmes de production intensifs et spécialisés à des grandes firmes pilotant l'apport d'intrants, la production, la transformation et la commercialisation au travers de circuits commerciaux et financiers planétaires. Impulsant des trajectoires de développement exogènes aux bassins de production, ce modèle interroge quant aux formes de durabilité qu'il instaure.La commune de Rio Verde (Goías, Brésil), illustre ce processus, avec la construction successive d'un pôle agroindustriel autour de la production de grains (maïs, soja), puis d'un pôle avicole et porcin organisé par la firme Perdigao (aujourd'hui Brasil Foods). L'émergence de ce cluster agroindustriel international appuyé par des politiques ...