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Studying the extent of involvement in prestigeful activities poses a problem in survey res. Involvement is often measured by asking R's to make self-estimates of their involvement, a procedure that may lead to over-statements due to prestige bias. In a study of adult evening viewing of educ'al TV, the authors attempted to minimize the possibility of prestige bias by imposing a program-recall criterion on involvement indices. An area probability sample of 3,780 telephone households was drawn from Minneapolis, St. Paul, & their contiguous suburbs. Telephone households located within the sample areas drawn were listed from a street-address telephone directory; sample households were drawn randomly from the list. During the telephone interviews, an essentially random procedure was used to select an adult R from all adults living within each household. Net sample size was 3,157 (83.5% completion). 2 of the traditional measures of audience size-R's own estimates of recentness & f of viewing-were used. But, in addition, a program-recall criterion was used. After the self-estimates were obtained, an open-ended question was used to ask R's to recall a recent program they had viewed on educ'al TV. Interviewers then probed, asking for the name of the program, the name of someone who appeared on the program, or a description of the program's content. To show the effect of requiring program recall, one set of percentages was computed for all persons who claimed recent or frequent viewing; another set of percentages was computed for R's who satisfied the program-recall criterion in addition to offering testimony of recent or frequent viewing. It appeared that some prestige effect will be found when interviewing people about educ'al TV. When the recall criterion was not used, the size of audience statistic (eg, percentage of persons who had viewed during the past 7 days) was about 20% higher. The discrepancy looks small when audience-size percentages are small, but increases when viewing is less recent because recall becomes more difficult. The authors recommend using the program-recall criterion because such a statistic measures demonstrated effect (eg, the effective audience) & assures a minimum of prestige bias in the measure. The authors also found that f -of-viewing estimates indicate a higher level of viewing than the recentnessof -viewing estimates. They present a viewing typology based upon a combination of f , recentness, & program-recall measures. AA.

In the original doctrine of Marx, the proletarian Socialist revolution was to be the climax of the process of industrialisation through private capitalist enterprise and was therefore to be expected to begin in the most highly industrialised region of the world. It would occur when capitalist relations of production were no longer adequate to contain the forces of production which they had developed, when the ownership of the means of production had been concentrated in the hands of a small minority and when the great majority of the population had been transformed into propertyless wage earners. That the Socialist revolution should take place first in predominantly agrarian societies and that it should be, not the effect of a fully achieved industrialisation, but the means of bringing it about, was not a possibility contemplated by the early Marxists. But so it has happened, and in Asia and Africa today Communism makes its appeal less as a creed of social justice and welfare than as a system providing a short cut to industrialisation—and its corollary, national power—for weak and underdeveloped countries. The main task of the revolution is no longer to carry out a redistribution of surplus value from an economy already highly productive, but to promote a rapid growth of productivity from low, and largely pre-industrial, economic levels. The Soviet Union, after more than four decades of Communist Party rule, presents itself to the world not as a land where people have equal incomes—which Bernard Shaw regarded is the essence of Socialism, but which are as remote from actuality in Russia as in any bourgeois society—but as a country which by intensive efforts of planned production has overcome an initial economic backwardness and emerged as an industrial and military power of the first rank. In its ten years of history, Communist China has been striving to follow the same path, but the effort required has been even greater jecause of the very small margin available at the outset for capital armation from the national income and the vast leeway to be made up fot "overtaking and outstripping" the most highly industrialised lations of the world.

Shall the International Settlement of Shanghai be returned to China to become the prey of Chinese politics and civil disruption, or shall it be held in trust through a plan of Sino-foreign partnership until such time as China shall be able to preserve and protect its wealth and trade? This is the question now brought to the attention of Chinese and foreigners by the recently published report of Judge Richard Feetham, of South Africa, after eighteen months of intensive study of the problem. The report represents the most significant step yet taken toward solving the question of the future status of the International Settlement, the most important of all foreign concessions and settlements in China. For the first time in the history of the Settlement, China and the foreign powers have before them an adequate study of its development, and a definite plan upon which to base an agreement for future action.The International Settlement is a foreign controlled and governed area on Chinese soil, located on the Whangpoo River and serving as the chief center for the vast trade and commerce of the Yangtze valley. Together with the French Settlement and the Chinese Municipality, it forms a part of the modern city of Shanghai. The International Settlement is an outgrowth of the British Settlement established in 1843 when Shanghai was first opened to foreign trade. Other foreigners were admitted to the original British area, and in 1863 the British and Americans pooled their interests after the French had set up a separate settlement of their own. The amalgamated British and American Settlement, extended in 1899, became the International Settlement of today, containing some eight and three-fourths square miles of land on which reside over one million people. In population, the Settlement is truly international. Although the Chinese comprise over ninety-five per cent of the total, more than forty different nationalities are to be found among the foreign residents. For seventy-three years, however, the Settlement was governed wholly by foreigners in spite of its over-whelming majority of Chinese residents, and it is only since 1928 that the Chinese have had any official voice in Settlement affairs.

ABSTRACT: It is widely held that smart contracts on a blockchain possess several unique properties, including immutability, disintermediation, and enhanced security, that can be advantageous to organizations. In particular, having these properties can enable smart contracts to benefit human resources departments in a number of ways, including applicant verification, tracking employee skills and tasks, and facilitating compensation. However, it is also reported that effectively implementing smart contracts involves a number of challenges to HR managers. To address these challenges, it would be valuable to establish criteria to help HR managers employ smart contracts successfully. The purpose of this paper is to develop a set of such criteria. The paper first provides an overview of the nature of blockchain and smart contracts and then, based on a review of relevant literature, describes how implementation of blockchain-enabled smart contracts in an HR department may benefit an organization by producing transaction cost savings through expediting processes, enhancing security, and reducing intermediaries. The paper then focuses on various challenges that have been identified in the literature to the successful use of smart contracts. These include issues regarding smart contract integrity, immutability, and security, as well as potential problems associated with a variety of legal issues. Synthesizing this information, the paper develops a set of best practice guidelines to help HR managers determine whether and how to employ smart contracts successfully for HR-related processes. The guidelines emphasize the importance of initial understanding and testing of planned smart contracts, protecting security by ensuring that only permissioned people can access smart contract data, and guaranteeing the integrity of smart contracts by paying very close attention to the translation of natural to programming language and establishing robust reviews of programmed contracts. Policy implications of the guidelines include the importance of HR departments ensuring that all employees who are involved in implementing the technology have a good understanding of the nature and capabilities of smart contracts, that robust methods be implemented to guarantee that the contracts are correctly programmed, and that HR managers keep abreast of legislative environment related to legal issues that may affect their department's use of smart contracts.

The first notable feature about culture is that it symbolizes common values in a community. Even though there are individual differences in a society, a common culture is created by sharing some symbols and belief systems. The most obvious tool to distinguish societies is culture. Language, art, eating and drinking, folklore, tradition-custom, politics, legal order and so on. All these elements are cultural characteristics of societies. These characteristics are the elements that define a society. The interdependence of society is possible through cultural elements. Culture provides the satisfaction of physiological and social needs of individuals. Individuals are influenced by the cultural characteristics of the society in which they live, and they form their personalities by learning the good, the truth, the beautiful and the ugly. In addition, since people who believe in the same culture agree on the protection of certain values, it provides social solidarity among individuals. It is an important reflection of culture that culture regulates relations in social life. In parallel with the cultural change, the attitudes, feelings and thoughts of the individuals in the society also change. There have been changes in social life depending on scientific and technological developments. While the use of the plow in agriculture requires a large family structure, the use of technological tools such as a combine has changed the family structure and thus the culture. Culture is an important classification tool that separates societies from each other. In addition, institutions may consist of individuals with different cultural characteristics. Culture is determinative in both the employees of the institution with each other and the connection of the employees to the aims of the institutions. Organizations need the support of employees to achieve their goals. Employees who adapt to the cultural structure prevailing in institutions will respond positively to the demands of the enterprise. Every institution has its own values, rules and ways of doing business. Institutions living in cultural reality should consider these sensitivities in their relations with the external environment, otherwise, problems may arise in sustainability. Likewise, the employees of the institution come to the business environment with different cultural heritages. These differences need to be harmonized and balanced within the organization and harmonized with the business objectives. Keywords: Philosophy of Education, Importance of Culture, Characteristics of Culture, Functions of Culture

With the attack on the Capitol by the 'Proud Boys', Donald Trump's 'deep state' allegations reached the peak of US conspiracy ideologies. Conspiracy was at the core of Trump's policies, including his repeated claims that President Barack Obama was born in Africa. It reflects Trump's deep dislike of African states. After all, a third of the Republican electorate agreed with the far-right QAnon paranoia and other bizarre conspiracy theories. From the outside, the United States was taking on the shape of a banana republic. When US media identified a South African journalist as the mastermind behind QAnon's global rollout in 2019, many Republicans equated Africa with Pandora's box. However, it is no coincidence that the black continent is associated with occult powers. In the social sciences, the modernity of witchcraft beliefs in Africa has been debated hotly for decades. Modern techniques and utensils have become central to the occult's continued importance to Africans. The crisis of the modern nation-state is closely intertwined with the global spread of neoliberal capitalism and the 'invisible hand' that shapes its political and material conditions and forms of society. Beliefs in witchcraft and zombies reflect the alienation of labour, capitalist exploitation, and class formation in African societies. The poor of Africa and the people of the Global South in general, do not lack modernity but have been denied the promise of modernization. Today, even cybercriminals working in the Ivory Coast, impersonating Europeans on social media profiles and seducing partners into falling in love with them, feel compelled to seek the advice of witch doctors to outwit their prey. Given the worldwide importance of social media, this suggests that the virtual space of the global economy as a hotbed of magic and witchcraft is under researched. As in the US election campaign and its entanglement with fake news, examination of the cosmology of the occult in Africa and elsewhere reveals the threat of destructive forces inherent in social relations. African religions could provide a framework for valuable self-determined solutions to current problems in contemporary life, including the issue of witchcraft violence. In addition, this could open up an inspiring new dimension of philosophical thinking and emancipative action to the outside world, for example, regarding conflict resolution and reconciliation.

With the attack on the Capitol by the 'Proud Boys', Donald Trump's 'deep state' allegations reached the peak of US conspiracy ideologies. Conspiracy was at the core of Trump's policies, including his repeated claims that President Barack Obama was born in Africa. It reflects Trump's deep dislike of African states. After all, a third of the Republican electorate agreed with the far-right QAnon paranoia and other bizarre conspiracy theories. From the outside, the United States was taking on the shape of a banana republic. When US media identified a South African journalist as the mastermind behind QAnon's global rollout in 2019, many Republicans equated Africa with Pandora's box. However, it is no coincidence that the black continent is associated with occult powers. In the social sciences, the modernity of witchcraft beliefs in Africa has been debated hotly for decades. Modern techniques and utensils have become central to the occult's continued importance to Africans. The crisis of the modern nation-state is closely intertwined with the global spread of neoliberal capitalism and the 'invisible hand' that shapes its political and material conditions and forms of society. Beliefs in witchcraft and zombies reflect the alienation of labour, capitalist exploitation, and class formation in African societies. The poor of Africa and the people of the Global South in general, do not lack modernity but have been denied the promise of modernization. Today, even cybercriminals working in the Ivory Coast, impersonating Europeans on social media profiles and seducing partners into falling in love with them, feel compelled to seek the advice of witch doctors to outwit their prey. Given the worldwide importance of social media, this suggests that the virtual space of the global economy as a hotbed of magic and witchcraft is under researched. As in the US election campaign and its entanglement with fake news, examination of the cosmology of the occult in Africa and elsewhere reveals the threat of destructive forces inherent in social relations. African religions could provide a framework for valuable self-determined solutions to current problems in contemporary life, including the issue of witchcraft violence. In addition, this could open up an inspiring new dimension of philosophical thinking and emancipative action to the outside world, for example, regarding conflict resolution and reconciliation.

There are many personalities who stand out with their services in the world arena. Many of these people, who have different creative aspects, are also masters of words. It is also a fact that their services do not end with the literary and artistic language examples they leave to future generations. More importantly, with their unique works, they inform us about the phonetic, lexical, morphological and syntactic landscape of our language at that time. All this is learned in a silent language by going back to the past and passed on to future generations. Although artistic examples that do not go unnoticed by the researcher cover all language levels, historical lexicography is particularly interesting among these language levels. As a result, we have close and comprehensive information about the ways of enriching the vocabulary of Turkish at that time. One of such artists is the 13th century poet, prominent thinker of his time Yunus Emre. The study of Yunus Emre's vocabulary generally reveals the historical and lexical picture of the 13th century Turkish language. He is a Sufi poet of his time. As one of the leading representatives of the philosophy of Sufism, Yunus Emre not only brings the word into communication with its etymonic meaning, but also presents it by defining the new meaning of the word that he later brought to the word. In this way, the poet "proves" that he did not spare his skills and efforts to enrich the vocabulary of the language. Of course, the close connection between language and thought plays a solid role in the creation of a new vocabulary. All this is possible due to the factual reliance on the word while following the poet's creative heritage. In this enrichment, it has been determined as a result of the research that especially the lexical-semantic word groups, especially the words in the synonymy dimension, the words expressing the opposite concepts and the lexical language examples that have spelling parallels but are semantically differentiated exhibit a special weight. Particularly interesting is the scientific analysis of the lexical units recorded in the language of Yunus Emre's works, providing a factual presentation and confirmation of the enrichment of the language's vocabulary through homonyms. Keywords: Historical Lexicography, Vocabulary, Semantics, Homonyms, Archaisms, Phonoform

The burial ground located on a bank of Tankovoye Lake (Kuibyshevskoye) is one of the key sites in the archaeology of the Kuril Islands. This is due not only to the fact that huge archaeological collections reflecting all stages of peopling of the region have been collected here over many years of excavations but also to the fact that this burial ground still remains the only object of this kind throughout the entire islands chain. Moreover, apart of the burials themselves, the stone burial structures, which have not yet been recorded on other sites of the Kuril Islands, but have analogies in the Jōmon culture, were also revealed at the site. Interest in this site is also enhanced by recent genetic studies, which unexpectedly demonstrated a high level of genetic similarity of a person buried here with modern Koryaks and Itelmens. At the same time, despite the site's uniqueness, it is heavily underrepresented in available scientific publications. Information about it can be found only in the field reports and in few the hard-to-reach regional publications. Therefore, this article provides a brief overview of all data gathered at this site. It is based on the field reports, data from the private archive of Y. Knorozov, museum collections of the Sakhalin Regional Museum, and on the results of the author's own research as well. Summing up the outcomes of long-term researches, we have to state that the site's unique objects remain almost unexplored. For many years, studies here were limited to visual examination, cleaning up of the dune opening, and surface artifact gathering. Therefore, the nature of the burial objects found at the site might be recognized only in the most general terms. Their cultural affiliation also remains questionable. Radiocarbon dates suggest that the early Epi-Jōmon epoch is most powerfully represented near the lake, while the bulk of the ceramics collected here belongs to the later stage of this epoch (in accordance with archaeological data from Hokkaido). In addition, artifacts of Middle and Final Jōmon, Okhotsk culture, Satsumon-Tobinitai culture, and Ainu are presented here as well. Presumably, people could bury their dead here during the epochs of Final Jōmon, Epi-Jōmon and, possibly, the Okhotsk culture.

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie mechanizmu działania zorganizowanych grup przestępczych, które podejmują się ułatwiania przekraczania granicy państwa wbrew przepisom. Rozważania oparto o analizę dokonaną na podstawie studium przypadku sprawy karnej, w której sprawcy zostali skazani za organizowanie innym osobom przekraczania wschodniej granicy Polski wbrew przepisom, podjęte w ramach zorganizowanej grupy przestępczej. Zweryfikowano, czy zgodnie z doniesieniami Straży Granicznej oraz Komisji Europejskiej w analizowanym przypadku mamy do czynienia z działaniem międzynarodowej transgranicznej grupy przestępczej, czy jedynie siatki lokalnych grup przestępczych funkcjonujących na obszarze poszczególnych państw i współpracujących ze sobą. Na podstawie przyjętej metody badawczej ukazano strukturę oraz sposób działania grupy. Część rozważań poświęcono reakcji prawnokarnej na zjawisko głównie w oparciu o wysokość orzeczonych kar przez wymiar sprawiedliwości. Dokonano analizy orzeczonych kar w przedmiotowej sprawie i porównano je z polityką karną polskiego wymiaru sprawiedliwości w zakresie art. 264 § 32 i 2583 kk. Wysokość orzeczonych kar zestawiono z postulatami wynikającymi z implementacji prawa Unii Europejskiej. Migrant Smuggling Through Poland's Eastern Border – the Case Study The aim of the article is to present a mechanism for the operation of organised crime groups which undertake to facilitate the crossing of a state border against the rules. The deliberations were based on an analysis made on the basis of a case study of a criminal case in which the perpetrators were convicted of organising the crossing of Poland's eastern border by other people in contravention of regulations, undertaken as part of an organised criminal group. It was verified whether, according to reports from the Border Guard and the European Commission, we are dealing with the activity of international cross-border criminal group or only with network of local criminal groups operating on the territory of individual countries and cooperating with each other. On the basis of the research method adopted, the structure of the group, its mode of operation and the characteristics of foreigners were shown. Part of the deliberations was devoted to the criminal law reaction to the phenomenon mainly based on the level of penalties imposed by the justice system. The penalties imposed in the case in question were analysed and compared with the criminal policy of the Polish justice system within the scope of Article 264 § 3 and 258 of the Criminal Code. This was juxtaposed with the postulates resulting from the implementation of European Union law.

The article analyzes the views of the "left" and criticism of these views by the famous journalist, writer and analyst Yulia Latynina. In addition, the author cites the objections by Latynina from other journalists and political scientists: Andrei Loshak and Evgenia Albats. The author does not consider the disputable arguments to be solid and undertakes his own analysis. It offers a concise outline of the genesis of the modernist culture, starting from the crisis of antiquity and the Middle Ages. Several prerequisites of this culture are highlighted: the need to obtain funds for warfare and at the same time establish order in the territory under control, the processes of reform and counter-reformation, the transfer of the center of power from heaven to earth and, as a result, the formation of a new semantic project, the formation of a new European personality, the development of the economy and cities, the invention and the formation of the state, the struggle of citizens for their rights and ideals. The causes of the crisis of modern culture itself are also discussed: social life has become much more complicated (as a result, it has diverged from the initial ideas of modernity) and technologies have been created that allow the state, society and law to be used differently than intended. As a result, a need arose to build a new semantic cultural project. Such a project was formed by the "left". It contains two basic principles: the requirement of social justice for all and the socialist organization (distribution, redistribution, taxation, benefits, pensions, etc.) as a way to implement these requirements. In addition, the "left" insist that the rich should share with other citizens. The author shows that the "left" see and think in the framework of the new cultural project that they have created, and therefore do not accept criticism of them. In conclusion, he discusses the anthropological conditions of a possible future culture. On the one hand, it is culture and sociality that determine the value orientations of people, and on the other hand, since a person makes a contribution to sociality, partly depends on his activity whether good prevails over evil.

Abstract: The article analyzes the reasons that prompted the Arab states to consolidate their efforts and create the League of Arab States. Attention is focused on the deep differences that existed between the states that came forward with the idea of strengthening Arab unity and determined the nature of this regional organization and the features of its charter, which provided its members with the opportunity to preserve their political system, sovereignty and the specifics of foreign policy.The heterogeneous nature of LAS had an impact on its the goals and objectives. The focus of this organization was to protect pan-Arab interests and support all Arab states in achieving political independence.The aggravation of the situation in Palestine after the Second World War became a central item on the agenda of all the Arab League meetings. This organization indicated its position on the Palestinian issue in the preparatory period for its official proclamation. The article discusses the activities of the Arab League, aimed at introducing a complete boycott of Israel, which, amid expansion of the Arab League, other Arab states also joined. The Arab-Israeli conflict, due to the targeted efforts of the Arab League, consolidated the Arab geopolitical community and contributed to the formation of a national Arab identity. The LAS in its documents built a common Arab narrative, having two underpinnings: the recognition of the Palestinian Arab people as a victim of the Western powers and Zionists, as well as foreign policy of Israel.The article traces the relationship between the activities of the Arab League and the changes that have occurred in the regional and international environment. The gradual transition of the Arab League to the search for a political settleme maintain Arab unity by using the traditional tool – the unresolved Arab-Israeli conflict. The LAS member-states should have taken a pan-Arab stance on the settlement of the Arab-Israeli conflict in order to preserve national identity. The refusal of all Arab League members to accept the American settlement plan, proposed by D. Trump administration in early 2020, was a confirmation that this regional organization retains its position as a defender of Arab unity and pan-Arab interests.

Marine coastal governance encompasses the formal and informal processes of interaction and decision-making of actors involved in any issue of public interest regarding the marine and coastal environment. This report focuses primarily on summarizing and describing the main state-driven processes related to the governance of the coastal fisheries and (marine) aquaculture sectors (i.e. mariculture) in Peru. However, we also explain the predominant tensions between resource-based development regulations and key user groups. These tensions include strategies of contestation and adaptation of users which can involve or relate to informal and illegal processes in marine and coastal resource management. In a short introduction we will first provide context to the described processes by framing them with broader debates about the ways in which resource-based development is organized in Peru, namely privately owned and centralized, and discursively naturalized through narratives that prioritize economic growth over sustainability. The following second section provides the broader institutional background of fisheries and aquaculture governance by sketching the cornerstones of the Peruvian legal and political systems. The third section of the report is dedicated to the governance of fisheries, especially artisanal and small-scale fisheries, paying special attention to the mech-anisms of different fishing access regimes. Peruvian artisanal and small-scale fishing is one of the most relevant economic activities of the Humboldt Current Upwelling System (HCUS) as it provides the majority of fish for domestic human consumption, targeting more than 300 species, and employing four times more people than the industrial fisheries. The fourth and last section then focuses on the governance of mariculture following the same structure as the previous one. In this section, the information presented is being related to the specific case of the Peruvian bay scallop [Argopecten purpuratus]. Together with the whiteleg shrimp [Litopenaeus vannamei], this species makes up for more than 99 percent of commercial mariculture in Peru over the last decades, and it is of particular importance in the two main research areas of our study. The fifth and sixth subsectionsof the governance of fisheries (i.e. third section) and mariculture (i.e. fourth section) describe the limits of current governance and important lines of conflicts respectively.

Entrepreneurship is defined as one of key lifelong competences and it represents ability to turn ideas into real projects. As such, it includes creativity, initiative, taking responsibility, taking risks, planning and managing projects. The development of entrepreneurial competences via formal education has become a priority for governments of a large number of European countries. Many EU documents emphasize the importance of investing into education that focuses on the development of entrepreneurial competences, as it directly affects students' employment. However, this guideline represents a new challenge for the educational system – the need to change educational programs and organize them so that they influence the development of entrepreneurial competences, which enables students to become more employable and to cope with uncertainty, complexity and dynamics of the labor market. High unemployment rate of young people and challenges and demands of the labor market have led to a debate about the effectiveness and efficiency of educational programs at all levels. In this context, effectiveness and quality of vocational education and training (VET) are particularly important, since most vocational school students, after finishing secondary level, will not continue towards tertiary education, but will rather find themselves on the labor market. Therefore, vocational education should focus on the development of such skills (generic competences and vocational qualifications) that will correspond to the needs of the labor market, thus enabling easier and faster employment. The main purpose of this paper is to determine the extent to which vocational education contributes to development of students' entrepreneurial competences. The data used in this paper comes from a survey that covered 1272 students from 15 secondary vocational schools in Osijek-Baranja County, one of the most underdeveloped regions in Croatia. The analysis of the results has shown that there is a positive correlation between extracurricular activities and entrepreneurial environment with the level of students' entrepreneurial competences. No correlation between the formal educational program and the level of entrepreneurial competences has been found. The findings of this research may serve as the basis for the development of vocational education programs that would include and meet the labor market demands, thus increasing students' employability.

Global health diplomacy (GHD) has become an important field of investigation due to health concerns increasingly entering the foreign policy domain. Much of the existing academic writing focuses on North-South cooperation in global health, and emphasizes the role of security and economic interests by Northern countries as drivers of GHD. Chile presents a favourable environment for an expanded involvement in future GHD activities. However, there is little knowledge about what has been driving Chile's integration of health into foreign policy, and little effort to appropriate knowledge from international relations theories to better theoretically grasp the emergence of GHD.To fill this knowledge gap, we conducted a narrative literature review of the driving forces behind Chile's integration of health into foreign policy. Drawing on a popular analytical framework used in international relations scholarship, we identified driving forces of the integration of health into Chile foreign policy at three levels of analysis.At the international/global level of analysis, the main driving forces were related to national security concerns and compliance with regulations of international organizations. At the regional level, GHD was driven by a commitment to regional solidarity through mutually beneficial cooperation in response to neoliberal reforms; health coordination in emergencies; and protection of indigenous peoples. Finally, at the domestic level, drivers identified include economic interests of various productive sectors and how health regulations might impact those; the high degree of social inequity which impacts on access to healthcare; and management of natural disasters.Health actions in the context of international relations in Chile are still mainly motivated by more traditional foreign policy interests rather than by a desire to satisfy health needs per se. This seems to conform with findings of existing GHD scholarship that emphasize the importance of security and economic interests as driving forces of GHD, and how health is often appropriated instrumentally within foreign policy settings to achieve other goals. But the review also reveals that in the context of South-South cooperation (and regional health diplomacy), solidarity and normative considerations can be important driving forces as well. Finally, the review demonstrates that there has been an evolution from chiefly domestically focused health policies (e.g. maternal and child nutrition treatment) towards internationally inspired integrated policies (e.g. maternal and child nutrition promotion aligned with international guidelines).