Suchergebnisse

This paper examines the experiences of personnel managers in Lithuania in solving conflict in the organization. The data were collected by means of a semi-structured interview. A thematic analysis was employed to achieve the goal. The results revealed three common themes: "conflicts caused by changes", "conflict prevention", "going through the conflict". It was established that even though personnel managers use various strategies for avoiding conflict, they became involved, they experience strong negative emotional reactions. ; Globaliu tampantis verslas, kultūriniai skirtumai, darbo ir šeimai skirto laiko balanso paieška ir nuolatiniai pokyčiai kels vis didesnę įtampą ir konfliktus. Šios srities mokslinių tyrimų analizė atskleidžia, kad yra sukurtos ir išbandytos galia, teisėmis ir interesais grįstos konfliktų valdymo sistemos (Roche ir Teague, 2012), tačiau jų, ypač interesais grįstų, naudojimas nėra plačiai paplitęs, tad nuoseklaus požiūrio į galimus konfliktus ir jų valdymą trūkumas sukelia streikų ir nepageidaujamų pasekmių įmonių darbuotojams bei pačiai įmonių veiklai (Llorente, Luchi ir Sioli, 2013; Blazejewski, 2009; Sondaitė ir Norvilė, 2009; Sondaitė ir Stunženaitė 2010). Nepriklausomai nuo to, ar organizacija turi įsivedusi konfliktų valdymo sistemą, funkcionuojant personalo padaliniui už darbuotojų ir darbuotojų–vadovų santykius atsako personalo vadovas (Armstrong, 2014, 5–6p.; The SHRM Body of Competency and Knowledge, 2016). Paradoksalu, jau daugiau nei 100 metų personalo vadovai, pradedant jų pirmtakėmis, pradėjusiomis dirbti gerovės tarnautojomis / sekretorėmis (angl. Welfare officers / secretaries), rūpinasi žmonių gerove darbo vietoje, tačiau su jų profesija ir atskiromis jos funkcijomis – darbuotojų santykių ir konfliktų valdymu – susiję išgyvenimai netirti. Viena vertus, įvairūs tyrimai atskleidžia, kaip geriau konfliktus spręsti, tačiau trūksta žinių, kokia turi būti juos sprendžianti asmenybė, kaip ir kam ji turėtų būti psichologiškai pasiruošusi, kokių išgyvenimų gali kilti valdant darbuotojų ar / ir darbuotojų-vadovų santykius, kaip tvarkytis su galimomis neigiamomis dalyvavimo konfliktų valdyme pasekmėmis. Nežinoma, su kokiomis nuostatomis personalo vadovai spendžia konfliktus, juolab, kad pačių personalo padalinių statusas nėra labai aukštai vertinamas, jų atstovai savo vertę turi nuolat demonstruoti ir pagrįsti (Stankevičienė ir Šarupičiūtė, 2014; Amalou-Do¨pke ir Su¨ß, 2014). Vis daugiau įmonių supranta, kad kvalifikuotas personalas – didžiausias organizacijos turtas, tad didėja personalo vadovų vaidmuo ir atsakomybė ne tik kuriant personalo politiką, ugdant darbuotojų kompetencijas, motyvavimo ir atlygio sistemas, bet ir didinant bendrą žmogiškųjų išteklių gerovę, pasitenkinimą darbu, įsipareigojimą organizacijai, palaikant organizacijos klimatą ir kultūrą. Todėl aktuali ir paties personalo vadovo psichologinė gerovė, kuri turi įtakos jo veiklai ir aplinkai. Šio tyrimo tikslas – atskleisti, kokius išgyvenimus patiria personalo vadovas, spręsdamas konfliktus organizacijoje. Tyrime dalyvavo 3 įmonių personalo vadovės ir 1 įmonės personalo specialistė, kuruojanti 160 darbuotojų padalinio darbą, atliekanti jame personalo vadovei prilygstančias funkcijas (visos 4 moterys). Tyrimo dalyvių amžius– 25–42 metai. Tyrimo dalyvės buvo atrinktos tikslinės atrankos būdu, turėjo ne mažesnę kaip 2 metų darbo užimamose pareigose patirtį. Duomenys rinkti pusiau struktūruoto interviu būdu, tyrimo dalyviams užduoti trys klausimai: 1) Su kokio pobūdžio konfliktais susiduria personalo vadovas organizacijoje? 2) Kokiu (kokiais) būdu (būdais) personalo vadovas sprendžia konfliktus organizacijoje? 3) Kokius vidinius išgyvenimus patiria personalo vadovas spręsdamas konfliktus organizacijoje? Tyrime naudotas teminės analizės metodas, kuris suteikia galimybę pamatyti ir suvokti bendras ar asmenines tyrimo dalyvių prasmes ir patirtis, sistemingai jas struktūruoti į prasminius vienetus – temas, atsakyti į tyrimo klausimus. Pateikti tyrimų rezultatai – atskirų tyrimo dalyvių asmeninės patirties prasminės temos, sujungtos į bendras, visiems tyrimo dalyviams būdingas 3 temas. Pirma tema yra "Pokyčių sukelti konfliktai", ji priskirta organizacijoje vykstančių konfliktų pobūdžiams (potemės "Struktūriniai pokyčiai" ir "Vadovų kaita"). Nustatyta, kad pagrindinė konfliktų priežastis yra nuolatiniai organizacijos pokyčiai, susiję su reorganizacija ar vadovų kaita. Tokie konfliktai trunka ilgai, jie vis prisimenami, šiuos konfliktus reflektuojant kyla stiprių emocijų. Pokyčių sukeltų konfliktų neišvengia nei valstybinių, nei užsienio kapitalo įmonių personalo vadovai, tai yra duotybė, kurią reikia priimti stoiškai ir pagalvoti, kaip situaciją valdyti, padaryti palankią ir naudingą įmonei. Antra tema – "Konfliktų prevencija" – skirta tyrimo dalyvių pasirinktiems konfliktų sprendimo būdams (potemės "Organizacijos lygmenyje (strategiškai: kultūra, vertybės, atsakomybė)", "Grupės / individo lygmenyje (taktika)"). Skirtingose šalyse ir organizacijose naudojama daug būdų ir skirtingų požiūrių, kaip konfliktų, ypač neproduktyvių, skaičių galima mažinti, tačiau tyrimas parodė, kad dalyvių organizacijose dominuoja teisėmis grįsti metodai, o pažangūs ir jau daugiau nei 30 metų pripažinti ir taikomi interesais grįsti metodai dar nėra populiarūs. Tyrimo dalyvių patirtis atskleidžia, kad grupės ir individo lygmenyje pavyksta suvaldyti ir jau ilgą laiką besitęsiančius konfliktus. Gal tai nėra tikroji prevencija, bet konfliktai nesiplėtoja, darbuotojai gali atlikti grupinio darbo užduotis. Patys personalo vadovai, spręsdami konfliktus organizacijoje, atsitraukia nuo situacijos, siekia išlikti neutralūs. Trečia tema – "Konflikto išgyvenimas" – skirta pasakojimui apie išgyvenamus organizacijoje, sprendžiamus ar dalyves įtraukusius konfliktus (potemės "Atsitraukimas nuo situacijos, siekis išlikti neutraliam", "Darbas su savimi", "Jautriai išgyvenami konfliktai, į kuriuos personalo vadovas įsitraukęs"). Ši tema, atspindinti konfliktų išgyvenimą, yra jautriausia tyrimo dalyvėms. Norėdami išlaikyti psichologinę pusiausvyrą, personalo vadovai naudoja įvairias kognityvines arba emocijų nukreipimo strategijas: racionalias mintis, įsisąmoninimą, grojimą muzikiniu instrumentu. Net ir vengimo strategijos neapsaugo, konfliktų išvengti nepavyksta, jie jautriai išgyvenami, sukelia stiprius neigiamus jausmus ir emocines reakcijas.

The demand for glassware in the northern part of Europe saw a marked growth only in the 16th century although the history of glassmaking goes back several millennia. The population of the Baltic region, including the city of Klaipėda (Memel in German), did not remain on the margins of the glass culture developments in the modern period. Glassware featuring plastic shapes, delicate silhouettes and transparent materials spread widely across the entire region and became an integral attribute of a daily life, sociocultural patterns, etiquette and even military art in a relatively short time. A great deal of archaeological investigations in different fields has been accomplished in Klaipėda, whilst daily life of Klaipėda in the modern period has attracted the least attention on the part of researchers thus far. We possess little knowledge on the old Klaipėda gastronomy and table culture, health practices, sociocultural life of urban population and cultural ties of the local population with other cities, countries and regions. The situation of Klaipėda as a port city accounts for a circulation of a greater variety of commodities in the city itself and also for a diversity in the patterns of use of such commodities, therefore perspectives of the city case analyses through the prism of the studies of glass artefacts provide a deeper glance into the problem, i.e. in addition to general knowledge on Klaipėda glass artefacts, an issue of the use of glassware in different walks of life of the city population in the modern period is dealt with representing an integral part of the expectations postulated in the contemporary science of archaeology. What kind of impact on sociocultural life of Klaipėda population in the modern period was made by other countries and regions: in what ways material-social and spiritual-cultural life of the urbanites was influenced, how and by what means diverse urban population groups created their identity and their sense of distinctiveness, – these are the questions that this work attempts to provide answers for, at least in part. A single case study, as a reference point, can bring a significant contribution to the analysis of sociocultural history of other cities and towns of the same period in the territory of present - day Lithuania or former Prussia. It is easy to notice that the amount of archaeological data is increasing annually, and research of protected artefacts is expanding, nonetheless, imbalances in the development of the chains of data collection, its systematisation and interpretation remain an acute issue in the archaeological research both in Klaipėda and in Lithuania as a whole. In keeping with a concept that a consistent research of discreet groups of artefacts is a key element in the studies of urban life of earlier periods, a special focus is given to the heretofore understudied glassware items of Klaipėda, of which little information is available today. This fact has provided an incentive to effectively address the accumulated problems on both methodological and theoretical levels. Glassware, unlike pottery ware, has been used in the Lithuanian archaeological practice to a lesser degree for the purpose of characterisation of archaeological layers and structures, and for the interpretation and evaluation of changes in urban development, historical facts and processes. Thus far, glassware finds in Lithuania have not been systemised, classified or dated in chronological order, neither harmonisation of glass terminology and data documentation system has been attained, hence the question regarding museum assets is actualised, with a special focus on why and what glass artefacts should be preserved and which ones should be regarded not as significant in terms of scientific research. The glassware research provides an opportunity to compare manufacturing technological advancements, the glass culture transformations, and the expansion of import geography in Klaipėda over a period exceeding 300 years. Furthermore, it is not for nothing that circulation of the glassware in the modern period is linked to the consumption of alcoholic beverages, involving the research of consumption patterns through the medium of glassware, which opens up prospects for tackling social issues brought about by alcohol consumption, the causes and possible solutions thereof the modern world is still seeking for. As a matter of fact, this research may present a value for a general public that holds an opinion that a form of individual expression, involving things or certain products, is a feature of a modern consumer only. It must be noted that glass artefacts and perspectives of their analysis have not been properly considered neither by archaeologists of Lithuania nor archaeologists of other south-eastern Baltic region countries, which has prevented an objective assessment of general trends in the development of glass culture across the entire Baltic region. The object of this research is the development of manufacturing, or craft production, techniques, otherwise known as manual glassblowing, of glassware and culture of its use in Klaipėda in the modern period.

[eng] Studying gender and women's issues under the American Administrations over the period 1970-2015 is very important, so this thesis examines the impact of changing ruling Party on women's issues specifically gender and women's representation inside politics, women's attainment in education, women inside workforce, and violence against women. There are many interpretations and reports on gender cases in the U.S, and these reports participated in presenting women's issues in the political arena. This thesis will shape a collective perspective behind retreating women's rights and it will go in details about women's issues to shed a light over the roots of women's problem in the contemporary history of the United States of America. During the last four decades, surveys about women, and studies have been studying different issues about women, but researchers still search explanation about the reasons behind gender and women's representation in politics. This thesis will study the performances of every American Administration to explain how and why women's issues fragmented in every term of presidency, and why the legislative process was fragmenting the cases of women over a long period of time without a comprehensive understanding of women's rights and women's representation in politics. This thesis find out that women are underrepresented due to the change in political parties' agendas that happened over the period (1970-2015). ; [spa] Estudiar el género y las cuestiones de las mujeres bajo las Administraciones estadounidenses durante el período 1970-2015 es muy importante, por lo que esta tesis examina el impacto que supone el cambio del partido gobernante en los asuntos de las mujeres específicamente el género y la representación de las mujeres dentro de la política, el logro de las mujeres en la educación, las mujeres dentro de la fuerza de trabajo y la violencia contra las mujeres. Hay muchas interpretaciones e informes sobre casos de género en los EE. UU, y estos informes contribuyeron en la presentación de los problemas de las mujeres en la arena política. Esta tesis muestra una perspectiva colectiva detrás de la retirada de los derechos de las mujeres y ofrece detalles sobre los temas de las mujeres para arrojar luz sobre las raíces del problema de las mujeres en la historia contemporánea de los Estados Unidos de América. Durante las últimas cuatro décadas, estudios y encuestas sobre mujeres han estado trabajado diferentes temas sobre las mujeres, pero los investigadores aún buscan explicaciones sobre las razones que hay detrás del género y la representación de las mujeres en la política. Esta tesis estudiará los desempeños de cada administración estadounidense para explicar cómo y por qué las cuestiones de las mujeres se fragmentaron en cada período presidencial, y por qué el proceso legislativo estaba fragmentando los casos de mujeres durante un largo período de tiempo, sin una comprensión integral de los derechos de las mujeres y la representación de las mujeres en la política. Esta tesis demuestra que las mujeres están infra representadas debido al cambio en las agendas de los partidos gobernantes durante el período 1970-2015. ; [cat] Estudiar el gènere i les qüestions de les dones sota les Administracions nord-americanes durant el període 1970-2015 és molt important, de manera que aquesta tesi examina l'impacte que suposa el canvi del partit governant en els assumptes de les dones específicament el gènere i la representació de les dones dins de la política, l'assoliment de les dones en l'educació, les dones dins de la força de treball i la violència contra les dones. Hi ha moltes interpretacions i informes sobre casos de gènere en els EUA, i aquests informes van contribuir a la presentació dels problemes de les dones en l'arena política. Aquesta tesi mostra una perspectiva col·lectiva darrere de la retirada dels drets de les dones i ofereix detalls sobre els temes de les dones per donar llum sobre les arrels del problema de les dones en la història contemporània dels Estats Units d'Amèrica. Durant les últimes quatre dècades, estudis i enquestes sobre dones han treballat diferents temes sobre les dones, però els investigadors encara busquen explicacions sobre les raons que hi ha darrere del gènere i la representació de les dones en la política. Aquesta tesi estudiarà els acompliments de cada administració nord-americana per explicar com i per què les qüestions de les dones es van fragmentar en cada període presidencial, i per què el procés legislatiu estava fragmentant els casos de dones durant un llarg període de temps, sense una comprensió integral dels drets de les dones i la representació de les dones en la política. Aquesta tesi demostra que les dones estan infrarepresentades a causa del canvi en les agendes dels partits governants durant el període 1970-2015.

This paper presents the light-scattering properties of atmospheric aerosol particles measured over the past decade at 28 ACTRIS observatories, which are located mainly in Europe. The data include particle light scattering (σsp) and hemispheric backscattering (σbsp) coefficients, scattering Ångström exponent (SAE), backscatter fraction (BF) and asymmetry parameter (g). An increasing gradient of σsp is observed when moving from remote environments (arctic/mountain) to regional and to urban environments. At a regional level in Europe, σsp also increases when moving from Nordic and Baltic countries and from western Europe to central/eastern Europe, whereas no clear spatial gradient is observed for other station environments. The SAE does not show a clear gradient as a function of the placement of the station. However, a west-to-east-increasing gradient is observed for both regional and mountain placements, suggesting a lower fraction of fine-mode particle in western/south-western Europe compared to central and eastern Europe, where the fine-mode particles dominate the scattering. The g does not show any clear gradient by station placement or geographical location reflecting the complex relationship of this parameter with the physical properties of the aerosol particles. Both the station placement and the geographical location are important factors affecting the intra-annual variability. At mountain sites, higher σsp and SAE values are measured in the summer due to the enhanced boundary layer influence and/or new particle-formation episodes. Conversely, the lower horizontal and vertical dispersion during winter leads to higher σsp values at all low-altitude sites in central and eastern Europe compared to summer. These sites also show SAE maxima in the summer (with corresponding g minima). At all sites, both SAE and g show a strong variation with aerosol particle loading. The lowest values of g are always observed together with low σsp values, indicating a larger contribution from particles in the smaller accumulation mode. During periods of high σsp values, the variation of g is less pronounced, whereas the SAE increases or decreases, suggesting changes mostly in the coarse aerosol particle mode rather than in the fine mode. Statistically significant decreasing trends of σsp are observed at 5 out of the 13 stations included in the trend analyses. The total reductions of σsp are consistent with those reported for PM2.5 and PM10 mass concentrations over similar periods across Europe. ; This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 654109, ACTRIS (project no. 262254), ACTRIS-PPP (project no. 739530). We thank the International Foundation High Altitude Research Stations JFJ (Jungfraujoch) and Gornergrat (HFSJG), which made it possible to carry out the experiments at the High Altitude Research JFJ Station and the support of MeteoSwiss within the Swiss programme of the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) of the WMO. The MAD (Madrid) station is co-financed by the PROACLIM (CGL2014-52877-R) project. The SMR (Hyytiälä) station acknowledges BACCHUS (project no. 603445), CRAICC (project no. 26060) and the Academy of Finland (project no. 3073314). The UGR (Granada) station is co-financed by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through project CGL2016-81092-R. Measurements at MSY (Montseny) and MSA (Montsec) stations were supported by the MINECO (Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness) and FEDER funds under the PRISMA project (CGL2012-39623-C02/00) and under the HOUSE project (CGL2016-78594-R), by the MAGRAMA (Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Environment) and by the Generalitat de Catalunya (AGAUR 2014 SGR33, AGAUR 2017 SGR41 and the DGQA). Measurements at IZO (Izaña) were supported by the AEROATLAN project (CGL2015-17 66229-P), co-funded by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain and the European Regional Development Fund. Station KOS (Košetice) is supported by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic within the project to support the national research infrastructure ACTRIS – participation of the Czech Republic (ACTRIS-CZ – LM2015037). Measurements at PUY (Puy de Dôme) were partly supported by CNRS-INSU, University Clermont-Auvergne, OPGC and the french CLAP programme. The PAL (Pallas) station acknowledges KONE Foundation, Academy of Finland (project no. 269095 and no. 296302). CHC (Mt Chacaltaya) station received support from Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) under both Jeune Equipe programme attributed to LFA and support to ACTRIS-FR programme. CHC received grants from Labex OSUG@2020 (Investissements d'avenir – ANR10 LABX56). Marco Pandolfi is funded by a Ramón y Cajal Fellowship (RYC-2013-14036) awarded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. The authors would like to express their gratitude to David Carslaw and Karl Ropkins for providing the OpenAir software used in this paper (Carslaw and Ropkins, 2012; Carslaw, 2012). We also thank the co-editor Andreas Petzold and two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments.

Health inequalities result in poor accessibility to primary, secondary, community and preventative care as well as food sources and other health practices such as exercise and physical activity, across the lifespan1,2. However, globally, we have increasingly ageing population, and the importance of addressing issues related to deprivation in this vulnerable group is crucial. Older people living in deprived communities have reduced access to a range of services, which compromises their health and social-care1. This is often further exacerbated in areas of conflict, political and social unrest. Public Health and Primary Care often adopt top-down approaches, identifying behaviours or individuals as 'problems' and developing programmes to target the behaviours or individuals. This can result in programmes that widen rather than reduce inequalities. Our sandpit was designed to explore an evidence-based, bottom-up, community engagement approach3, that enables communities to identify barriers to their health and wellbeing and design sustainable and contextually specific solutions. Our expertise, the urban-rural disparity across GW4 and our global partners uniquely placed us to address the 'Health, demographic change and wellbeing' grand challenge and contribute to the GW4 priority areas 'Inclusive innovative and reflective societies, and 'Social Justice, Inequality, local and global.' We worked with research partners in Colombia and Namibia to develop transferable adaptive processes and approaches for these developing countries and the welfare of their older populations. From the outset we identified several key outcomes and benefits from this research sandpit: • To be in a position to inform responses to local, national and international grand challenges to create inclusive communities and promote social justice. • To be in a position to inform government programmes for improving health inequalities of older people. • To develop a, network of researchers, community members and service providers, who can cogenerate 'community engagement' approaches, that are underutilised. The focus of our application was to identify new approaches and ways of addressing inequalities in health among older people living in low income / economically disadvantaged communities. In particular we wanted to maximise a community-development, bottom-up approach that is evidenced to have positive effects on health behaviours, health consequences and self-efficacy2. This also aligns with the Healthy Living theme proposed in the GW4, 5-year strategy3. Aim To identify new approaches, based on bottom-up approaches, to address inequalities in health among older people, living in low income and economically disadvantaged communities. 6 Objectives - Design and deliver a 2-day, international, residential sandpit - Create a network and data base of expertise, including academic, professional and local community members, with expertise in inequalities in older people, from across the GW4 locality and from the two DAC countries of Colombia and Namibia - Form a platform to develop community lead public health education health initiatives, identified by the local communities. - Develop one-two potential research projects in readiness for any future, related calls. How the funds were used ? Funding supported a 2-day, residential sandpit called: 'Health inequalities in older people: a plan for action'. This was facilitated by a professional facilitator to enable us to achieve our aim and outcomes and ensured that we maximised our productivity. Attendees included stakeholders from relevant service providers and community members as well as academics with expertise in health inequalities in older people. This combined expertise and experience ensured that collective ideas and approaches were focused on grounding any project within the lived experience of economically disadvantaged communities. To advertise the event we designed a poster promoting the two-day, international, residential sandpit titled 'Inequalities in older people: A plan for action' (appendix 1). We emailed this to selected, potential delegates from stakeholder organisations, including service providers, community members and academics with expertise in health inequalities in older people, throughout the GW4 locality. We included a link on the poster taking interested applicants to an on-line registration page that we created using the Bristol on-line Survey system (BOS). The application form also asked potential delegates to provide details about their areas of expertise and to state whether they were happy for these to be placed on our database. In addition, we included a draft programme for the event. Approximately three-weeks before the event we circulated a document providing pen portraits from each of the GW4 leads involved in the original application (appendix 2). In the final two weeks prior to the event communication was maintained between organisers and potential delegates and important information, such as the programme for the sandpit was provided (figure 1). The residential 2-day sandpit took place at the Novotel, Victoria Street, Bristol. This was a central location in Bristol. It was a 5-minute walk from the main railway station and on major bus routes. Parking was provided for all delegates, by the hotel, if required.

This thesis concerns the connections Irish socialist women made to radical individuals, groups and movements from the 1900s to the 1940s (see Figure 1: 'Mapping Feminist Connections to Radicalism' which follows). This is a biographical study which aims to expose these connections through the activist lives of ten Irish socialist women; Constance Markievicz (1868-1927), Eva Gore-Booth (1870-1926), Hanna Sheehy Skeffington (1877-1946), Rosamond Jacob (1888-1960), Patricia Lynch (1894-1973), Sighle Humphreys (1899-1994), Kathleen Lynn (1874- 1955), Nora Connolly O'Brien (1892-1981), Charlotte Despard (1844-1939), and Helena Molony (1883-1967). The thesis aims to foreground the voices and diverse experiences of Irish socialist women to counter assumptions within the historical record. Therefore, the purpose of the project is to reveal Irish feminists' identification with socialism, as well as the breadth of radical interests and causes they pursued across their sustained and productive political lives. The study explores thematically their backgrounds and politicisation through the prerevolutionary counterculture. It examines how they diversely engaged with the suffrage campaign from 1908 until 1923. The thesis then shifts focus and traces Irish socialist women's connections with the international left through major discourses in international socialism. It follows Irish socialist women's personal experiences of violence through a decade of social and political upheaval (1913-1923). The dynamic development of these insights into a resistance to militarism is investigated. The diffusiveness of feminism in Irish feminists' engagement with republicanism and communism in the Irish anti-imperialist movement is explored. At the forefront of their politics in the 1920s and 1930s, anti-imperialism provided a space for this group of women to expand feminist consciousness in their attempts to gender socialist republicanism. They were also active organising in the unemployed movement, supporting Soviet Russia, and through anti-fascist activism in support of the Spanish Republicans. The Spanish Civil War marked the end of their political journeys and a 2 decline in interwar radicalism as the approaching Second World War changed the landscape of the left. This study about Irish socialist women asks questions about the wider phenomena of Irish feminisms; the assumptions made about it, the ways we can (re)define it, and how we should historicise it. What do the interactions between Irish socialist women and radicalism say about the relationship between feminism and social change? How do the unconventional backgrounds and diverse political identities of Irish socialist women affect who is included within the description 'Irish feminist'? This study investigates how Irish women attempted to fuse the claims of class, gender and nation, and the implications these experiments have for understanding the assumption that division was an overwhelming dynamic in Irish feminism. The thesis interrogates whether Irish socialist women were able to develop a woman-focused politics in Irish socialism, and what this can tell us about the relationship between feminist ideas and activism. The study also explores the implications of this relationship for exploring the boundaries of Irish feminism, and whether Irish socialist women were a radicalising influence on Irish feminism. The implications that a biographical focus has for expanding the historical understandings of Irish feminisms are explored. Focusing on the biographical sources foregrounds the activist experiences of Irish socialist women to expose the range of connections they made; to each other, to leftwing individuals, groups and movements. This biographical study of Irish socialist feminism provides an alternative lens through which to view Irish feminism and shift the historical narrative. The privileging of immediate narratives, such as letters, diaries, and eyewitness accounts, draws attention to how Irish socialist women balanced competing claims on their political identity, made alliances and formed a new feminist dynamic through their everyday activist encounters. Therefore, this thesis makes conclusions about how biography shifts the perception of nationalism as the dominant movement with which feminists interacted, towards socialist alliances and the broader counterculture which facilitated these complex 3 interconnections. The presence of a group of Irish socialist women identified in this study lends Irish feminism a more inclusive quality than has previously been assumed. The thesis documents the fluid and shifting approaches Irish socialist women took towards the different political choices they made, and this suggests the dynamic quality of Irish socialist feminism necessary to overcoming tensions and building alliances. Irish socialist feminists' gendering of radicalism through domestic discourses highlights the presence of a broadening feminist consciousness and the diffusiveness of Irish feminism. The radicalising impact of Irish socialist women on Irish feminism is evidenced through the expansion of suffrage demands by 1923. Irish socialist women's interwar radicalism extends the usual historical timeframe beyond suffrage and nationalist accounts, and establishes a persistent feminist presence across the first half of the twentieth century. All of these conclusions relate to how Irish socialist women's lives indicate an interactivity, plurality, dynamism, diffusiveness and persistence presence to Irish feminism, changing how we perceive the history of Irish feminism.

Deep ethnic and socioeconomic gaps in the access and quality of education are pervasive in the United States. Many of these inequalities are at least partly determined by a historical legacy of exclusionary public institutions, the vestiges of which continues to be felt today. In particular, three key contemporaneous education policy issues -- public school segregation on the basis of race, the emergence of a potentially predatory for-profit college sector, and unequal college access for minorities -- are all directly connected to public institutions. In this thesis, I present empirical studies on the role and effect that institutions have in determining these gaps, with varying focus on mechanisms and causal effects across these different policy topics. In Chapter 1, I study school attendance boundary policy, the most common student allocation mechanism in U.S. public schools, and its relationship to school racial segregation. I ask: given existing patterns of residential segregation, what do existing school attendance boundaries reveal about local government's preferences over school integration? Using a novel database on the attendance boundary maps of hundreds of school districts, I define a desegregation policy index based on simple counterfactual attendance boundary maps. Exploiting this index, I find wide heterogeneity in the extent to which districts choose to desegregate their school systems by gerrymandering boundaries. I develop a theory of school attendance boundary choice, based on a trade-off between racial integration and aggregate daily commuting distance to school. I propose a methodology to estimate the extent of this trade-off, using geographic census data on the spatial distribution of race. Estimating a model of desegregation policy level as a function of marginal commuting costs, I find evidence of district demand for racial integration. In addition, I find that court desegregation orders and greater levels of racial tolerance among local whites act as positive shifters of desegregation demand. These findings have far reaching policy implications, the most important being that the tools developed here allow researchers to better monitor local governments' policies. I close this chapter with a case study evaluating of the stability of desegregation policy with respect to endogenous residential sorting, finding high residential compliance rates and little real estate valuation effects stemming from sudden changes in attendance boundary policy. Chapter 2, joint work with Christopher Walters, studies how different structures in post-secondary education markets affect local student populations. For-profit college chains (FPCs) have rapidly expanded over the last two decades, opening almost 1,000 campuses across the U.S. First, we examine the determinants of FPC entry, finding that counties with worsening local unemployment and poverty rates are more likely to see the opening of an FPC campus. Then, exploiting variation in the timing of FPC entry, we estimate the impact of FPC entry on enrollment and degree completions. Using an event-study framework, our estimates show that FPC entry leads to increases in county-wide college enrollment and degree completions, with effects concentrated in short-term certificate programs. Additionally, we find little indication of negative enrollment effects at traditional public and non-profit private institutions, including community colleges. We interpret these findings as indication that for-profit chain colleges tend to enter markets facing excess demand for higher education, and that the extent to which they directly compete with traditional colleges is limited at best.In Chapter 3, I zoom-in to a narrower topic, focusing on the issue of college access for undocumented high school students. Specifically, I estimate the impact of state level tuition equity reform on the educational outcomes of undocumented immigrant students in Texas. This type of reform, granting in-state tuition to qualifying undocumented students, can be interpreted as a partial relaxation of the institutional constraints associated with lack of legal immigration status. Exploiting administrative data from education agencies in Texas, I formulate a generalized differences-in-differences framework to produce within-school, across-cohort estimates of the impact of the 'Texas Dream Act' on a range of educational outcomes from college demand to college-bound investments during high school. Estimates show a significant closing of the college demand gap between immigrant and control group high school graduates. However, estimates regarding college-bound investments contain mixed results. I attribute this to a complex policy environment in public high schools during the analysis period. The results suggest that affordable college access policies can have a significant impact on the attainment of the immigrant population at the college entrance stage, but that, given other policies in place, college tuition incentives down the educational ladder may not be sufficiently salient to generate spillover effects.

Political participation and the way in which people are taking part in political decisions and social administration are among the issues that have been discussed throughout the history of political ideas since time immemorial even before the Christ. One of the striking examples of political participation of people of a society is taking part in various elections of a country that is one of the issues of political geography and electoral geography. Electoral geography is a term that was first coined by French scholar Zigfrid in 1913. Political participation usually refers to the domain of access of the citizens to their normal democratic rights in political activity to which they are legally eligible. Participation in election includes voluntary activities that are done by ordinary people in order to influence the public policy. This influence might be direct or based on one's personal choice of the one who decides the general policies. Voting in elections is part of this influence. Holding free and just election and the existence of political competition are among the aspects of democracy and legitimacy of political systems. This category is of higher importance in the societies, which are in transition. Election and electoral competition are one of the significant indices of democratic system at the heart of which two elements of continuation and change evolve. Thus, in the current research we will discuss the effective factors in the participation of people in election,aspects of political participation, behavioral patterns in election, effective factors in electoral behavior and elections in a number of developed countries and so on and so forth. ; La participación política y la forma en que las personas participan en las decisiones políticas y la administración social se encuentran entre los temas que se han discutido a lo largo de la historia de las ideas políticas desde tiempos inmemoriales incluso antes de Cristo. Uno de los ejemplos más destacados de la participación política de las personas de una sociedad es participar en varias elecciones de un país que es una de las cuestiones de la geografía política y la geografía electoral. La geografía electoral es un término que fue acuñado por primera vez por el erudito francés Zigfrid en 1913. La participación política generalmente se refiere al dominio de acceso de los ciudadanos a sus derechos democráticos normales en la actividad política a la que son legalmente elegibles. La participación en las elecciones incluye actividades voluntarias realizadas por personas comunes para influir en la política pública. Esta influencia puede ser directa o basada en la elección personal de quien decide las políticas generales. La votación en las elecciones es parte de esta influencia. La celebración de elecciones libres y justas y la existencia de competencia política se encuentran entre los aspectos de la democracia y la legitimidad de los sistemas políticos. Esta categoría es de mayor importancia en las sociedades, que están en transición. La elección y la competencia electoral son uno de los índices significativos del sistema democrático en elcorazón del cual evolucionan dos elementos de continuación y cambio. Por lo tanto, en la investigación actual discutiremos los factores efectivos en la participación de las personas en las elecciones, los aspectos de participación política, los patrones de comportamiento en las elecciones, los factores efectivos en el comportamiento electoral y las elecciones en varios países desarrollados, y así sucesivamente. ; A participação política e o modo como as pessoas participam das decisões políticas e da administração social estão entre os tópicos que foram discutidos ao longo da história das idéias políticas desde tempos imemoriais, antes mesmo de Cristo. Um dos exemplos mais proeminentes da participação política do povo de uma sociedade é participar de várias eleições em um país que é uma das questões de geografia política e geografia eleitoral. A geografia eleitoral é um termo que foi cunhado pelo estudioso francês Zigfrid em 1913. A participação política geralmente se refere ao acesso ao domínio dos cidadãos de seus direitos democráticos normais na atividade política a que estão legalmente habilitado. A participação em eleições inclui atividades voluntárias realizadas por pessoas comuns para influenciar políticas públicas. Essa influência pode ser direta ou baseada na escolha pessoal de quem decide as políticas gerais. Votar nas eleições faz parte dessa influência. A celebração de eleições livres e justas e a existência de competição política estão entre os aspectos da democracia e da legitimidade dos sistemas políticos. Esta categoria é de maior importância nas sociedades que estão em transição. A eleição e a competição eleitoral são um dos índices significativos do sistema democrático no coração do qual dois elementos de continuação e mudança evoluem. Portanto, na pesquisa atual, discutiremos os fatores efetivos na participação das pessoas nas eleições, aspectos da participação política, padrões de comportamento nas eleições, fatores efetivos no comportamento eleitoral e eleições em vários países desenvolvidos. , e assim por diante.

This dissertation is a critical examination of both the history of the Dismal Swamp maroon communities (independent and resistant communities of individuals some would label "runaway slaves") and of the politics of race and representation of enslaved resistance in public historical narratives and in local Black collective memory. Principally, this is a critical exploration of the legacies of slavery and enslaved resistance evidenced by Black people's resilience in and around the swamp across time – from maroon resilience through the physical swamp muck and mire, an appealing alternative to bondage, to the present-day resilience of Black community memory of enslaved people's historical agency, in spite of the metaphysical muck and mire, or the entanglement of race and power that too often silences the narrative of Black resistance.Once recently an extremely understudied and under-researched topic, my research on the history and legacy of U.S. marronage advances the fields of slavery, public history, and collective memory by: (1) connecting the activities of the Dismal Swamp maroons to a hemispheric Black tradition not merely of flight, but organized violence against slaveholding societies as freedom and self-defense; (2) comprehensively clarifying the specificity of U.S. marronage through a reconceptualization of the phenomenon that fundamentally includes all slaveholding contexts; (3) emphasizing the erasure and marginalization of enslaved resistance, and marronage in particular, in public historical representation, distinct from previous studies in the fields of public history and collective memory that focus on representational silences surrounding the Civil War or plantation slavery more broadly; and (4) by utilizing the voices of descendants of the enslaved as central to the recovering and uncovering of the historical legacy of the Dismal Swamp maroons. This interdisciplinary project benefits from the use of mixed methods and the methodology of restorative and transformative history. This is the labor of reconstructing and reconnecting with the past toward social change. Racialized and oppressed peoples' knowledge about the swamp, about history, and their generational memory are key sources in this project. I place them in conversation with written historical archives, with the archaeological record, and with the ethnography of race and representation in the present cultural landscape of the Dismal Swamp. My methodology approaches the swamp as a living archive from which ongoing freedom struggles and racial oppression can be can be read and can be learned from, across time.The first part of the dissertation focuses on U.S. marronage, its relationship to the maroons of Latin America and the Caribbean, and the activities of maroon communities in the Great Dismal Swamp, a huge morass of swampland straddling the Virginia/North Carolina eastern seaboard. The swamp once covered the space of two thousand square miles and is thought to have contained tens of thousands of self-emancipated individuals throughout the period of 1700-1865. I weigh the historical scale, scope, and impact of marronage in the swamp and its surrounding cities and counties. I investigate autonomous maroon and enslaved community building and organized, collaborative, insurrectionary maroon and enslaved networks of freedom along the peripheries of the swamp. I argue that the presence of the swamp itself greatly influenced opportunities for enslaved resistance, as the rise of marronage and insurrection by the early 19th century threatened the very foundation of the surrounding plantation world, as evidenced by the attempted rebellions of 1792 and 1800-1802. The second part of this dissertation examines the present-day relationships between the suppression of the history of enslaved agency, marronage, and resistance in public history, and collective memory. I point to the defining role race plays in power struggles for historical representation and the building of memory (or forgetting) about slavery and marronage throughout the swamp's built landscape. I analyze texts, plaques, signs, markers, tour narratives, and other discourse at twenty-seven historical sites and sites that publicly inform the historical significance of the Dismal Swamp and the surrounding Tidewater region of Virginia and North Carolina, to examine the ways these institutions (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Park Services, museums, historical societies) control the narratives about the swamp and its interpretive significance. I find that institutional practices of representation privilege the historical and present "logic of whiteness" that minimizes, distorts, segregates, or silences histories involving white culpability and the experiences of those that challenge the status quo. This is particularly applicable to those pasts shaped by Black autonomy (marronage) and violent protest. But despite these silences and ensuing struggles for more equitable and just historical representation, interviews with thirty-two Black people living around the swamp today show how Black communities continue to contest dominant epistemes and create alternative spaces of knowledge and resilient memory that are self-validating, empowering, and that directly inform local Black identity, place, and belonging.

This research project examines the appearance and proliferation of some of the earliest cremation burials in Europe in the context of the prehistoric north Aegean. Using archaeological and osteological evidence from the region between the Pindos mountains and Evros river in northern Greece, this study examines the formation of death rituals, the role of landscape in the emergence of cemeteries, and expressions of social identities against the backdrop of diachronic change and synchronic variation. I draw on a rich and diverse record of mortuary practices to examine the co-existence of cremation and inhumation rites from the beginnings of farming in the Neolithic period to the adoption of the Greek alphabet by the eighth century BCE or earlier. Based on my review of the evidence, I also offer suggestions regarding: 1) why cremation is adopted so early in the Neolithic north Aegean, and essentially nowhere else in contemporary southeast Europe and the Near East; 2) why cremation perseveres and re-emerges as a popular burial rite in the Early Iron Age in this region; and 3) whether cremation endured in this region in association with kinship-based states attested in the region later in antiquity, or on the basis of social status, gender, age, or personal preference. The burial record of the north Aegean over 5,000 years is marked by a high degree of synchronic and diachronic diversity in funerary ritual, grave types, grave objects, and location choice, which reflect pluralistic approaches to death. The rite of cremation especially was a complex phenomenon not limited to one tomb type or region through time, appearing both in cremation-exclusive cemeteries and in isolated tombs within inhumation-dominant burial grounds. I suggest that cremation was adopted early in the Neolithic for two reasons. The first reason, relating to individual infant cremations discovered in intramural contexts, is due to infants not reaching a critical rite of passage. The second reason for adoption, relating to the cremation-exclusive burial grounds, is to dissolve the individuality of the deceased and promote community collectivity. The reinforcement of group identity and communality is, I argue, applicable as an explanatory framework for why cremation perseveres in certain EBA communities. At EBA cemeteries where cremation was a minority rite, however, infants and children tended to be cremated, a continuation of a practice established in a select few Neolithic communities and perhaps also related to an early, tragic death and a failure to reach a critical rite of passage. By the LBA, cremation burials reach their lowest numbers throughout the prehistoric period. The few individuals who are cremated are adults and may have held special status in their communities. The preponderance of cremation burials in stone-built tumuli in the Rhodope region of east Macedonia and Thrake indicates that people in the region may have begun to associate with group identities beyond the immediate community.Cremation increases in popularity during the EIA, alongside a massive increase in the number of cemeteries and an expansion of their overall extent, reflecting diverse approaches to death. Cemeteries with cremations include a) cemeteries with a majority of cremations and b) cemeteries with a minority of cremations (1 – 6% of graves). Beginning with the former group, many cemeteries that are exclusively comprised of cremations are located east of the Strymon river. With a tradition going back to the LBA, stone-built tumuli that are associated with cremations in east Macedonia and Thrake could be indicative of a broader community and sense of group identity (or identities). In Chalkidiki, cremation was the exclusive or dominant rite at nearly all cemeteries. Palaiogynaikokastro in central Macedonia was exceptional in its hundreds of cremations in a region dominated by inhumations, while also incorporating elite grave goods found in inhumation graves. Through burning the dead, the residents of Palaiogynaikokastro differentiated themselves from their neighbors in the Axios valley, while participating in settlement hierarchies and territorial antagonisms that may have characterized the fertile valley during this time. These cases suggest the mobilization of different communities adopting similar burial rituals, integrating and defining themselves within a broader social – perhaps also political – group. As for EIA cemeteries where cremation is the minority rite, the circumstances and contexts vary from site to site. At certain sites, only infants and children were cremated, while at other cemeteries, cremations occurred either at earlier or later periods than the inhumations. Although difficult to prove, it may also be possible that some cremations may have been a personal choice on the part of the deceased and their family, or a marker of an individual who had migrated to a region away from their place of birth and wanted to replicate the death rituals of their homeland. Overall, however, gender does not appear to play a large role in determining who was cremated and who was inhumed. The north Aegean is thus marked by a highly diverse mortuary record in a micro-regional, highly fragmented point of confluence that gradually grew from small communities of farmers to tribal, kinship-based states.

The demand for glassware in the northern part of Europe saw a marked growth only in the 16th century although the history of glassmaking goes back several millennia. The population of the Baltic region, including the city of Klaipėda (Memel in German), did not remain on the margins of the glass culture developments in the modern period. Glassware featuring plastic shapes, delicate silhouettes and transparent materials spread widely across the entire region and became an integral attribute of a daily life, sociocultural patterns, etiquette and even military art in a relatively short time. A great deal of archaeological investigations in different fields has been accomplished in Klaipėda, whilst daily life of Klaipėda in the modern period has attracted the least attention on the part of researchers thus far. We possess little knowledge on the old Klaipėda gastronomy and table culture, health practices, sociocultural life of urban population and cultural ties of the local population with other cities, countries and regions. The situation of Klaipėda as a port city accounts for a circulation of a greater variety of commodities in the city itself and also for a diversity in the patterns of use of such commodities, therefore perspectives of the city case analyses through the prism of the studies of glass artefacts provide a deeper glance into the problem, i.e. in addition to general knowledge on Klaipėda glass artefacts, an issue of the use of glassware in different walks of life of the city population in the modern period is dealt with representing an integral part of the expectations postulated in the contemporary science of archaeology. What kind of impact on sociocultural life of Klaipėda population in the modern period was made by other countries and regions: in what ways material-social and spiritual-cultural life of the urbanites was influenced, how and by what means diverse urban population groups created their identity and their sense of distinctiveness, – these are the questions that this work attempts to provide answers for, at least in part. A single case study, as a reference point, can bring a significant contribution to the analysis of sociocultural history of other cities and towns of the same period in the territory of present - day Lithuania or former Prussia. It is easy to notice that the amount of archaeological data is increasing annually, and research of protected artefacts is expanding, nonetheless, imbalances in the development of the chains of data collection, its systematisation and interpretation remain an acute issue in the archaeological research both in Klaipėda and in Lithuania as a whole. In keeping with a concept that a consistent research of discreet groups of artefacts is a key element in the studies of urban life of earlier periods, a special focus is given to the heretofore understudied glassware items of Klaipėda, of which little information is available today. This fact has provided an incentive to effectively address the accumulated problems on both methodological and theoretical levels. Glassware, unlike pottery ware, has been used in the Lithuanian archaeological practice to a lesser degree for the purpose of characterisation of archaeological layers and structures, and for the interpretation and evaluation of changes in urban development, historical facts and processes. Thus far, glassware finds in Lithuania have not been systemised, classified or dated in chronological order, neither harmonisation of glass terminology and data documentation system has been attained, hence the question regarding museum assets is actualised, with a special focus on why and what glass artefacts should be preserved and which ones should be regarded not as significant in terms of scientific research. The glassware research provides an opportunity to compare manufacturing technological advancements, the glass culture transformations, and the expansion of import geography in Klaipėda over a period exceeding 300 years. Furthermore, it is not for nothing that circulation of the glassware in the modern period is linked to the consumption of alcoholic beverages, involving the research of consumption patterns through the medium of glassware, which opens up prospects for tackling social issues brought about by alcohol consumption, the causes and possible solutions thereof the modern world is still seeking for. As a matter of fact, this research may present a value for a general public that holds an opinion that a form of individual expression, involving things or certain products, is a feature of a modern consumer only. It must be noted that glass artefacts and perspectives of their analysis have not been properly considered neither by archaeologists of Lithuania nor archaeologists of other south-eastern Baltic region countries, which has prevented an objective assessment of general trends in the development of glass culture across the entire Baltic region. The object of this research is the development of manufacturing, or craft production, techniques, otherwise known as manual glassblowing, of glassware and culture of its use in Klaipėda in the modern period.

W dążeniu do realizacji celów Rady Europejskiej w zakresie działań zewnętrznych traktat lizboński stworzył nowy kontekst instytucjonalny. Opiera się on na wzroście zarówno potencjału jak i ambicji RE, które może realizować ona przez wykorzystanie pełnej gamy instrumentów i zasobów – w dążeniu do działań bardziej skutecznych i o większym znaczeniu strategicznym. Uznano zatem, że koncepcje i zasady regulujące kompleksowe podejście Rady Europejskiej zyskać muszą rangę zasad przewodnich działań zewnętrznych UE we wszystkich dziedzinach, w szczególności w odniesieniu do bezpieczeństwa, zapobiegania konfliktom i reagowania w sytuacjach kryzysowych. Z tego względu Rada Europejska określiła szereg konkretnych działań, które podejmuje, dążąc do osiągnięcia coraz bardziej kompleksowego podejścia w polityce i działaniach z zakresu stosunków zewnętrznych. Dla realizacji tego zadania (co precyzyjnie analizuje powyższy tekst) zajęto się wszystkimi aspektami zagrożeń dla bezpieczeństwa płynących z konfliktów i kryzysów zewnętrznych – od wczesnego ostrzegania i gotowości, poprzez zapobieganie konfliktom oraz reagowanie i zarządzanie kryzysowe, aż po wczesny etap wychodzenia z kryzysu oraz budowania stabilizacji i pokoju. Zdaniem Rady Europejskiej – co wykazuje niniejszy tekst – konieczność wzajemnie uzupełniających się interwencji w obszarach bezpieczeństwa zewnętrznego i zagrożeń dla Unii Europejskiej jest efektem nowych problemów międzynarodowych w skali globalnej. Rada Europejska konsekwentnie podkreśla, że bezpieczeństwo jest niezbędnym warunkiem stabilności UE i że trwały pokój nie jest możliwy bez rozwoju i eliminacji zagrożeń i ryzyk. Dla Rady Europejskiej tworzenie i wzmacnianie warunków politycznych, społecznych i gospodarczych dla stabilności ma zasadnicze znaczenie dla bezpieczeństwa i jest warunkiem wstępnym zmian w unijnej polityce zewnętrznej. Ta współzależność między bezpieczeństwem i stabilnością odgrywa kluczową rolę w zwiększaniu skuteczności działań zewnętrznych UE. Każde państwo, które dąży do zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa i pokoju, musi posiadać lub nabyć odpowiednie zdolności we wszystkich istotnych obszarach, w tym w obszarz bezpieczeństwa i obrony. Umożliwi to nie tylko ustabilizowanie sytuacji na świecie, ale również przyczyni się w sposób konstruktywny do zaprowadzenia pokoju, uzyskania stabilizacji i zapobiegania kryzysom. Na przestrzeni ostatnich lat UE w coraz większym zakresie wspierała tę współzależność między bezpieczeństwem i antykryzysową stabilnością, prowadząc interwencje w różnych obszarach polityki unijnej i korzystając z różnych instrumentów. Działania te obejmują m.in. dostęp do instrumentów międzynarodowych, dialog polityczny, współpracę techniczną (w tym wspólne badania naukowe i innowacje) oraz szkolenia (transfer wiedzy oraz rozwój umiejętności). ; In order to accomplish the goals of the European Council with respect to external activities, the Treaty of Lisbon has provided a new institutional context. It is based on boosting the European Council's potential and ambitions. These may be realized by making use of the vast array of instruments and resources for the operations to be more effective and of a bigger strategic importance. It has been assumed that the concepts and principles underpinning the European Council's comprehensive approach need to become the rules underlying the EU's external activities in all areas, in particular with respect to security, preventing conflicts and responding to crises. To this end, the European Council has identified a number of specific activities to pursue in its quest to adopt an even more comprehensive approach to politics and external relations. In order to complete the task (as precisely analyzed in the article), efforts have been made to take care of all the aspects of the threats to security stemming from conflicts and external crises, from early warning and readiness through preventing conflicts, responding to them and crisis management to the early stage of getting over a crisis and reaching stability and peace. According to the European Council – as the article proves – the requirement of complementary interventions in the area of external security and threats to the European Union results from new international problems on a global scale. The European Council consistently emphasizes that security is a prerequisite for the EU's stability and that lasting peace is not possible without eliminating threats and risks. To the European Council, creating and reinforcing the political, social and economic conditions for stability is of key importance to security and is a prerequisite for changes to the EU's external policy. This interdependence between security and stability plays a vital role in enhancing the effectiveness of the EU's external activities. Any country striving to ensure security and peace needs to have or acquire the necessary skills in all the important areas including security and protection. These efforts will both contribute to increased global stability and to bringing peace in a constructive way, to achieve stability and to prevent crises. In the past few years, the EU increasingly supported the correlation between security and anti-crisis stability, initiating interventions in various areas of the EU policy and resorting to different instruments. These activities include access to international instruments, a political dialogue, technical cooperation (like common scientific research and innovations) and training (knowledge transfer and development of skills).

The purpose of the current research is to conduct the empirical analysis and develop adequate econometric instruments for estimation of the relationship between monetary indicators and stock exchange indices in order to determine the effective instruments for stock exchange market development in the short and long runs. During the research the following methods have been used: general scientific methods of system analysis and synthesis; generalization, systematization and grouping of data; modern economic and mathematical instruments, in particular, methods of vector autoregression.Study results. The conducted statistical analysis and the realization of developed econometric VAR/ VECM models using the real data allowed us to estimate the potential capability of state regulators to influence the development of stock exchanges in different groups of countries as well as to develop the most effective monetary instruments of stock exchange stimulation while taking into account internal and external risks in the short and long runs.The results of this research paper can be used when making management decisions by state regulators on the ways of stimulation of stock exchanges development in different groups of countries, in particular Ukraine.Conclusions. Based on the conducted research using the system of developed VAR/VECM models, it was empirically proven that the central bank and other regulators can actually influence stock exchange indices using monetary instruments, but this influence is only significant on the markets of developed countries (e.g., the USA). However, in developing countries the stock exchange index does not depend on short-term changes of monetary indicators, which decreases the power of regulators to affect the stock exchange indices. At the same time, stock exchange indices are significant factors that influence monetary indicators not only in developed countries (the USA) but also in developing ones (Ukraine, Poland). Taking into consideration the results of the current research, it can be deduced that the economy of Ukraine is still in the transition phase and is characterized by significant political and economic risks, while the monetary policy of the regulator is rather an ineffective instrument to control and regulate the capital markets. In addition, the development of stock exchange markets has a positive impact on macroeconomic indicators of the developing economy. That is why the development of the effective and liquid stock market is a highly important element of Ukrainian state economic policy, which can become one of the main factors of its economic growth in mid- and long runs.Aricle received 16.04.2018 ; Метою дослідження є емпіричний аналіз та розробка адекватного економетричного інструментарію оцінювання взаємозв'язку між монетарними показниками й індексами фондових ринків для визначення ефективних інструментів монетарної політики на стимулювання розвитку фондового ринку в короткостроковій та довгостроковій перспективі. У процесі дослідження було використано загальнонаукові методи системного аналізу та синтезу, методи узагальнення, систематизації та групування даних, а також сучасний економіко-математичний інструментарій, зокрема методи векторної авторегресії.Результати роботи. На основі проведеного поглибленого статистичного та емпіричного аналізу розроблено комплекс структурних векторних авторегресійних моделей оцінювання впливу монетарної політики на показники фондового ринку для розвинених країн; країн, що успішно розвиваються, і країн зі значними економічними та політичними ризиками з урахуванням їхніх економічних особливостей. Реалізація розробленого комплексу VAR/VEC моделей на реальній інформації дала змогу оцінити потенційні можливості державних регуляторів здійснювати вплив на розвиток фондових ринків для різних груп країн, а також визначити найбільш ефективні монетарні інструменти стимулювання розвитку фондового ринку з урахуванням дії внутрішніх та зовнішніх ризиків у короткостроковій та довгостроковій перспективах.Результати дослідження можуть бути використані для формування управлінських рішень державними регуляторами щодо напрямів стимулювання розвитку фондових ринків різних груп країн, зокрема України.Висновки. На основі проведеного дослідження з використанням розробленого комплексу VAR/VECM моделей було емпірично підтверджено, що Центральний банк та інші регулятори, справді, можуть впливати на показники фондового ринку через інструменти монетарної політики, однак цей вплив є значущим лише на ринках розвинених країн (наприклад США). Проте на ринках країн, що розвиваються, фондовий індекс не залежить від короткострокових змін монетарних показників, що зменшує вплив регулятора на показники фондового ринку. Водночас показник фондового індексу є значущим фактором, що впливає на монетарні показники, як для розвинених країн (США), так і для країн, що розвиваються (Україна, Польща). Зважаючи на результати цього дослідження, можна зробити висновок, що в Україні, економіка якої ще перебуває у стадії трансформації та характеризується значними політичними та економічними ризиками, монетарна політика регулятора є неефективним інструментом впливу на показники ринків капіталу. При цьому розвиток фондового ринку позитивно впливає на макроекономічні показники економіки, яка розвивається. Саме тому важливим елементом державної економічної політики України є розвиток ефективного й ліквідного фондового ринку, що може стати одним із факторів економічного зростання у середньо- і довгостроковій перспективі.Матеріал надійшов 16.04.2018

This paper presents the light-scattering properties of atmospheric aerosol particles measured over the past decade at 28 ACTRIS observatories, which are located mainly in Europe. The data include particle light scattering (σsp) and hemispheric backscattering (σbsp) coefficients, scattering Ångström exponent (SAE), backscatter fraction (BF) and asymmetry parameter (g). An increasing gradient of σsp is observed when moving from remote environments (arctic/mountain) to regional and to urban environments. At a regional level in Europe, σsp also increases when moving from Nordic and Baltic countries and from western Europe to central/eastern Europe, whereas no clear spatial gradient is observed for other station environments. The SAE does not show a clear gradient as a function of the placement of the station. However, a west-to-east-increasing gradient is observed for both regional and mountain placements, suggesting a lower fraction of fine-mode particle in western/south-western Europe compared to central and eastern Europe, where the fine-mode particles dominate the scattering. The g does not show any clear gradient by station placement or geographical location reflecting the complex relationship of this parameter with the physical properties of the aerosol particles. Both the station placement and the geographical location are important factors affecting the intraannual variability. At mountain sites, higher σsp and SAE values are measured in the summer due to the enhanced boundary layer influence and/or new particle-formation episodes. Conversely, the lower horizontal and vertical dispersion during winter leads to higher σsp values at all low-altitude sites in central and eastern Europe compared to summer. These sites also show SAE maxima in the summer (with corresponding g minima). At all sites, both SAE and g show a strong variation with aerosol particle loading. The lowest values of g are always observed together with low σsp values, indicating a larger contribution from particles in the smaller accumulation mode. During periods of high σsp values, the variation of g is less pronounced, whereas the SAE increases or decreases, suggesting changes mostly in the coarse aerosol particle mode rather than in the fine mode. Statistically significant decreasing trends of σsp are observed at 5 out of the 13 stations included in the trend analyses. The total reductions of σsp are consistent with those reported for PM2.5 and PM10 mass concentrations over similar periods across Europe. © Author(s) 2018. ; Acknowledgements. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 654109, ACTRIS (project no. 262254), ACTRIS-PPP (project no. 739530). We thank the International Foundation High Altitude Research Stations JFJ (Jungfraujoch) and Gornergrat (HFSJG), which made it possible to carry out the experiments at the High Altitude Research JFJ Station and the support of MeteoSwiss within the Swiss programme of the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) of the WMO. The MAD (Madrid) station is co-financed by the PROACLIM (CGL2014-52877-R) project. The SMR (Hyytiälä) station acknowledges BACCHUS (project no. 603445), CRAICC (project no. 26060) and the Academy of Finland (project no. 3073314). The UGR (Granada) station is co-financed by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through project CGL2016-81092-R. Measurements at MSY (Montseny) and MSA (Montsec) stations were supported by the MINECO (Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness) and FEDER funds under the PRISMA project (CGL2012-39623-C02/00) and under the HOUSE project (CGL2016-78594-R), by the MAGRAMA (Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Environment) and by the Generalitat de Catalunya (AGAUR 2014 SGR33, AGAUR 2017 SGR41 and the DGQA). Measurements at IZO (Izaña) were supported by the AEROATLAN project (CGL2015-17 66229-P), co-funded by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain and the European Regional Development Fund. Station KOS (Košetice) is supported by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic within the project to support the national research infrastructure ACTRIS – participation of the Czech Republic (ACTRIS-CZ – LM2015037). Measurements at PUY (Puy de Dôme) were partly supported by CNRS-INSU, University Clermont-Auvergne, OPGC and the french CLAP programme. The PAL (Pallas) station acknowledges KONE Foundation, Academy of Finland (project no. 269095 and no. 296302). CHC (Mt Chacaltaya) station received support from Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) under both Jeune Equipe programme attributed to LFA and support to ACTRIS-FR programme. CHC received grants from Labex OSUG@2020 (Investissements d'avenir – ANR10 LABX56). Marco Pandolfi is funded by a Ramón y Cajal Fellowship (RYC-2013-14036) awarded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. The authors would like to express their gratitude to David Carslaw and Karl Ropkins for providing the OpenAir software used in this paper (Carslaw and Ropkins, 2012; Carslaw, 2012). We also thank the co-editor Andreas Petzold and two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments. ; Peer reviewed

In both general humanitarian studies, as well as political studies, the concept of language has a large importance. However, considering any language could be stripped down to a (seemingly more basic) notion of code, actual studies of code as an important aspect of international political communication are scarce, despite it is rather obvious that they have much potential in terms of both practical use and theoretical dwelling. In specific case of this article (and, in wider sense, preceding research by authors) the problem to dwell upon is how such codes could be translated.Translations developed to a quite high level over thousands of years and now appear quickly and conveniently, of certain texts and in needed languages. Level of knowledge of the foreign languages among world's population is also progressing, as well. And yet, even in such conditions language barrier, whether it gets thicker or thinner at some places, diverse in its shapes and forms, remains. But there is an idea of a language which is understandable anywhere in the world: analogue of a text, in which at least some key elements would be understood by anyone, won't be lost in translation, no matter which language was it written in. As we mentioned, operating at a level of sub-text, it could be really more adequately referred to as a universal code, but within the practice of audiovisual media it is indeed often called a language.Audiovisual media, fixation of images on film or videotape and digital images as well is what we mostly talk about in this scientific work, because with civilization evolving we become more and more dependent on what was said in that language, spend more time not only searching for new ways, but developing old, as well. Audiovisual media, in that regard, is produced in almost every possible language, including fictional ones. Internet Movie Database (IMDb) divides languages which are specified as used in different listed audio-visual works into common languages and less-common languages, effectively avoiding the notion of non-common and emphasizing that regardless of how common language is, importance of it in the audiovisual media is entirely a decision of creators.Political studies are, to some point, is a glue, that bonds together different aspects of developing and classifies them accordingly to some wide-spread political doctrines. Knowing how such doctrines inspire certain concepts in the everyday life of the state, how they transform in society's conscience and eventually inspire nation-wide processes is what political studies should concentrate upon and that also might include inspiring the needed and very welcome change in what is known as technology-enhanced language learning (TELL). Studying universal code of audio-visual media in the contexts of International political communication should be taken into consideration in TELL and research thereof, as nowadays people tend to be much more politically involved with the use of Internet and social networks as instruments of political influence, discussion and education – wider then ever and yet also much more restricted then before. Correlation between audio-visual media and new media social platforms, such as Reddit seem to be overlooked and under-researched. Present-day learners are represented mostly by the members of the Facebook/YouTube generation which is more visually developed than whichever of the previous generations. For this generation, online communication via exchanging static and moving images is just as important as face-to-face interaction, often offering knowledge-exchange opportunities. Their expectations strongly influence the modern teaching style by demanding more and more visual aids (first of all films) especially in teaching foreign languages.For political studies in the international relations, audiovisual media, while not exactly being terra incognita, is a place of only a certain level familiarity, which could and should be enriched by further research, as security of the situation pretty much depends on intricate processes of international communication witnessed in a conglomerate of social media and audiovisual media. Already, a situation of hybrid war forming within our own country dictates the need of closer filtration of information provided to us through the social networks, which nowadays, primarily, tend to use audiovisual format to stay fast and relevant. Relevancy of audiovisual media, its whole survival through the years and even decades (centuries are certainly out of question as audiovisual media is much younger then printed one) depended on being fluid, adaptive and developing a very transformative and unique system of approaching the unsuspecting audience from every corner. That resulted in supposed simple entertainment becoming not just one, but several multibillion industries, which intervene in unexpected way when it comes to presenting actual events and then distorting the accounts in latter, fictionalized attempts. ; У статті розглянуто окремий випадок аудіовізуального медіа у зростаючому сегменті політичної науки, який вивчає міжнародну політичну комунікацію. Спеціальна увага приділяється такому інструменту комунікації, як коди та їх універсальність, включно з вивченням інтерпретацій аудіовізуального медіа в контексті політичної комунікації.