Suchergebnisse

While the harrowing conflict in Syria has been enduring since March 2011, this research aims nonetheless to foresee the aftermath of the war through a forward-looking approach. After an analysis of the situation in Syria, before and during the war, from a touristic and political point of view, our work results in a series of observations and forecasts that allow us to draw the outlines of a post-conflict tourism in the country. More specifically and in order to complete our analysis, we used a comparative framework to study the examples of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as Croatia. Given that both countries have lived through conflict in the 1990s, this approach enabled us to observe the post-conflict context with a longer lapse of time. The questions related to the future of heritage sites, the emergence of a "new heritage" resulting from the conflict itself, and the changes over time in the interpretation of these different forms of heritage ("hot/cold interpretation") were among the main issues that we have treated in this dissertation. We also took a major interest in the appearance of new forms of tourism that might accompany the return of peace, especially the "dark tourism", typical of the post-conflict context. The results are presented in the form of scenarios that describe the different possible outcomes of the current conflict in Syria and their respective implications for the future of tourism in the country. ; Alors que le conflit en Syrie continue sa course dévastatrice depuis mars 2011, cette recherche s'inscrit dans une démarche prospective visant à envisager le post-conflit. Après une analyse de la situation touristique et politique de la Syrie, avant et pendant le conflit, notre travail aboutit à une série de constats et de prévisions qui permettent de dessiner le contour d'un tourisme post-conflit dans le pays. Pour compléter notre analyse nous avons eu recours au comparatisme avec les cas de la Bosnie-Herzégovine et de la Croatie. Les deux pays ayant connu des conflits dans les années 1990, ...

While the harrowing conflict in Syria has been enduring since March 2011, this research aims nonetheless to foresee the aftermath of the war through a forward-looking approach. After an analysis of the situation in Syria, before and during the war, from a touristic and political point of view, our work results in a series of observations and forecasts that allow us to draw the outlines of a post-conflict tourism in the country. More specifically and in order to complete our analysis, we used a comparative framework to study the examples of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as Croatia. Given that both countries have lived through conflict in the 1990s, this approach enabled us to observe the post-conflict context with a longer lapse of time. The questions related to the future of heritage sites, the emergence of a "new heritage" resulting from the conflict itself, and the changes over time in the interpretation of these different forms of heritage ("hot/cold interpretation") were among the main issues that we have treated in this dissertation. We also took a major interest in the appearance of new forms of tourism that might accompany the return of peace, especially the "dark tourism", typical of the post-conflict context. The results are presented in the form of scenarios that describe the different possible outcomes of the current conflict in Syria and their respective implications for the future of tourism in the country. ; Alors que le conflit en Syrie continue sa course dévastatrice depuis mars 2011, cette recherche s'inscrit dans une démarche prospective visant à envisager le post-conflit. Après une analyse de la situation touristique et politique de la Syrie, avant et pendant le conflit, notre travail aboutit à une série de constats et de prévisions qui permettent de dessiner le contour d'un tourisme post-conflit dans le pays. Pour compléter notre analyse nous avons eu recours au comparatisme avec les cas de la Bosnie-Herzégovine et de la Croatie. Les deux pays ayant connu des conflits dans les années 1990, ...

"The paper represents a preliminary and partial analysis of the information collected in a comparative 12-country study of the adjustment of national employment and social-welfare policies to the increasing internationalization of product and capital markets. After the postwar decades, when national governments were still able to control their economic boundaries, the first international challenge came in the form of the oil-price crisis of 1973/74, which confronted industrial economies with the double threat of cost-push inflation and demand-gap unemployment. It could be met if countries were able to achieve a form of 'Keynesian concertation' in which expansionary monetary and fiscal policies would defend employment while union wage restraint could be relied on to fight inflation. For this solution, 'corporatist' industrial-relations institutions were a necessary but not a sufficient condition. Since the second oil-price crisis of 1979-80 was met by restrictive monetary and expansionary fiscal policies in the United States, the steep increase of real interest rates in the international capital markets forced other central banks to raise interest rates accordingly. As a consequence, employment-creating investments could only be maintained if the share of profits in the national product was significantly increased. Under the pressure of rapidly rising unemployment, unions in most countries were forced to accept this massive redistribution from labor to capital. In the 1990s, finally, the international integration of product and capital markets has been constraining private sector employment as well as the financial viability of the welfare state. But now institutional differences among different types of revenue systems, welfare states and employment systems - Scandinavian, Anglo-Saxon, and Continental - create important differences in vulnerability that can no longer be met by standardized responses. The paper concludes with an examination of the specific problems faced by, and the solutions available to, the different countries included in the study." (author's abstract)

Part I Revealing India's Impacts -- 1 New Geopolitical Landscape and Resource Security -- 2 India's Look East and Act East Policies from a Historical and Contemporary Perspectives -- 3 The Role of India in South Asia's Economic Development -- 4 Financial Stability of Microfinance Institutions in the Post Global Financial Crisis: A Case of South Asia -- 5 India and Southeast Asia Relations: Evolution, Challenges and Recent Developments -- 6 India's Vaccine Diplomacy: Implications for Regional Connectivity and Global Security -- Part II Reinforcing Japan-Myanmar Relations -- 7 Japan-Myanmar Relations in Democratising Development: Disordered Army State to a Hybrid Democracy -- 8 Patterns of Myanmar's Foreign Policy: The Case of Omni-balancing in Changing Environment -- 9 Japan's Mekong Policy and Myanmar: Complementing a Viable Strategic Partnership -- 10 Patterns of Japanese Development Assistance for Social Transformation in Reform-Era Myanmar -- 11 Promoting Human Security by Japanese NGOs: Filling the void in G-to-G Assistance in Myanmar -- 12 Strengthening Press Freedom in Myanmar from Japan's Perspective -- 13 The Post-2020 Election Democratic Consolidation in Myanmar: Possibilities, Challenges and Collaborations -- Part III Reviewing ASEAN Centrality -- 14 ASEAN Centrality and Outlook on Indo-Pacific: The Origin, Adjustment and Opportunity -- 15 Japan's Relations with ASEAN Post-COVID19: Navigating the New Cold War -- 16 China's Role of Trade and Investment in CLMV: Cross the Mekong River by First Touching the Stone -- 17 Energy Transition in Thailand and Southeast Asia through China's Energy Diplomacy -- 18 India's Commitment to ASEAN and the China Conundrum -- 19 The Triangle of Connectivity: The India-Myanmar-Japan Relations and Changing Currents in ASEAN. .

Der Beitrag versucht die fiskalische Nachhaltigkeitsbilanz demokratisch sowie autokratisch verfasster Staaten anhand unterschiedlicher Performanzindikatoren (Kreditwürdigkeit, Zahlungsausfälle, Staatsverschuldung, Auslandsvermögen) zu erfassen und darüber hinaus zu klären, inwieweit die Regimetypausprägung einen Einfluss auf die Konsolidierungsanstrengungen in einem Land hat. Die Untersuchung fördert dabei zwei Kernerkenntnisse zu Tage. Während es den Demokratien in der Vergangenheit deutlich besser als ihren autokratischen Pendants gelungen ist, ihre Kredit- und Zahlungsfähigkeit aufrecht zu erhalten und Staatsinsolvenzen zu vermeiden, lässt sich ein ähnlicher Demokratievorteil im Hinblick auf die Verringerung der Staats- und Auslandsverschuldung nicht feststellen. Warum sich Demokratien, trotz vorhandener gemeinwohlsensitiver institutioneller und prozessualer Arrangements, schwer damit tun, eine Lastenverschiebung auf zukünftige Generationen zu vermeiden, Sparanstrengungen zu unternehmen und in ausreichendem Maße finanziell vorzusorgen, kann dabei im Kern als Kehrseite einer stark gegenwartslastigen Interessenorientierung interpretiert werden, welche durch einen kurzen "demokratiespezifischen Zeittakt" noch zusätzlich befördert wird.

This study uses the Mincer equation to calculate the private economic returns to education in urban and rural areas of Mexico in the 1994-2005 period. The findings indicate that investing in education is profitable in both types of area. Returns to education were found to be greater in the countryside than in cities in most of the years analysed and at every level of education. Education in rural areas tends to be more profitable for women at the basic education levels and for men at the higher levels. In urban areas, education proved to be more profitable for men at the primary and higher levels and, in some years, for women at the lower and upper secondary levels. (CEPAL Rev/GIGA)

This volume chronicles the policy challenges and adaptations faced and made by the South Korean government during the post-industrialization and democratization period. Following the model set by the first volume in the series, which covered the economic and social development during the developmental period from the 1960s to the 1980s, this volume examines how and to what extent the South Korean government has adapted to a variety of political, economic and social transformations since the 1990s. The book is divided in two parts. Part I reviews the changing policy environments and government policy paradigms in the wake of industrialization and democratization, focusing on the reorganization and coordination of government ministries and agencies. Part II explores key public policy areas, such as economics, social welfare, and foreign relations, where the South Korean government has successfully adapted to new policy challenges and environments. Drawing policy implications for the future actions of the South Korean government as well as for those countries wishing to replicate South Korea's success and avoid its errors, this book of interest to both scholars and policy-makers concerned with development in the Asia-Pacific. Jongwon Choiis Professor of the Graduate School of Public Administration and Director of the Asia Development Institute at Seoul National University. He graduated from Seoul National University (B.A. in Economics in 1982 and MPA in 1984) and obtained Ph. D. in public policy from University of Michigan in 1989. He was the Dean of Graduate School of Public Administration (2008-2010). Previously he worked for Economic Planning Board (EPB) and Korea Development Institute (KDI). He was a non-standing commissioner of Korean Fair Trade Commission, the Republic of Korea (2008-2011). He also was the chairman of Korean Public Enterprise Evaluation Committee (2012-2013). He is the President of the Korean Society of Public Enterprises since 2009. He was the editor of the Korean Public Administration Review. His research interest is on policy-making and policy implementation theories and empirical studies. His publications include: 'James G. March and Policy Studies in Korea' (Korean Policy Studies Journal, 2014), 'On ICT Governance and Regulation' (ICT Forum, 2014), 'Institutional Leadership and Perceived Performance: Evidence from the Korean Minister Survey' (Korean Journal of Policy Studies, 2011), Consumers and the Rule of Law (Seoul National University Press, 2008, co-author), Korean National Governance System: Challenges and Strategies (Seoul: Nanam, 2008, co-author), and the like. Huck-ju Kwonis Professor of the Graduate School of Public Administration and Deputy Director of the Asia Development Institute at Seoul National University. He is also the Editor of the Korean Public Administration Reviewand Co-editor of Global Social Policy(Sage). His research interest is on comparative social policy in East Asia, international development policy and global governance. He was Director of the Global Research Network on Social Protection in East Asia, funded by the Korea Research Council (2010-2013) and Visiting Scholar at the Harvard Yenching Institute (2013-2014). Previously he worked as the Research Coordinator at the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) (2002-2005). His publications include 'Poverty Reduction and Good Governance' (Development and Change, 2014), Transforming the Developmental Welfare State in East Asia(Palgrave, 2005), The East Asian Welfare Model: the State and Welfare Orientalism(Routledge, 1998, co-author) and The Korean State and Social Policy(Oxford University Press, 2011). Min Gyo Koois Associate Professor of the Graduate School of Public Administration at Seoul National University. His research interests include East Asian political economy and maritime affairs. Among his many publications is Island Disputes and Maritime Regime Building in East Asia: Between a Rock and a Hard Place(2010, Springer). Aside from many book chapters, he has published his research in a wide range of journals, including International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, The Pacific Review, Pacific Affairs, Asian Perspective, European Journal of East Asia Studies, and Journal of East Asian Studies. He has also co-edited (with Vinod K. Aggarwal) Asia's New Institutional Architecture: Evolving Structures for Managing Trade, Financial, and Security Relations(2008, Springer). From fall 2005 to spring 2007, he served as a postdoctoral fellow at the Center for International Studies and as a full time lecturer in the School of International Relations at the University of Southern California. He also taught at Yonsei University in Korea from fall 2007 to spring 2010. He currently serves as Visiting Scholar at the Harvard Yenching Institute (2015-2016).

Die am 24.11.2005 von den europäischen Agrarministern beschlossene Reform der Zuckermarkordnung (ZMO) vermindert den Protektionsgrad im europäischen Zuckermarkt. Die Senkung des Zuckerrübenmindestpreises und die zunehmende Öffnung des EU-Zuckermarktes setzt die europäischen Zuckerrübenproduzenten einem höheren Wettbewerb auf regionaler, nationaler und internationaler Ebene aus und kann infolge dieser Maßnahmen Produktionsstandorte tendenziell in jene Regionen verlagern, die über komparative Kostenvorteile verfügen. Die Zuckerrübenanbauer, die Zuckerindustrie sowie die Agrarpolitik haben daher ein gemeinsames Interesse, die Entwicklungschancen des eigenen Standorts im zukünftigen Wettbewerb näher zu definieren und zu optimieren. Neben den zu erwartenden Veränderungen in der Anbauwürdigkeit der Zuckerrübe (ZR) wird die Reform der ZMO c.p. insbesondere in den zuckerrübenintensiven landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben zu erheblichen Einkommensverlusten führen. Die betreffenden Betrieb! sleiter sind somit einem hohen Anpassungsdruck ausgesetzt.Vor diesem Hintergrund galt es in der vorliegenden Arbeit zunächst, die innerbetriebliche Wettbewerbsfähigkeit des Zuckerrübenanbaus am Beispiel des Einzugsgebiets der Nordzucker AG (Norddeutschland, Polen, Slowakei und Ungarn) zu untersuchen. Basierend auf einer Darstellung der regionalen Unterschiede in den Produktionsbedingungen und durch die Simulation verschiedener Preis- und Ertragsszenarien wurden Aussagen zur zukünftigen Stabilität der Zuckerrübenproduktion ermöglicht. Der Heterogenität der Zuckerrübenstandorte wurde durch eine kleinräumige Differenzierung der Anbaugebiete nach sog. Naturräumen und durch Anwendung eines Geoinformationssystems Rechnung getragen. Auf Basis der gewonnenen Erkenntnisse wurden weitere Aussagen bezüglich einer interregionalen Wanderungsbewegung der Zuckerrübenproduktion abgeleitet.In einem zweiten Schritt wurden durch die Simulation einzelbetrieblicher Entwicklungen unter verschiedenen Szenarien potenzielle Orientierungshilfen für weitere betriebliche Entscheidungen der Zuckerrübenanbauer herausgearbeitet. Hierzu wurden sechs regionstypische zuckerrübenintensive Betriebe verschiedener Größenklassen exemplarisch an zwei Standorten in Niedersachsen gebildet. Die modellmäßige Abbildung der Betriebe erfolgte mit dem Betriebsmodell FARM BOSS. Anhand der Modellbetriebe wurden die Auswirkungen der Beschlüsse zur Gemeinsamen Agrarpolitik (GAP) auf Produktionsprogramm, Arbeitsorganisation und betriebswirtschaftliche Erfolgskennzahlen für den Betrachtungszeitraum 2003-2014 untersucht. Mit Hilfe der Modellergebnisse, einer Literaturanalyse und im Austausch mit der landwirtschaftlichen Praxis wurden mögliche Anpassungsstrategien formuliert und im Modell alternativen Betriebsentwicklungspfade gegenübergestellt. Auf dieser Basis wurden Aussagen zum Wirkungsgrad einzelner betrieblicher Anpassungsmaßnahmen sowie zur gesamtbetrieblichen Entwicklungsperspektive getroffen. Die Untersuchung der auftretenden einzelbetrieblichen Fragestellungen lassen sich der normativen Ökonomik zuordnen. In diesem Kontext ist die Arbeit in der angewandten Betriebswirtschaftlehre anzusiedeln, die der Praxis Normen, Verhaltensempfehlungen und Entscheidungshilfen zu liefern hat. ; The reform of the sugar market organisation enacted on November, 24th 2005 by the European ministers of agriculture reduces the extent of protectionism of the European sugar market. The reduction of minimum prices for sugar beets and the improved market access to the EU sugar market lead to increased competition for the European producers of sugar beets on a regional, national and international level. As a consequence of these measures, production of sugar beets can shift to locations in those regions which have comparative cost advantages. Sugar beet producers, sugar industry and agricultural policy makers have a common interest to analyse and develop the potential of their own production locations and facilities in the context of increasing competition in the future. Beside the expected changes in competitiveness of sugar beets in comparison to alternative agricultural crops, the reform of the sugar market organisation will c.p. lead to a substantial cut in incomes, especially for farms with a high share of sugar beet production. Therefore, respective farms are facing a high pressure for adaptation.In this context, the present dissertation analyzes at first the competitiveness of sugar beets in comparison to alternative agricultural crops. This is done exemplary for the catchment area of Nordzucker AG (Northern Germany, Poland, Slovakia, and Hungary). Based on a description of the regional differences in framework conditions for sugar beet production and a simulation of different price and yield scenarios, statements about future stability of sugar beet production were provided. The heterogeneity of the sugar beet production locations was taken into account by defining small sized areas and the application of geo information systems (GIS). This approach provided further statements with regard to interregional relocation of sugar beet production.In a second step potential developments at the farm level were simulated by different scenarios in order to provide decision support for farmers concerning necessary future adjustments to their farm operation. Two regions in Lower Saxony with a crop rotation dominated by sugar beets were selected as an example for this analysis. In each region, three example farms with different farm sizes in terms of total arable land were simulated by the economic farm level model FARMBOSS. By using the farm model, the impact of the reform of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) on production program, farm organisation and farm profit indicators for the 2003-2014 period were analyzed. Based on model results, literature analysis and cooperation with agricultural experts, adaptation strategies for farms were developed. Finally, statements concerning the efficiency of adaptation strategies and the development potential for the farms analyzed were provided. Analysis of these potential developments can be assigned to the field of normative economics and thus, this thesis has to be assigned to the field of applied agricultural economics, which provides norms, decision support and behavioral rules to farmers.

The problem is to explore the possible coordinates and stability conditions for equilibria between agricultural wealth and industrial wealth generation and distribution processes. Instability of the equilibria may establish the possibility of moving along trajectories to preferred positions. The behaviour of the trajectories approaching such positions, as oscillations periodic or otherwise, may be explored by studying the operation of bifurcation parameters to determine whether such positions are attractors or repellors. The problem extends to determining qualitative change in the dynamic properties of equilibrium shares of wealth under varying conditions of ecospheric sustainability. This paper is prompted by curiousity about the long future of agriculture as the ecosphere is pressured, and dependency on government supports and off-farm income is put in jeopardy by government deficits and economic recession. The problem definition and approach stem from the second generation of systems theory. A predator prey paradigm is used to model the relationship of agriculture to the rest of the economy and the ecosphere. In the event that the ecosphere continues to degrade and productivity differentials between agriculture and industry expand, could chaotic processes emerge to jeopardize the persistence of both agriculture and industry? The transfer of wealth between agriculture and industry is a central theme in development economics. The transfer takes places through shifts of value added attributable to labour, intellectual property, land and capital. Wealth is understood in Adam Smith's terms of the purchasing power for necessities, conveniences and enjoyments of human life. The term agriculture could be generalized to denote all natural resource sectors. These are usually located in rural economies. Industry refers to manufacturing and tertiary sectors, usually associated with urban economies. Debate is ongoing in development economics around sectoral investment priorities based on leading sector hypotheses, dualism and strategies for balanced and unbalanced growth. Comparative statics and market equilibrium modelling, premised on perfect competition, have driven many of the prescriptions for market structures, wages, productivity, extension, training and capital allocations between agriculture and industry. Debate over the prescriptions regularly spills over into trade friction when governments modify competitive advantages of one sector to the other through domestic support programs and border policies. Predator prey modelling appears to offer new insight into a number of persistent questions left unresolved by agricultural economists. Are there substantive economic reasons for government support of agriculture and industry? Government accompanies or directs agricultural development in many jurisdictions globally. Is their reluctance to disengage and allow competitive forces to determine development outcomes based on more than opportunistic lobbying of vested interests? What are the equilibrium and stability conditions underlying the relationships of agricultural to industrial wealth in the long run? What is the effect of ecospheric degradation on the properties of these relationships which could shed light on the sustainability question? Can human determinism influence attainment of these conditions? Are the conditions leading to and away from chaos predictable? The solution of the model presented in this paper suggests that three parametric relationships among economic variables determine the long run tendency either to impoverish or to enrich agriculture and industry. The first is that the terms of trade between agriculture and industry should at least favour agriculture to enable trajectories to move away from both axes in the long run. Second, a scaling parameter representing the productivity for agriculture relative to industry should be near to the value one. Third, the ratio of the growth rate to the rate of degradation of agricultural wealth should be greater than a threshold level of agricultural wealth determined as a composite parameter. This composite is calculated from a fixed industrial cost expressed in terms of a decline in industrial wealth in the absence of agriculture, the price index for industry, and the economic recovery rates for agriculture and industry. All possible trajectories are bounded by parametric asymptotes to the isoclines. The model is formulated mathematically so as to explore the predictability of effects of stability of equilibria on changes in agricultural wealth. This formulation provides for oscillations or \"equilibrium chases\" along trajectories. The outcomes suggest that for economies where industry buys and sells to agriculture, levels of wealth are indeed limited and that the fortunes of industry are favoured by a wealthy sustained agriculture. The alternative, subsistence agriculture, is associated with near zero levels of industrial wealth. Finally, the model demonstrates that agricultural and industrial wealth, while complementing each other in growth processes, may also rise and fall in sustained oscillation relative to each other on a periodic or near periodic basis.

The problem is to explore the possible coordinates and stability conditions for equilibria between agricultural wealth and industrial wealth generation and distribution processes. Instability of the equilibria may establish the possibility of moving along trajectories to preferred positions. The behaviour of the trajectories approaching such positions, as oscillations periodic or otherwise, may be explored by studying the operation of bifurcation parameters to determine whether such positions are attractors or repellors. The problem extends to determining qualitative change in the dynamic properties of equilibrium shares of wealth under varying conditions of ecospheric sustainability. This paper is prompted by curiousity about the long future of agriculture as the ecosphere is pressured, and dependency on government supports and off-farm income is put in jeopardy by government deficits and economic recession. The problem definition and approach stem from the second generation of systems theory. A predator prey paradigm is used to model the relationship of agriculture to the rest of the economy and the ecosphere. In the event that the ecosphere continues to degrade and productivity differentials between agriculture and industry expand, could chaotic processes emerge to jeopardize the persistence of both agriculture and industry? The transfer of wealth between agriculture and industry is a central theme in development economics. The transfer takes places through shifts of value added attributable to labour, intellectual property, land and capital. Wealth is understood in Adam Smith's terms of the purchasing power for necessities, conveniences and enjoyments of human life. The term agriculture could be generalized to denote all natural resource sectors. These are usually located in rural economies. Industry refers to manufacturing and tertiary sectors, usually associated with urban economies. Debate is ongoing in development economics around sectoral investment priorities based on leading sector hypotheses, dualism and strategies for balanced and unbalanced growth. Comparative statics and market equilibrium modelling, premised on perfect competition, have driven many of the prescriptions for market structures, wages, productivity, extension, training and capital allocations between agriculture and industry. Debate over the prescriptions regularly spills over into trade friction when governments modify competitive advantages of one sector to the other through domestic support programs and border policies. Predator prey modelling appears to offer new insight into a number of persistent questions left unresolved by agricultural economists. Are there substantive economic reasons for government support of agriculture and industry? Government accompanies or directs agricultural development in many jurisdictions globally. Is their reluctance to disengage and allow competitive forces to determine development outcomes based on more than opportunistic lobbying of vested interests? What are the equilibrium and stability conditions underlying the relationships of agricultural to industrial wealth in the long run? What is the effect of ecospheric degradation on the properties of these relationships which could shed light on the sustainability question? Can human determinism influence attainment of these conditions? Are the conditions leading to and away from chaos predictable? The solution of the model presented in this paper suggests that three parametric relationships among economic variables determine the long run tendency either to impoverish or to enrich agriculture and industry. The first is that the terms of trade between agriculture and industry should at least favour agriculture to enable trajectories to move away from both axes in the long run. Second, a scaling parameter representing the productivity for agriculture relative to industry should be near to the value one. Third, the ratio of the growth rate to the rate of degradation of agricultural wealth should be greater than a threshold level of agricultural wealth determined as a composite parameter. This composite is calculated from a fixed industrial cost expressed in terms of a decline in industrial wealth in the absence of agriculture, the price index for industry, and the economic recovery rates for agriculture and industry. All possible trajectories are bounded by parametric asymptotes to the isoclines. The model is formulated mathematically so as to explore the predictability of effects of stability of equilibria on changes in agricultural wealth. This formulation provides for oscillations or \"equilibrium chases\" along trajectories. The outcomes suggest that for economies where industry buys and sells to agriculture, levels of wealth are indeed limited and that the fortunes of industry are favoured by a wealthy sustained agriculture. The alternative, subsistence agriculture, is associated with near zero levels of industrial wealth. Finally, the model demonstrates that agricultural and industrial wealth, while complementing each other in growth processes, may also rise and fall in sustained oscillation relative to each other on a periodic or near periodic basis.

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АНАЛИЗ ЗАРУБЕЖНОГО ОПЫТА В СФЕРЕ УГОЛОВНОЙ ОТВЕТСТВЕННОСТИ ЗА ЗАНЯТИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ПОЛОЖЕНИЯ В ПРЕСТУПНОЙ ИЕРАРХИИ / Л. В. Гарькавенко ; ГОУ ВПО "ДОНАУИГС" // Сборник научных работ серии «Право». - Вып. 24 : Правовое обеспечение деятельности органов государственной власти и местного самоуправления в современных условиях. – Донецк : ГОУ ВПО «ДОНАУИГС», 2021. – С. 227-236. Данная статья посвящена анализу зарубежного опыта в сфере уголовной ответственности за занятие высшего положения в преступной иерархии. Автором проводится сравнительный анализ уголовного законодательства Российской Федерации и Донецкой Народной Республики. В работе рассмотрена суть, понятие высшего положения в преступной иерархии и его особенности. Ключевые слова: организованная преступность, преступная иерархия, преступное сообщество, уголовное законодательство. ANALYSIS OF FOREIGN EXPERIENCE IN THEOF CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR OCCUPYING THE HIGHEST POSITION IN THE CRIMINAL HIERARCHY / L.V.GARKAVENKO ; SEE HPE «DAMPA» // Collection of scientific works of the series "Law". - Issue. 24 : Legal support of the activities of public authorities and local self-government in modern conditions. – Donetsk : SEE HPE "DAMPA", 2021. - Р. 227-236. This article is devoted to the analysis of foreign experience in the field of criminal responsibility for occupying the highest position in the criminal hierarchy. The author conducts a comparative analysis of the criminal legislation of the Russian Federation and the Donetsk People's Republic. The paper considers the concept of the highest position in the criminal hierarchy and its features. Keywords: organized crime, criminal hierarchy, criminal community, criminal legislation.

At the creation of the European Community in 1957, little attention was paid to environmental concerns. It's only in 1997, after decades of debate, that the 'Integration Principle' became formally engraved in European treaties. This principle, requiring all policies to take environmental concerns into account, represents a major landmark in the institutionalisation of environmental policy. Yet the effects of this integration appear unclear. So does its meaning. Does the Integration Principle ensure an effective impact of sustainable development institutions in Europe? We aim to answer this question by casting light on the origin and significance of the Integration Principle. We recapitulate the policy events leading to the formal integration of environmental concerns within EU policy since the 1970s. We highlight its gradual extension from a horizontal (cross-sectoral) to a vertical (cross-societal) dimension and stress the challenges posed by the necessary cross-societal integration of sustainable development policy. As a step toward answering the above question, our hypothesis is that the effectiveness of an institution depends on its integration not only across policy or economic sectors but also across governance levels. We derive implications with regard to the importance of learning to eco-innovation.

Introduction. The article presents the author's interpretation of the Kyrgyz-Chinese cooperation within the framework of "One Belt – One Way" (OBOW) strategy. On the basis of the studied materials, the author analyzes positive and negative factors and problems of implementing "One Belt – One Way" project between the two countries. The researcher pays particular attention to the prospects of the project in creating favorable conditions for close economic ties between the regions of the two countries that lie along the Silk Road.

Methods. The historical and legal, comparative and other methods form the theoretical and methodological basis of the article. The historiography of the issue – the consideration of Chinese "One Belt – One Way" strategy in the Kyrgyz Republic by foreign and Kyrgyz scientists and expert communities – is a direct object of the study.

Analysis. The activity of the Chinese OBOW initiative should be considered in the context of the integration of the Kyrgyz Republic into the world community, thereby determining its place and role, its political and legal system. Many Western and Russian scientists believe that the main tool for promoting the Chinese strategy in relations with partners is the provision of loans, which cannot but cause concern and discussion around the OBOW project. The main debatable dominants in the analysis of facts and analytics are investment, trade and economic, transport and infrastructure directions, and mining industry.

Results. The results of the study show that the potential areas for expanding the Chinese presence in Kyrgyzstan will remain transport and communications, mining, hydropower, etc. In Kyrgyzstan, the Chinese OBOW initiative is treated differently, there are a lot of positive and negative opinions concerning it. First, the OBOW project is perceived as a competitor to the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) in Eurasia. Second, the migration flows of Chinese citizens are increasing every year, the "Chinese demographic threat" is growing every year, and the people of Kyrgyzstan are concerned about this issue. Third, environmental safety, the safety of life and health of people, flora and fauna, the environment and others are also concerned. Fourth, the corruption of some Chinese companies creates a negative opinion of citizens.