Suchergebnisse

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Argentina accounts for 15% of total tobacco consumption in Latin America and has made the epidemiological transition to an advanced stage in the tobacco epidemic. The Southern Cone region of the Americas leads the hemisphere in tobacco attributable mortality. Argentina is a developing country with economic interests in tobacco growing and rapidly increasing tobacco use in urban areas. In 2000, smoking prevalence was 40.4% among adults- 46.8% of men and 34% of women- and Buenos Aires urban youth (13 to 15 years old) had a 30.2% 30-day smoking prevalence (27.8% male; 31.8% female) compared to 17.7% (17.8% male; 17.7% female) in the United States. Argentina also has a high smoking prevalence among health professionals (30.3% of physicians, and 36.3% of nurses currently smoke). Given the limited smoking restrictions in indoor environments the general population is highly exposed to secondhand smoke both in public and private places. In 2000, the percentage of young people aged 13 to 15 years exposed to secondhand smoke in Buenos Aires was 69.6% at home, 87.6%, in public places, and 27.6% from their friends. A multi-country study carried out in seven Latin American cities in 2004 showed that the city of Buenos Aires had the highest airborne nicotine levels inside hospitals, schools, government buildings, airports, and restaurants observed. According to the National Program on Tobacco Control of the Ministry of Health and Environment of Argentina, tobacco use causes 40,000 deaths per year, including 6,000 due to secondhand smoke. The cost of the treatment of tobacco-related diseases is more than 4,330 million pesos per year, which represents 15.5 % of the total public expenditure on health care. Meanwhile, the tobacco excise taxes collected by the government are only 3,500 million pesos per year. The transnational tobacco companies working through their local affiliates dominate production and marketing of cigarettes in Argentina. Philip Morris International and British American Tobacco, as well as other transnational tobacco companies such as Liggett, Reemtsma, Lorillard, and RJ Reynolds International- through their local subsidiaries Massalín-Particulares and Nobleza-Piccardo- have been actively influencing public health policy-making in Argentina since the early 1970s. These transnational tobacco companies have used the same strategies in Argentina as in the United States to block meaningful tobacco control. Methods This report uses three main sources to describe the interference of the tobacco industry in tobacco control efforts in Argentina. First, we examined the tobacco industry documents in the University of California San Francisco Legacy Tobacco Documents Library (http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu) and British American Tobacco Documents Archive (http://bat.library.ucsf.edu) and in Tobacco Documents Online (www.tobaccodocuments.org). We also used internet resources, major Argentinean newspapers (Clarín, La Nación, Página 12, La Prensa), local magazines (Muy Interesante, Revista 23, Somos, Humor, VEA), and the Argentinean National Congress Library for complete texts of the laws, bills and other tobacco control measures. Finally, we conducted face-to-face interviews with congressmen, public health officials, and tobacco control advocates in Buenos Aires during December 2003. Results • In 1966, the first bill on tobacco regulation was introduced in the Argentinean Congress to adopt a mandatory warning label on cigarette packs, but did not pass. In 1970 the government promulgated Law 18.604 that ended cigarette advertising on radio, television, and in movie theaters, and established fines for violators. This law was in effect only for one year. • In 1973 and 1974, two bills were introduced that would have placed a health warning label on tobacco products and advertisements, but these bills were not approved due to the intervention of the Cámara de la Industria del Tabaco (Chamber of Tobacco Industry), the tobacco industry's national manufacturers' association. • In 1977, as in the USA and other countries, the Chamber of Tobacco Industry created a weak and ineffective voluntary self-regulating code to avoid strong legislated restrictions on cigarette advertising. • In 1976 and 1979, the Ministry of Social Welfare drafted two bills to regulate the content of tobacco and alcohol advertisements and to require a warning label on cigarette packages. Tobacco Industry representatives lobbied government officials claiming that the established voluntary industry code was adequate and both bills died. • In the early 1980s, the Chamber of Tobacco Industry created the "Smoking Controversy Department" to counteract and undermine potential legislation. This department organized "Information Seminars" intended for selective community groups to promote the industry's position that the causal links between smoking and disease had not been proven. Seminars were aimed at the managers of tobacco production associations, agricultural technicians, physicians, scientists, journalists, tobacco advertising agencies, tobacco products distributors, elected officials, and Ministers of Health. The Smoking Controversy Department also produced and promoted literature arguing the industry's position. • During the 1980s, efforts to pass comprehensive tobacco control legislation intensified. These attempts were neutralized by a much better-organized tobacco industry that implemented a public campaign to lobby health authorities and convince journalists and the public that there was a "controversy" about the links between smoking and disease. • In 1986, the National Congress passed Law 23.344 that essentially codified the tobacco industry's ineffective voluntary advertising code and placed the weak health warning label "Fumar es perjudicial para la Salud" (Smoking is harmful to health) print on cigarette packs. Industry representatives had meetings with selected influential federal and provincial ministers, governors, and federal senators to water down the original proposal introduced by Representative Lorenzo Pepe in 1984. • In 1992, the 8th World Conference on Tobacco or Health was held in Buenos Aires. Local tobacco control advocates tried to push for the approval of a new comprehensive tobacco control bill in the Congress introduced by Representative Aldo Neri in 1990. At the same time, Philip Morris International and British American Tobacco worked together to divert the attention of the conference by organizing briefings with friendly journalists to create controversy about secondhand smoke. • In September 1992, the Neri Bill was approved in the Congress. The tobacco industry rapidly organized and orchestrated a major lobbying and public relations campaign to defeat it with the help of front groups (e.g., the International Advertising Association, the Inter-American Press Association, the Inter-American Society for Freedom of Commercial Speech, and the Argentine Association of Advertising Agencies), "scientific" consultants secretly hired and managed by industry lawyers based in the US, and Congressmen from the tobacco growing provinces. Ten days later, on October 10, President Carlos Menem vetoed the law. • Between 1992 and 2000, the tobacco industry supported alternative legislation to write the industry's ineffective voluntary marketing code into law. Even though they were not approved, these bills distracted political and public attention so that all efforts at meaningful tobacco control legislation were neutralized. • Since the mid-1990s, the tobacco industry has been promoting its "accommodation" program "La Cortesía de Elegir" (The Courtesy of Choice), to avoid legislation to end secondhand smoke exposure in restaurants and bars and to maintain the social acceptability of smoking. • Since 1997, the tobacco industry has been promoting ineffective "youth smoking prevention" programs (such as "Yo Tengo P.O.D.E.R." [I Have Power] and "Yo NO Vendo Cigarrillos a Menores de 18 Años" [I DO NOT Sell Cigarettes to Minors under 18]) to preempt meaningful anti-tobacco education by the government and to shift the focus away from the industry's responsibility for increasing youth smoking through its advertising and marketing. • In 2003, the Lower House Public Health Committee drafted a version that consolidated 18 tobacco control bills (including one from Representative Neri) but again, the tobacco industry succeeded in burying the bills. • In September 2003, President Néstor Kirchner signed the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, the first international public health treaty negotiated by the 192 countries under the auspices of the World Health Organization. The ratification process in the Argentinean Senate remained bogged down as of September 2005, with limited efforts to ratify it. It appears that the industry is effectively lobbying Argentinean legislators not to ratify the treaty. • In August 2005, the Ministry of Health and Environment introduced in the Senate a new comprehensive tobacco control bill that follows the minimum standards required by the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, including the creation of smokefree public places (including bars and restaurants) and workplaces, the end of all types of tobacco advertising (except point-of-sale) and sponsorship, and the placement of rotating health warning labels and images in cigarette packages. It also bans misleading descriptors (such as "light") and requires the placement of maximum levels of nicotine and tar print on packages. Recommendations 1. The journalists from print and electronic media, public health advocates, politicians and institutional leaders need to become more aware of how the transnational tobacco industry has manipulated and influenced policy making in Argentina, which affects the health of the public, and report this information to the public. 2. The national government, through the Ministry of Health and Environment, should implement a comprehensive educational campaign to enhance awareness about the health dangers of secondhand smoke and to promote the enactment of city-wide, provincial and national ordinances that prohibit indoor exposure to secondhand smoke. 3. Argentina should implement the principal provisions of the Framework Convention such as increased taxes, a complete advertising ban, and graphic pictorial warning labels on cigarette packages. 4. The federal government and health care industry need to support effective smoking cessation services, such as quit-lines, at minimal cost to all smokers. RESUMEN Argentina representa el 15% del consumo total de tabaco en América Latina y se encuentra en una fase avanzada de la transición epidemiológica en la epidemia del tabaquismo. La región del Cono Sur de las Américas lidera el hemisferio en mortalidad atribuible por tabaco. Argentina es un país en desarrollo con intereses económicos en el cultivo de tabaco y un alto consumo de tabaco en áreas urbanas. En 2000, la prevalencia del consumo de tabaco en adultos fue del 40.4% (46.8% en varones; 34% en mujeres). El mismo año, la prevalencia del consumo de tabaco en los últimos 30 días, en jóvenes de 13 a 15 años de la ciudad de Buenos Aires, fue del 30.2% (27.8 % en varones; 31.8% en mujeres) comparada con 17.7% (17.8% en varones; 17.7% en mujeres) en los Estados Unidos. Argentina posee también una alta prevalencia de consumo de tabaco entre los profesionales de la salud (30% de los médicos y 36.6% de los enfermeros actualmente fuman). Debido a las escasas restricciones al consumo de tabaco en ambientes cerrados, la población general está altamente expuesta al huno de tabaco ajeno, tanto en lugares públicos como en privados. En 2000, el porcentaje de jóvenes de 13 a 15 años expuestos al humo de tabaco ajeno en Buenos Aires, fue del 69,6% en sus casas, 87,6% en lugares públicos y 27,6% de sus amigos. Un estudio multicéntrico llevado a cabo en siete ciudades latinoamericanas en 2004, mostró que la ciudad de Buenos Aires tenía la mayor concentración de nicotina ambiental en hospitales, escuelas, edificios gubernamentales, aeropuertos y restaurantes observados. De acuerdo al Programa Nacional de Control del Tabaco del Ministerio de Salud y Ambiente de la Argentina, el uso de tabaco causa 40.000 muertes anuales, incluyendo 6.000 debido a la exposición al humo de tabaco ajeno. El costo del tratamiento de la enfermedades relacionadas al tabaco es de más de 4.330 millones de pesos por año, el cual representa el 15,5% del gasto público total en salud. Mientras tanto, los impuestos al tabaco recaudados por el gobierno son sólo 3.500 millones de pesos al año. Las compañías transnacionales de tabaco, trabajando a través de sus filiales locales, dominan la producción y la comercialización de los cigarrillos en la Argentina. Philip Morris International y British American Tobacco, así como otras compañías transnacionales de tabaco tales como Liggett, Reemtsma, Lorillard y RJ Reynolds International, a través de sus subsidiarias locales Massalín-Particulares y Nobleza-Piccardo, han influenciando activamente las políticas de salud pública en Argentina desde comienzo de los años 1970s. Estas compañías transnacionales de tabaco han utilizado las mismas estrategias en Argentina que en Estados Unidos para bloquear políticas de control del tabaco significativas. Métodos El siguiente reporte utiliza tres fuentes principales para describir la interferencia de la industria del tabaco en los esfuerzos por controlar el tabaco en Argentina. Primero, examinamos los documentos de la industria del tabaco que se encuentran disponibles en la internet en las bibliotecas Legacy Tobacco Documents Library (http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu) y British American Tobacco Documents Archive (http://bat.library.ucsf.edu) de la Universidad de California en San Francisco, y en Tobacco Documents Online (www.tobaccodocuments.org). También utilizamos otras fuentes de información de la internet, los principales periódicos argentinos (Clarín, La Nación, Página 12, La Prensa), revistas locales (Muy Interesante, Revista 23, Somos, Humor, VEA), y la Biblioteca del Congreso de la Nación de la Argentina para ubicar y analizar los textos completos de leyes, proyectos de ley, y otras medidas de control del tabaco. Finalmente, en diciembre de 2003, realizamos entrevistas cara a cara en la ciudad de Buenos Aires, con legisladores, funcionarios de salud pública y activistas para el control del tabaco. Resultados • En 1966 fue introducido en el Congreso Nacional argentino el primer proyecto de ley para la regulación del tabaco. El proyecto, que no fue aprobado, requería la colocación obligatoria de una etiqueta de advertencia sanitaria en todos los paquetes de cigarrillos. En 1970, el gobierno promulgó la Ley 18.604 que ponía fin a la publicidad de los cigarrillos en la radio, la televisión y los cines, y establecía multas para los infractores. Sin embargo, esta ley estuvo en vigencia sólo durante un año. • En 1973 y 1974 dos proyectos de ley ingresados en el Congreso Nacional requerían la colocación de una etiqueta de advertencia sanitaria en los envases de los productos de tabaco y en su publicidad. Sin embargo, estos proyectos no fueron aprobados debido a la intervención de la Cámara de la Industria del Tabaco, la asociación nacional de productores de la industria del tabaco. • En 1977, de la misma manera que en los Estados Unidos y otros países del mundo, la Cámara de la Industria del Tabaco creó voluntariamente un Código de Autorregulación Publicitaria débil e inefectivo para evitar la aprobación de legislación que contemplara fuertes restricciones a la publicidad del tabaco. • En 1976 y 1979 el Ministerio de Bienestar Social de la Nación preparó dos proyectos de ley para regular el contenido de la publicidad del tabaco y el alcohol y para requerir una etiqueta de advertencia sanitaria en los paquetes de cigarrillos. Representantes de la industria del tabaco ejercieron presión política sobre funcionarios del gobierno reclamando que el ya voluntariamente establecido Código de Autorregulación Publicitaria de la industria era suficiente. Finalmente, ambos proyectos fueron archivados. • A principios de los años 1980s la Cámara de la Industria del Tabaco creó el "Departamento sobre la Controversia del Tabaco" como una herramienta para contrarrestar y menoscabar una posible futura legislación anti-tabaco. Este departmento organizó "Seminarios de Información" dirigidos a grupos específicos de la comunidad para promocionar la posición de la industria por la cual la relación causal entre tabaco y enfermedad no estaba comprobada. Los seminarios estuvieron dirigidos a gerentes de asociaciones de productores de tabaco, técnicos agricultures, médicos, científicos, periodistas, agencias de publicidad del tabaco, distribuidores de productos del tabaco, Ministros de Salud y otros funcionarios gubernamentales. El "Departamento sobre la Controversia del Tabaco" también editó y promocionó publicaciones exponiendo la posición de la industria del tabaco. • Durante los años 1980s se intensificaron los esfuerzos para aprobar una legislación amplia para el control del tabaco. Estos intentos fueron neutralizados por una industria del tabaco mucho mejor organizada que orquestó una campaña pública para ejercer presión sobre las autoridades de salud, y convencer a periodistas y al público en general sobre lo que la industria llamó la "controversia" sobre tabaco y salud. • En 1986 el Congreso Nacional aprobó la Ley 23.344 que esencialmente codificó el inefectivo y voluntario Código de Autorregulación Publicitaria de la industria del tabaco y requirió la colocación de la débil etiqueta de advertencia sanitaria "Fumar es perjudicial para la Salud" en los paquetes de cigarrillos. Representantes de la industria del tabaco tuvieron reuniones con influyentes ministros nacionales y provinciales, gobernadores y senadores nacionales para "suavizar" el proyecto de ley original introducido en 1984 por el Diputado Nacional Lorenzo Pepe. • En 1992 la 8va Conferencia Mundial sobre Tabaco o Salud se llevó a cabo en la ciudad de Buenos Aires. Activistas locales para el control del tabaco intentaron presionar para la aprobación en el Congreso de una ley amplia la cual había sido introducida en 1990 por el Diputado Nacional Aldo Neri. Al mismo tiempo, Philip Morris International y British American Tobacco trabajaron juntas para desviar la atención de la conferencia, organizando sesiones informativas con periodistas "amigos" para crear controversia sobre los efectos de la exposición pasiva al humo de tabaco. • El 30 de septiembre de 1992, la Ley Neri fue aprobada en el Congreso Nacional. Sin embargo, la industria del tabaco rápidamente organizó y orquestó un exitoso plan para derrotarla con la ayuda de grupos de fachada (por ej. la Asociación Internacional de Publicidad, la Asociación de Prensa InterAmericana, la Sociedad InterAmericana para la Libertad de Expresión Comercial, y la Asociación Argentina de Agencias de Publicidad), consultores "científicos" contratados y orientados por la industria y legisladores de las provincias tabacaleras, y montó una gran campaña de relaciones públicas y de presión política. Diez días más tarde, el 10 de octubre, la ley fue vetada por el Presidente Carlos Menem. • Entre 1992 y 2000, la industria del tabaco apoyó proyectos de ley "alternativos" que estaban en consonancia con su Código de Autorregulación Publicitaria. A pesar de no haber sido aprobados, estos proyectos sirvieron para distraer la atención política y pública y de esa manera, todos los esfuerzos para el control del tabaco fueron neutralizados. • Desde mediados de los años 1990s la industria del tabaco ha estado promoviendo su programa de "acomodación" conocido como "La Cortesía de Elegir" o "Convivencia en Armonía", para evitar legislación que ponga fin a la exposición pasiva al humo de tabaco ajeno en restaurantes y bares, y para mantener la aceptación social del consumo de tabaco. • Desde 1997 la industria del tabaco ha estado promoviendo programas de "prevención del uso de tabaco en jóvenes" inefectivos (tales como "Yo Tengo P.O.D.E.R." y "Yo NO Vendo Cigarrillos a Menores de 18 Años") para evitar campañas educativas anti-tabaco por parte del gobierno y para desplazar el foco de atanción por la responsabilidad que la industria tiene, a través de la publicidad y comercialización de sus productos, en el incremento del uso de tabaco entre los jóvenes. • En 2003, la Comisión de Acción Social y Salud Pública de la Cámara de Diputados de la Nación escribió un Dictamen Final que consolidaba 18 proyectos de ley para el control del tabaco (uno de ellos del Diputado Aldo Neri) pero una vez más, la industria del tabaco tuvo éxito en cajonear los mismos. • En septiembre de 2003, el Presidente Néstor Kirchner firmó el Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaco, el primer tratado internacional sobre salud pública negociado por 192 países bajo los auspicios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Al mes de septiembre de 2005, el proceso de ratificación en el Senado argentino permanece estancado con pocos esfuerzos para ratificarlo. En vista de los acontecimientos pasados parecería que la industria ha estado ejerciendo presión exitosamente sobre los lesgisladores argentinos para que no ratifiquen el convenio. • En agosto de 2005, el Ministerio de Salud y Medio Ambiente introdujo en el Senado de la Nación un nuevo proyecto de ley amplio para el control del tabaco que está en sintonía con los estándares mínimos requeridos por el Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaco. El proyecto contempla la creación de ambientes públicos y lugares de trabajo libres de humo de tabaco (incluyendo bares y restaurantes), la prohibición de la publicidad (excepto en los lugares de venta) y el patrocinio y la colocación de etiquetas de advertencias sanitarias rotatorias con imágenes, en los paquetes de cigarrillos. También prohibe la colocación de descriptores engañosos (tales como "suaves") y requiere los niveles máximos de nicotina y alquitrán impresos en los en los envases de tabaco. Recomendaciones 1. Periodistas tanto de los medios gráficos como electrónicos, activistas de la salud pública y líderes institucionales, deberían tomar conocimiento sobre como las compañías transnacionales del tabaco han manipulado e influenciado las políticas de control del tabaco en la Argentina lo cual afecta la salud de la población, y comunicar esta infomación a la población general. 2. El gobierno nacional, a través del Ministerio de Salud y Ambiente, debería implementar una amplia campaña educativa para aumentar la conciencia sobre los daños a la salud provocados por la exposicion pasiva al humo de tabaco ajeno, y promover la aprobación de legislación local, provincial y nacional que impida la exposicion pasiva al humo de tabaco ajeno en lugares cerrados. 3. Argentina debería implementar los estándares principales del Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaco, tales como el aumento de los impuestos al tabaco, la prohibición total de la publicidad, y la colocación de etiquetas de advertencia sanitarias con imágenes en los paquetes de cigarrillos. 4. El gobierno nacional y el sector privado de la atención de la salud deben apoyar servicios de cesación tabáquica efectivos, tales como las líneas telefónicas de ayuda para dejar de fumar, a un bajo costo para todos los fumadores.

I would like to thank dr hab. Marek Świerczyński prof. UKSW for his comments and suggestions, which helped me considerably to improve the article. ; A compulsory licence is an authorisation under the state administration to use intellectual property rights by third parties, subject to payment of remuneration, regardless of the patent holder's objection. In the Polish legal system, the institution of a compulsory licence is regulated by: the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property Rights (20 March 1883), the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (15 April 1994), Regulation (EC) No 816/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 May 2006 on the granting of compulsory licences for patents relating to the manufacture of pharmaceutical products for export to countries with public health problems and the Industrial Property Law Act (30 June 2000). The basic research thesis of my paper was based on the assumption that a compulsory licence does not meet the objective of providing access to biologics. The regulations governing this institution need to be changed, first of all towards the re-granting of a compulsory licence with the proper meaning of balancing the interests of the public (society) and private (patent holder). ; This article was written based on the performance of the scientific research project no. 2017/25/N/HS5/01505 named: Legal model of biosimilars, financed by National Scientific Center. ; z.wieckowski@uksw.edu.pl ; Assistant at Law and Administration Faculty on the Cardinal Stephan Wyszynski University in Warsaw. ; Cardinal Stephan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Poland, Law and Administration Faculty ; Bashaar, M., Hassali, M. A., & Saleem, F. (2017). 40th anniversary of essential medicines: a loud call for improving its access, GaBI Journal, 6(4), 174-177. ; Beyer, P. (2013). Developing Socially Responsible Intellectual Property Licensing Policies: Nonexclusive Licensing Initiatives in the Pharmaceutical Sector. In J. de Werra (ed.), Research Handbook on Intellectual Property Licensing (pp. 227-256). Cheltenham, UK, Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar Publishing. ; Blackstone, E. A., & Fuhr, J. P. (2018). Innovation, Patents and Biologics: The Road to Biosimilar Competition: Factors Infl uencing Investment, Business Decisions and Marketing of Biosimilars. In H. J. Gutka, H. Yang, & S. Kakar (Eds.), Biosimilars: Regulatory, Clinical, and Biopharmaceutical Development (pp. 23-48). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99680-6_2 ; Bognar, C. L. F. B., Bychkovsky, B. L., & Lima de Lopes jr,, G. (2016). Compulsory Licenses for Cancer Drugs: Does Circumventing Patent Rights Improve Access to Oncology Medications? Journal of Global Oncology, 2(5), 292-301. https://doi.org/10.1200/JGO.2016.005363 ; Boldrin, M., & Levine, D. K. (2008). Against Intellectual Monopoly, Cambridge University Press. ; Boulet, P. (2017). Modifier la législation européenne pour mettre en œuvre la licence d'office en France [Amend European legislation to implement the ex -officio licence in France]. Medicines Law & Policy. Retrieved from: https://medicineslawandpolicy.org/2017/11/modifier-la-legislation-europeenne-pour-mettre-en-oeuvre-la-licence-doffice-en-france/ ; Burich, M. (2018). The Changing US Reimbursement Landscape and Biosimilars. In H. J. Gutka, H. Yang, & S. Kakar (Eds.), Biosimilars: Regulatory, Clinical, and Biopharmaceutical Development (pp. 49-73). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99680-6_3 ; Casasempere, P.V. (2008). Resultados de los tratamientos biológicos en las enfermedades autoinmunitarias, Reumatología Clínica, 4(1), 31-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1699-258X(08)76137-0 ; Chen, B. K., Yang, Y. T., & Bennett, C. L. (2018). Why Biologics and Biosimilars Remain So Expensive: Despite Two Wins for Biosimilars, the Supreme Court's Recent Rulings do not Solve Fundamental Barriers to Competition. Drugs, 78(17), 1777–1781. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-018-1009-0 ; Cheng, W. (2019). Protection of Data in China: Seventeen Years after China's WTO Accession, European Intellectual Property Review, 41(5), 292-297. ; Cohen, A. D., Torres, T., Boehncke, W.-H., de Rie, M., Jullien, D., Naldi, L., Ryan, C., Strohal, R., Skov, L., van de Kerkhof, P., van der Walt, J. M., Wu, J. J., Zachariae, C., Puig, L., & Young, H. (2019). Biosimilars for Psoriasis – Experience from Europe, Current Dermatology Reports, 8, 26-34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13671-019-0249-x ; de Mora, F. (2019). Biosimilars: A Value Proposition. BioDrugs, 33(4), 353–356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40259-019-00360-7 ; Desai, M. A. (2016). Compulsory licensing. Procedural requirements under the TRIPS agreement. Pharmaceutical Policy and Law, 18(1-4), 31-44. https://doi.org/10.3233/PPL-160430 ; Edwards, Ch. J., Hercogová, J., Albrand, H., Amiot, A. (2019), Switching to biosimilars: current perspectives in immune-mediated infl ammatory diseases, Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/14712598.2019.1610381 ; European Medicines Agency. (2019). Biosimilar medicines: Overview. Retrieved from: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/human-regulatory/overview/biosimilar-medicines-overview ; Favereau, E. (2017). Cancer: «La hausse des prix est devenue intenable» [Cancer: «The Price Increase Has Become Untenable»]. Libération. Retrieved from: https://www.liberation.fr/france/2017/10/24/cancer-la-hausse-des-prix-est-devenue-intenable_1605424 ; Frankel, S. (2019). The Continuing Excesses of Trade Agreements and the Object and Purpose of International Intellectual Property, International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law, 50(5), 523-526. ; Geigert, J. (2019). The Challenge of CMC Regulatory Compliance for Biopharmaceuticals. Springer Nature Switzerland AG. ; Grubb, P., Thomsen, P. R., Wright, G., & Hoxie, T. (2016). Patents for Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology, Oxford University Press. ; Halabi, S. F. (2018). Intellectual Property and the New International Economic Order. Oligopoly, Regulation, and Wealth Redistribution in the Global Knowledge Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ; Hirschler, B. (2015). Call for Britain to over-ride patents on Roche cancer drug. Reuters. Retrieved from: http://www.reuters.com/article/roche-cancer-britain-idUSL5N1211VA20151001 ; Hoen, E. 't (2016). Private Patents and Public Health. Changing intellectual property rules for access to medicines. Amsterdam: Health Action International. ; Hoen, E. 't (2017). Medicines Excitement in the Netherlands – New Health Minister announces firm action on "absurd" medicines pricing and gets the European Medicines Agency. Medicines Law & Policy. Retrieved from: https://medicineslawandpolicy.org/2017/11/medicines-excitementin-the-netherlands-new-health-minister-announces-firm-action-on-absurd-medicines-pricingand-gets-the-european-medicines-agency/ ; Hoen, E. 't (2018). Practical Applications of the Flexibilities of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. Medicines Law & Policy. Retrieved from: https://medicineslawandpolicy.org/wpcontent/uploads/2018/03/EllentHoen_dissertatie_Practical_Implications_2018.pdf ; Hoen, E. 't, Boulet, P., & Baker, B. K. (2017). Data exclusivity exceptions and compulsory licensing to promote generic medicines in the European Union: A proposal for greater coherence in European pharmaceutical legislation. Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice, 10(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40545-017-0107-9 ; Hohne, Ch. (2019). Compulsory licenses in Germany: a tool for licensing negotiations? European Pharmaceutical Review, https://www.europeanpharmaceuticalreview.com/article/84768/compulsory-licenses-in-germany-a-tool-for-licensing-negotiations/ ; Jain, D., Darrow, J. (2013). An Exploration of Compulsory Licensing as an Effective Policy Tool for Antiretroviral Drugs in India, Health Matrix, The Journal of Law-Medicine, 23(2), 425-457.http://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/healthmatrix/vol23/iss2/17 ; Kaczor, P, Lipa, K, Jabłońska, M. J., Leis, K., Kałużny, K & Gałązka, P. (2018). Biological therapies in Crohn's disease. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 8(9), 643-650. http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1412373 ; Kawalec, P, Stawowczyk E., Tesar, T., Skoupa, J., Turcu-Stiolica, A., Dimitrova, M., Petrova, G. I., Rugaja, Z., Männik, A., Harsanyi, A. & Draganic, P. (2017). Pricing and Reimbursement of Biosimilars in Central and Eastern European Countries. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 8, 288. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2017.00288 ; Kongolo, T. (2004). Compulsory licence issues in African Arab countries. The Journal of World Intellectual Property, 7(2), 185-199. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1796.2004.tb00263.x ; Kongolo, T. (2008). Unsettled International Intellectual Property Issues. Austin: Wolters Kluwer Law & Business. ; Kornyo, E. A. (2017). A Guide to Bioethics. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ; Krauspenhaar, D. (2015). Liability Rules in Patent Law. A Legal and Economic Analysis. BerlinHeidelberg: Springer-Verlag. ; Kurki, P., & Ekman, N. (2018). EU Perspective on Biosimilars. In H. J. Gutka, H. Yang, & S. Kakar (Eds.), Biosimilars: Regulatory, Clinical, and Biopharmaceutical Development (145-169). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99680-6_7 ; Lewis, J. A. (2014). Compulsory licensing: monster or myth. UMKC Law Review, 82(4), 1055-1075 ; Linthorst, M. (2016). Dwing pharmaceuten tot prijsverlaging. Dat kan [Force pharmaceuticals to reduce prices. Which can]. NRC, Retrieved from: https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2016/10/07/dwing-pharmaceuten-tot-prijsverlaging-dat-kan-4682054-a1525464 ; Loveridge, S. (2017). Would Limiting Compulsory Licensing availability Under TRIPS to a List of Eligible Diseases Increase Access to Medicine in the Developing World? Bristol Law Review, (1), p. 28-53. ; Lu, C., & Jacob, E. C. (2019). Biosimilars: Not Simply Generics. US Pharmacist, 44(6), 36. ; Malbon, J., Lawson, Ch., & Davison, M. (2014). The WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights: A Commentary. Cheltenham, UK, Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar Publishing. ; Manu, T. (2015). Examining the Legality of Affordability Requirements as a Substantive Condition for Granting Compulsory Licences Pursuant to the TRIPS Agreement, The Journal of World Intellectual Property, 18(6), 298-310. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwip.12038 ; Maraninchi, D., & Vernant, J.-P. (2016). L'urgence de maîtriser les prix des nouveaux médicaments contre le cancer [The Urgent Need to Control the Prices of New Cancer Drugs]. Le Figaro. Retrieved from: http://sante.lefigaro.fr/actualite/2016/03/14/24739-lurgence-maitriser-prix-nouveaux-medicaments-contre-cancer ; Marotto, D., Ceribelli, A., & Puttini, P.S. (2019). Biosimilars: New guns for the treatment of rheumatologic patients? Beyond Rheumatology, 1(3), 15-21. https://doi.org/10.4081/br.2019.3 ; Matthews, D. (2017). Exclusivity for biologics. In D. Matthews & H. Zech (Eds.) Research Handbook on Intellectual Property and the Life Sciences (pp. 104-118). Cheltenham, UK, Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar Publishing. ; Maybarduk, P., & Rimmington, S. (2009). Compulsory Licences: a Tool to Improve Global Access to the HPV Vaccine? American Journal of Law & Medicine, 35(2-3), 323-350. https://doi.org/10.1177/009885880903500205 ; McKoy, J. M., & Giles, F. J. (2019). Biosimilars: Are They Really Safe? In J. M. McKoy & D. P. West (Eds.), Cancer Policy: Pharmaceutical Safety (pp. 61-73). Springer Nature Switzerland AG. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43896-2_5 ; Mehta, A. (2019). Downstream Processing for Biopharmaceuticals Recovery. In D. Arora, C. Sharma, S. Jaglan, & E. Lichtfouse (Eds.), Pharmaceuticals from Microbes: The Bioengineering Perspective (pp. 163-190). Springer Nature Switzerland AG. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01881-8_6 ; Mellino, M. L. (2010). The TRIPS Agreement: Helping or Hurting Least Developed Countries' Access to Essential Pharmaceuticals? Fordham Intellectual Property, Media & Entertainment Law Journal, 20(4), 1349-1388. ; Nambisan, P. (2017). An Introduction to Ethical, Safety and Intellectual Property Rights Issues in Biotechnology, Elsevier. ; Nathan, J. J., Ramchandani, M., & Kaur, P. (2018). Manufacturing of Biologics. In P. S. Yamauchi (Ed.), Biologic and Systemic Agents in Dermatology (pp. 101-110). Springer International Publishing AG. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66884-0_12 ; Niazi, S. K. (2016). Biosimilars and Interchangeable Biologics: Strategic Elements. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ; O'Callaghan, J., Barry, S. P., Bermingham, M., Morris, J. M., & Griffin, B. T. (2019). Regulation of biosimilar medicines and current perspectives on interchangeability and policy. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 75(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-018-2542-1 ; Olszewska, B, Adamski, Z., & Czarnecka-Operacz, M. (2018). Quo vadis, biological treatment for psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis? Advances in Dermatology and Allergology, 35(3), 231-237. https://doi.org/10.5114/ada.2018.76086 ; Outterson, K. (2010). Disease-based limitations on Compulsory Licences under Articles 31 and 31bis'. In C.M. Correa (Ed.), Research Handbook on the Protection of Intellectual Property under WTO Rules: Intellectual Property in the WTO, vol. 1 (pp. 673-697). Cheltenham, UK, Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781849806596.00026 ; Pacud, Ż. (2018). Licencje przymusowe na korzystanie z wynalazków farmaceutycznych [Compulsory Licenses for the Use of Pharmaceutical Inventions]. In A. Adamczak (Ed.), 100 lat ochrony własności przemysłowej w Polsce. Księga jubileuszowa Urzędu Patentowego Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (pp. 1508-1522). Warszawa: Wolters Kluwer. ; Pawłowska, I., Pawłowski, L., Krzyżaniak, N., & Kocić, I. (2019). Perspectives of Hospital Pharmacists Towards Biosimilar Medicines: A Survey of Polish Pharmacy Practice in General Hospitals. BioDrugs, 33(2), 183-191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40259-019-00341-w ; Pitz, J. (2019). Compulsory Licensing in the "Public Interest". Acta Scientific Medical Sciences, 3(3), 77-80. ; Ricketson, S. (2015). The Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property: A Commentary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ; Rodrigues jr, E. B. (2012). The General Exception Clauses of the TRIPS Agreement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139084222 ; Sanchez y, C. P., & Saout, Ch. (2017). Prix et accès aux traitements médicamenteux innovants [Prices and Access to Innovative Drug Treatments]. Retrieved from: https://www.lecese.fr/sites/default/files/pdf/Avis/2017/2017_04_acces_medicaments_innovants.pdf ; Schweitzer, S. O., & Lu J. Z. (2018). Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ; Scott Morton, F. M., Stern, A. D., & Stern, S. (2018). The Impact of the Entry of Biosimilars: Evidence from Europe. Review of Industrial Organization, 53(1), 173-210. https://10.1007/s11151-018-9630-3 ; Shah, V. P., & Crommelin, D. J. A. (2019). Regulatory Framework for Biosimilars. In D. J. A. Crommelin, R. D. Sindelar, & B. Meibohm, (Eds.), Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (pp. 265-274). Springer Nature Switzerland AG. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00710-2_12 ; Singh, G. (2018). Biosimilars. In D. Vohora, & G. Singh (Eds.) Pharmaceutical Medicine and Translational Clinical Research (pp. 355-367). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802103-3.00023-7 ; Skees, S. (2007). Thai-ing up the TRIPS Agreement: Are Compulsory Licenses the Answer to Thailand's AIDS Epidemic? Pace International Law Review, 19(2), 233-285. ; Slowinski, P.R. (2018). Comment on the German Federal Supreme Court Decision "Raltegravir". International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law, 49(1), 125-130. https://doi.org/10/1007/s40319-017-0662-2 ; Smeeding, J., Malone, D. C., Ramchandani, M., Stolshek, B., Green, L., & Schneider, P. (2019). Biosimilars: Considerations for Payers. Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 44(2), pp. 54-63. ; Stankiewicz, M. (2014). Model racjonalizacji dostępu do produktu leczniczego [A Model of Rationalization of Access to a Medicinal Product], Warszawa: C. H. Beck. ; Stiff, K. M., Cline, A., & Feldman, S. R. (2019). Tracking the price of existing biologics when drugs enter the market. Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research, 19(4), 375-377. https://doi.org/10.1080/14737167.2019.1630274 ; Sun, H. (2003). A Wider Access to Patented Drugs Under the TRIPS Agreement. Boston University International Law Journal, 21(1), p. 101-136. ; Świerczyński, M. (Ed.) (2016). Biologiczne produkty lecznicze. Aspekty prawne [Biological Medicinal Products. Legal Aspects]. Warszawa: Wolters Kluwer. ; Świerczyński, M., & Więckowski, Z. (Ed.) (2019). Leczenie biologiczne a prawa pacjenta [Biological Treatment and Patient's Rights]. Warszawa: Wolters Kluwer. ; Trąbski, M. (2010). Rola patentu jako środka ochrony wynalazków farmaceutycznych – praktyka, perspektywy, problemy [The Role of the Patent as a Protection Measure of Pharmaceutical Inventions - Practice, Perspectives, Problems]. In M. Załucki (Ed.) Rozwój prawa własności intelektualnej (pp. 101-118). Warszawa: C. H. Beck. ; Vakil, N., & Fanikos, J. (2019). Regulatory and Clinical Perspective on Biosimilars: A Comparison of the US and European Experiences. Current Emergency and Hospital Medicine Reports, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40138-019-00185-2 ; Verduzco-Aguirre, H. C., Soto-Perez-de-Celis, E., Chavarri-Guerra, Y., & Lopes, G. (2019). Global Disparities: Can the World Afford Cancer? In E. H. Bernicker (Ed.), Cancer and Society: A Multidisciplinary Assessment and Strategies for Action (pp. 79-94). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05855-5_6 ; Yamauchi, P. S. (Ed.) (2018). Biologic and Systematic Agents in Dermatology. Springer International Publishing AG. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66884-0 ; 3 ; 1 ; 39 ; 52

Machine generated contents note:1.Mercury in the Environment --1.1.Introduction /Leonard Levin --1.2.Mercury as a Chemical Element /Leonard Levin --1.2.1.Physical and Chemical Properties of the Forms of Mercury /Leonard Levin --1.2.2.Associations with Minerals and Fuels /Leonard Levin --1.3.Direct Uses of Mercury /Leonard Levin --1.4.Atmospheric Transport and Deposition /Leonard Levin --1.5.Atmospheric Reactions and Lifetime /Leonard Levin --1.6.Mercury Biogeochemical Cycling /Leonard Levin --References /Leonard Levin --2.Mercury and Halogens in Coal /Leonard Levin --2.1.Introduction /Allan Kolker /Jeffrey C. Quick --2.1.1.Mode of Occurrence of Mercury (Hg) in Coal /Allan Kolker /Jeffrey C. Quick --2.1.2.Effectiveness of Pre-Combustion Mercury Removal /Allan Kolker /Jeffrey C. Quick --2.1.3.Methods for Mercury Determination /Allan Kolker /Jeffrey C. Quick --2.2.Mercury in U.S. Coals /Allan Kolker /Jeffrey C. Quick --2.2.1.U.S. Coal Databases /Allan Kolker /Jeffrey C. Quick --2.2.1.1.USGS COALQUAL Database /Allan Kolker /Jeffrey C. Quick --2.2.1.2.1999 EPA ICR /Allan Kolker /Jeffrey C. Quick --2.2.1.3.2010 EPA ICR /Allan Kolker /Jeffrey C. Quick --2.2.2.Comparison of U.S. Coal Databases /Allan Kolker /Jeffrey C. Quick --2.3.Mercury in International Coals /Allan Kolker /Jeffrey C. Quick --2.3.1.Review of Mercury in Coal in the Largest Coal Producers /Allan Kolker /Jeffrey C. Quick --2.3.1.1.China /Allan Kolker /Jeffrey C. Quick --2.3.1.2.India /Allan Kolker /Jeffrey C. Quick --2.3.1.3.Australia /Allan Kolker /Jeffrey C. Quick --2.3.1.4.South Africa /Allan Kolker /Jeffrey C. Quick --2.3.1.5.Russian Federation /Allan Kolker /Jeffrey C. Quick --2.3.1.6.Indonesia /Allan Kolker /Jeffrey C. Quick --2.4.Halogens in Coal /Allan Kolker /Jeffrey C. Quick --2.4.1.Introduction /Allan Kolker /Jeffrey C. Quick --2.4.1.1.Chlorine (Cl) /Allan Kolker /Jeffrey C. Quick --2.4.1.2.Bromine (Br) /Allan Kolker /Jeffrey C. Quick --2.4.1.3.Iodine (I) /Allan Kolker /Jeffrey C. Quick --2.4.1.4.Fluorine (F) /Allan Kolker /Jeffrey C. Quick --2.5.Summary /Allan Kolker /Jeffrey C. Quick --Acknowledgments /Allan Kolker /Jeffrey C. Quick --References /Allan Kolker /Jeffrey C. Quick --3.Regulations /Allan Kolker /Jeffrey C. Quick --3.1.U.S. Regulations /Nick Hutson --3.1.1.Background /Nick Hutson --3.1.2.Electric Generating Units (EGUs) /Nick Hutson --3.1.3.Mercury and Air Toxics Standards ("MATS") -- Existing Sources /Nick Hutson --3.1.4.Mercury and Air Toxics Standards ("MATS") -- New Sources /Nick Hutson --References /Nick Hutson --4.International Legislation and Trends /Nick Hutson --4.1.Introduction /Lesley L. Sloss --4.2.International Legislation /Lesley L. Sloss --4.2.1.UNEP International Legally Binding Instrument on Mercury ("Minamata Convention") /Lesley L. Sloss --4.2.2.European Union (EU) /Lesley L. Sloss --4.3.Regional and National Legislation /Lesley L. Sloss --4.3.1.Europe /Lesley L. Sloss --4.3.1.1.Germany /Lesley L. Sloss --4.3.1.2.Netherlands /Lesley L. Sloss --4.3.2.Asia /Lesley L. Sloss --4.3.2.1.China /Lesley L. Sloss --4.3.2.2.Japan /Lesley L. Sloss --4.3.2.3.Other Asian Countries /Lesley L. Sloss --4.3.3.Other Countries /Lesley L. Sloss --4.3.3.1.Australia /Lesley L. Sloss --4.3.3.2.Canada /Lesley L. Sloss --4.3.3.3.Russia /Lesley L. Sloss --4.3.3.4.South Africa /Lesley L. Sloss --4.4.Summary /Lesley L. Sloss --References /Lesley L. Sloss --Part II: Mercury Measurement in Coal Gas /Lesley L. Sloss --5.Continuous Mercury Monitors for Fossil Fuel-Fired Utilities /Lesley L. Sloss --5.1.Introduction /Dennis L. Laudal --5.2.Components of a CMM /Dennis L. Laudal --5.2.1.Mercury Analyzer /Dennis L. Laudal --5.2.1.1.Cold-Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometry /Dennis L. Laudal --5.2.1.2.Cold-Vapor Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry /Dennis L. Laudal --5.2.1.3.Other Analytical Methods /Dennis L. Laudal --5.2.2.Pretreatment/Conversion Systems and Probe /Dennis L. Laudal --5.2.2.1.Sampling Probe /Dennis L. Laudal --5.2.2.2.Pretreatment and Mercury Conversion /Dennis L. Laudal --5.2.3.CMM Calibration System /Dennis L. Laudal --5.3.Installation and Verification Requirements /Dennis L. Laudal --5.3.1.Installation /Dennis L. Laudal --5.3.2.CMM Verification /Dennis L. Laudal --5.3.2.1.Measurement Error /Dennis L. Laudal --5.3.2.2.Seven-Day Calibration Drift /Dennis L. Laudal --5.3.2.3.Relative Accuracy Test Audit /Dennis L. Laudal --5.4.Major CMM Tests /Dennis L. Laudal --5.5.CMM Vendors /Dennis L. Laudal --References /Dennis L. Laudal --6.Batch Methods for Mercury Monitoring /Dennis L. Laudal --6.1.Introduction /Constance Senior --6.2.Wet Chemistry Batch Methods /Constance Senior --6.2.1.Early EPA Total Hg Methods /Constance Senior --6.2.2.Development of Wet Chemistry Methods to Speciate Hg /Constance Senior --6.2.3.Method Application and Data Quality Considerations /Constance Senior --6.3.Dry Batch Methods /Constance Senior --6.3.1.Sorbent Trap Method History /Constance Senior --6.3.2.Method Overview /Constance Senior --6.3.3.Total Hg Measurements /Constance Senior --6.3.3.1.PS-12B /Constance Senior --6.3.3.2.Method 30B /Constance Senior --6.3.4.Speciation Measurements /Constance Senior --6.3.5.Sampling Protocol /Constance Senior --6.3.5.1.Procedure and Apparatus /Constance Senior --6.3.6.Trap Analysis /Constance Senior --6.3.7.Relative Accuracy and Quality Assurance/Quality Control /Constance Senior --6.4.Recommendations /Constance Senior --6.4.1.Particulate Matter /Constance Senior --6.4.2.Total Versus Speciated Mercury /Constance Senior --6.4.3.Expected Mercury Concentration in the Flue Gas /Constance Senior --6.4.4.Need for Real-Time Data /Constance Senior --6.4.5.Complexity of Installation and Operation /Constance Senior --References /Constance Senior --7.Mercury Behavior in Coal Combustion Systems /Constance Senior --7.1.Introduction /Constance Senior --7.2.Coal Combustion Boilers /Constance Senior --7.3.Mercury Chemistry in Combustion Systems /Constance Senior --7.4.Air Pollution Control Devices on Utility and Industrial Boilers /Constance Senior --7.4.1.PM Control /Constance Senior --7.4.2.NOx Control /Constance Senior --7.4.3.SO2 Control /Constance Senior --7.4.4.Boiler Populations in the United States /Constance Senior --7.5.Mercury Behavior in Coal-Fired Boilers /Constance Senior --7.5.1.Data Sources /Constance Senior --7.5.2.Mercury Behavior in APCDs /Constance Senior --7.6.Summary /Constance Senior --References /Constance Senior --8.Gasification Systems /Constance Senior --8.1.Principles of Coal Gasification /Nicholas Lentz --8.2.Gasification Technologies Overview and Gasifier Descriptions /Nicholas Lentz --8.3.Gasification Applications and Downstream Gas Cleanup and Processing /Nicholas Lentz --8.4.Mercury Transformations and Fate /Nicholas Lentz --8.5.Hg Measurement in a Reducing Environment /Nicholas Lentz --8.6.Hg Control Technologies for Gasification /Nicholas Lentz --8.7.Hg and the MATS Rule for Gasifiers /Nicholas Lentz --References /Nicholas Lentz --9.Mercury Emissions Control for the Cement Manufacturing Industry /Nicholas Lentz --9.1.Introduction /Robert Schreiber Jr /Shameem Hasan /Carrie Yonley /Charles D. Kellett --9.2.Cement Manufacturing Process Description /Robert Schreiber Jr /Shameem Hasan /Carrie Yonley /Charles D. Kellett --9.2.1.Wet Process Kiln /Robert Schreiber Jr /Shameem Hasan /Carrie Yonley /Charles D. Kellett --9.2.2.Dry Process Kiln /Robert Schreiber Jr /Shameem Hasan /Carrie Yonley /Charles D. Kellett --9.3.State of Knowledge on the Source and Behavior of Mercury in the Cement Kiln System /Robert Schreiber Jr /Shameem Hasan /Carrie Yonley /Charles D. Kellett --9.4.Mercury Emissions Control Solutions in the Cement Industry /Robert Schreiber Jr /Shameem Hasan /Carrie Yonley /Charles D. Kellett --9.4.1.Activated Carbon Injection (ACI) /Robert Schreiber Jr /Shameem Hasan /Carrie Yonley /Charles D. Kellett --9.4.2.Wet Scrubbing /Robert Schreiber Jr /Shameem Hasan /Carrie Yonley /Charles D. Kellett --9.4.3.Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) and Wet Scrubbing /Robert Schreiber Jr /Shameem Hasan /Carrie Yonley /Charles D. Kellett --9.5.Conclusions /Robert Schreiber Jr /Shameem Hasan /Carrie Yonley /Charles D. Kellett --References /Shameem Hasan /Carrie Yonley /Charles D. Kellett /Robert Schreiber Jr --10.DOE's Mercury Control Technology Research, Development, and Demonstration Program /Robert Schreiber Jr /Shameem Hasan /Carrie Yonley /Charles D. Kellett --10.1.Introduction /Thomas J. Feeley III /Andrew P. Jones /James T. Murphy /Ronald K. Munson /Jared P. Ciferno --10.2.Background /Thomas J. Feeley III /Andrew P. Jones /James T. Murphy /Ronald K. Munson /Jared P. Ciferno --10.2.1.NETL's Hg Control Technology R & D /Thomas J. Feeley III /Andrew P. Jones /James T. Murphy /Ronald K. Munson /Jared P. Ciferno.

Unternehmerinnen und Unternehmer sind so unterschiedlich wie ihre Firmen. Ihr Erfolg am Markt ist teilweise durch ihre Persönlichkeit und ihre demografischen Merkmale bestimmt. Ein individuelles Merkmal kann dabei eine "Behinderung" sein – und auf dieses fokussiert sich die vorliegende kumulativen Dissertation. Die Rolle von Menschen mit Behinderung im Arbeitsleben hat durch das "Übereinkommen über die Rechte von Menschen mit Behinderungen" in der gesellschaftlichen und politischen Diskussion an Bedeutung gewonnen. Daher ist das Thema hochrelevant, insbesondere vor dem Hintergrund eines selbstbestimmten Lebens mit der Möglichkeit zur Wahl der Erwerbsform: also entweder als abhängig Erwerbstätige zu arbeiten oder selbständig tätig zu werden in Form einer Unternehmensgründung. Ein Einstieg ins Unternehmertum kann für Menschen mit Behinderung Vorteile bieten: Eine größere zeitliche Flexibilität, weniger Herausforderungen mit den Kolleginnen und Kollegen sowie auch ein Weg in den Arbeitsmarkt, wenn sich keine Alternativen ergeben. Die vorliegende Promotion analysiert die Situation von Unternehmerinnen und Unternehmern mit Behinderung in Deutschland anhand von zwei quantitativen Analysen und einer Analyse der vorhandenen Literatur zur Thematik. Die Merkmale "Behinderung" im rechtlichen Sinne und "Gesundheit" in der Eigenwahrnehmung von Unternehmerinnen und Unternehmern werden dabei gesondert und kombiniert betrachtet. Das ist wichtig, denn der spezifische Kontext, den Menschen mit Behinderung in Deutschland vorfinden, könnte sie in der Berufswahl beeinflussen. "Behinderung" ist in dieser Hinsicht keinesfalls ein fester Begriff, sondern hat medizinische, rechtliche und soziologische Bedeutungen – Hintergründe, welche die zitierten Studien in der Arbeit aufzeigen. Sogenannte Nachteilsausgleiche, wie zusätzlicher Urlaub, ein erweiterter Kündigungsschutz oder kostenlose Hilfsmittel, können Menschen gewährt werden, wenn sie eine Anerkennung einer Behinderung in Deutschland beim Versorgungsamt beantragen. Der relevante Indikator für die Bewilligung ist der anerkannte Grad der Behinderung (GdB). Regressionsanalysen mit dem repräsentativen Mikrozensus Datensatz unter Berücksichtigung dieses GdB zeigen auf: In Deutschland hat eine Behinderung einen signifikant negativen Einfluss auf die Chance eines Menschen selbstständig zu sein. Auf mögliche Gründe hierfür geht die Dissertation ein. Das Alter der Individuen spielt in diesem Kontext eine wichtige Rolle. So ist zu unterscheiden zwischen Menschen, die bereits mit einer Behinderung geboren werden oder in jungen Jahren damit konfrontiert sind und solchen, die erst mit steigendem Alter von einer Behinderung betroffen werden. Viele junge Menschen mit Behinderung werden bereits während ihrer Schulzeit besonders gefördert und sind so nicht immer Teil des regulären Schulsystems. Dies kann starken Einfluss auf die weiteren Bildungswege und Erwerbswahl haben. Hingegen durchlaufen Individuen, die erst spät mit einer Behinderung konfrontiert werden, die regulären Bildungswege und üben oft bereits jahrelang auch ihren Beruf aus. Mit dem Alter steigt dann die Anzahl der Menschen mit Behinderung in einer Altersgruppe in Deutschland an und ihre Zusammensetzung verändert sich. Viele Fachkräfte oder Menschen mit Führungsfunktion mit Berufserfahrung erwerben eine Behinderung erst in diesem Status des Erwerbslebens. Dies lässt vermuten, dass dann eine Erwerbsentscheidung anders entschieden wird. Regressionsanalysen in der Arbeit zeigen (allerdings), dass in beiden betrachteten Altersgruppen (25 bis 44 Jahre und 45 bis 64 Jahre) eine Behinderung einen signifikant negativen Einfluss auf die Chance eines Menschen selbstständig zu sein hat. In vielen anderen Ländern sind Menschen mit Behinderung häufiger selbstständig als Menschen ohne Behinderung. Die Ergebnisse der Promotion zeigen jedoch: Deutschland ist hier eine Ausnahme. Ein blinder Fleck der Analyse ist die Form der Behinderung, da nur wenige quantitative Daten für eine Unterscheidung des Einflusses verschiedener Formen vorhanden sind. Das Narrativ "psychische Behinderung und "Unternehmertum" ist in den letzten Jahren vermehrt in der öffentlichen Berichterstattung gewesen, nicht zuletzt auf Grund des Selbstmordes einiger bekannter Unternehmer. Die zitierte Literatur zeigt wie schwierig das Phänomen "psychische Behinderung" zu greifen ist. In einem Literaturreview werden Studien diskutiert, die auf der persönlichen aber auch der gesellschaftlichen Ebene sowohl Chancen als auch Barrieren für eine Person mit einer psychischen Behinderung aufzeigen Unternehmer bzw. Unternehmerin zu werden. Ein Schwerpunkt wird dabei auf den deutschen Kontext gelegt und ein originäres Modell zur Berufswahl von Unternehmern mit psychischer Behinderung wird dargestellt. Das Ergebnis ist keinesfalls eindeutig und ein Zeichen dafür, dass weitere Forschung in diesem Bereich notwendig ist. Das Merkmal "Gesundheit" wird in Analysen manchmal als latente Variable zu Behinderung verwendet. In einer abschließenden multivariaten Analyse zeigt sich, dass der negative Einfluss des Merkmals "Behinderung" auf die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines Individuums selbstständig zu sein konstant bleibt, wenn das Merkmal "Gesundheit" zusätzlich in die Analyse miteinfließt. Gleichwohl wird die Eintrittswahrscheinlichkeit in das Unternehmertum vorrangig von dem Merkmal "Gesundheit" bestimmt, die Austrittswahrscheinlichkeit wiederum von dem Merkmal "Behinderung". Daraus folgt: In Deutschland sind beide Begriffe unterschiedlich auf ihre Auswirkung auf Unternehmerinnen und Unternehmer zu betrachten. Die Arbeit schließt mit einer Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse und allgemeinen Empfehlungen, welche weiteren Forschungslücken in Angriff genommen werden und welche Ableitungen für die Praxis getroffen werden können. ; Entrepreneurs are as unique as their businesses. The success of their entrepreneurial endeavors is partly determined by their personality and their demographics. A relevant demographic attribute in this retrospect can be a "disability" – and this is the topic of the cumulative dissertation at hand. The role of people with disabilities on the labor market has become more important in public and political discussion due to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Hence, the topic has a high relevance in the sense of having a self-determined life with the freedom of choosing your own type of occupation: working either as a dependent professional or being self-employed and starting your own business. Entering entrepreneurship can be advantageous for people with disabilities: An increased flexibility concerning working hours, less trouble with team members and especially a possibility to join and stay active on the labor market, if there are no other alternatives available. The dissertation at hand is an analysis about entrepreneurs with disability in Germany. The included papers consist of two quantitative analyses and one analysis of current related literature. The attributes "disability" in terms of the German law and "health" in terms of self-assessment of individuals are used in the analysis on their own as well as combined. This is important, as the specific context, which people with disabilities are facing in Germany, might influence them in their vocational choice. In this regard, "Disability" is not a fixed term, but can be interpreted from a medical, social and legal point of view – interpretations that can be found in the cited studies of the dissertation. The federal state may grant affirmative action for people with disabilities, e.g. additional paid leave, extended job protection or free disability aids, for individuals, who apply for an official status as an recognized disabled individual, which is admitted by the pension office. The relevant indicator is the recognized degree of disability. Regression analyses, including the degree of disability as an independent variable of interest, using the representative Mikrozensus dataset illustrate: In Germany a disability indicates a significant negative influence on the chance of an individual of being self-employed. The age of individuals plays a vital part in this regard. With an increasing age the number of people with a disability within an age groups rises and the distribution of the people with disability changes. Many skilled workers attain a disability later in life. One must differ between individuals, who were either already born with a disability or attained the status within their youth and individuals, who were affected by a disability in later years. Many young people with disabilities received additional support during their schooling time and were not necessarily part of the regular school system. This start in their education can have a decisive influence on their further educational career and their occupational choice. On the contrary, individuals who were affected by a disability later in life did pursue a regular educational career and often take up a profession. With rising age, the number of individuals with a disability within an age group in Germany rises and the in-group distribution changes. Many skilled workers or managers with vocational experience acquire a disability not until this state of their occupational career. This circumstance might indicate that their occupation choice changes in that case. Nonetheless, regression analyses within in the dissertation show that in both regarded age groups (25 to 44 years and 45 to 64 years) a disability has a negative significant influence on the chance of an individual on being self-employed. In many states people with disabilities have a higher self-employment rate than people without disabilities. The results of the dissertation show: Germany is an exception. A blind spot of the analysis is the type of disability, as few quantitative data is available. The narrative "mental disability" and "entrepreneurship" has been an increasing topic in recent years in media coverage, not least due to the suicide of some prominent entrepreneurs. The cited literature illustrates how difficult and fickle the phenomena of "mental disability" is. A literature review discusses studies, that describe chances but also barriers for people with a mental disability to join entrepreneurship. The studies are clustered on an individual and a societal level and the focus is set on the German context. An original model concerning the occupational choice of mentally disabled entrepreneurs is provided. The result is not clear but ambiguous and a sign, that more research is needed. The attribute "health" is sometimes used as a latent variable for "disability". A final multivariate analysis demonstrates that the negative influence of the attribute "disability" on the likelihood of an individual being self-employed stays constant, if the variable "health" is included as an additional independent variable. On the other hand, the likelihood of entering entrepreneurship is mainly determined by "health", while the likelihood of leaving "entrepreneurship" is determined by "disability". The results show that "disability" and "health" cannot be used synonymous but have their own effect on entrepreneurs in Germany. The dissertation closes with a summary of the results and general recommendations for additional research and managerial options.

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 행정대학원 글로벌행정전공, 2019. 2. 홍준형. ; 미세먼지는 한국인들의 큰 근심거리중의 하나이다. 2017년 갤럽코리아에서 실시한 여론조사에 따르면, 응답자들의 82%가 미세먼지 때문에 불편하다고 답한바 있다. 문제는 미세먼지의 상당부분이 중국에서 기인한다는데 있다. 서울연구원과 안양대학교가 공동 추진한 연구결과에 따르면 미세먼지(PM10)의 39%, 초미세먼지(PM2.5)의 48.8%는 중국에서 기인하는 것이라고 한다. 미세먼지에 장기간 노출되면, 면역체계가 악화되고, 심혈관계, 피부, 안과 질환에 걸릴 확률이 높아진다. 특히 초미세먼지(PM2.5)의 경우 사람의 폐나 기관지 깊숙히 침투하여 심각한 질병을 야기할 수 있다. 이러한 관점에서, 이 연구는 동북아시아 지역의 월경성 대기오염문제 해결을 위해 필요한 정책기준과 구체적 정책대안을 확인하고, 우선순위를 정하는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 우선, 광범위한 문헌조사가 이루어졌으며, 그 결과 4개의 정책결정 기준과 13개의 정책대안이 도출되었다. 이후, 정부, 연구소, 학계, 시민단체 등 4개 분야의 전문가 26명을 대상으로 2018년 8월 1일부터 9월 30일까지 AHP 설문조사가 실시되었다. 전체 26명의 설문조사 결과에 대한 일관성 지수 평균은 0.05 였고, 26개 설문지 모두의 일관성지수는 0.1보다 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 설문조사 결과에 대해 상대적 중요도를 분석한 결과, 정책결정 기준의 선호도는 외교적 접근이 1위, 과학기술적 접근이 2위, 정책적 접근이 3위, 마지막으로 국제법적 접근이 4위였다. 세부 정책수단의 우선순위 분석 결과, 기존환경협력기구 단일화(효율화)가 1위, 중국발 미세먼지 기여율 공동조사가 2위, 다양한 이해관계자의 정책 참여 확대가 3위, 구속력 있는 감축목표 설정이 4위로 나타났다. 국제법적 접근방식의 정책수단 4개는 모두 최하위권이었는데, 오염자부담원칙 적용이 10위, 초국경 환경영향평가제도 도입이 11위, 국가책임제도 12위, 국제소송이 13위였다. 전문가 그룹별로 살펴보면, 정부공무원들은 전문가들간 네트워크 체계 확립과 시장메커니즘 도입을 각각 1, 2위로 선택했는데, 이는 공무원들은 과학적 지식을 보유한 전문가 그룹의 도움을 받아 월경성 미세먼지 문제를 주도적으로 해결하려고 하며, 아울러 그간 배출권 거래제와 수도권 대기오염총량제를 설계•운영하였고 2018년부터는 총량규제 대상물질에 먼지를 추가•운영 중인바 이러한 경험을 기반으로 시장메커니즘 제도 도입을 선호하는 것으로 해석된다. 연구원들은 그 그룹의 특성에 부합하게 중국발 미세먼지 기여율 공동조사를 최우선 과제로 꼽았다. 학계에서는 대부분의 선행연구들이 실현가능하고 현실적인 대안을 강조한 것처럼, 기존 환경협력기구 단일화(효율화)를 1순위로 선택했다. 마지막으로 주로 거시적 담론을 논의하는 경향이 있는 시민단체들은 환경레짐의 형성과 시장 메커니즘 도입을 각각 1, 2위 과제로 선택하였다. 이 연구는 전문가들이 월경성 대기오염문제 해결을 위해 상대적으로 중요하다고 판단하는 정책들을 도출하는데 기여할 것이다. 우선, 전문가들은 기존 환경협력기구 단일화(효율화)를 최우선 과제로 꼽았다. 기 존재하는 협력기구들 가운데, TEMM은 1999년 창설 이래 한중일 사이에서 환경이슈에 대한 실질적인 정책대안을 논의하고 협력을 추진함으로써, 동북아시아 지역 환경문제 해결에 상당한 공헌을 해 왔다. 따라서, 향후 TEMM을 확대 발전시키는 방안을 적극 고민해야 한다. 둘째, 전문가들은 과학적 데이터 확보의 중요성을 강조했다. 선행연구에서 계속 강조되었다시피, 중국발 미세먼지가 한국 대기오염에 기여하는 비율, 미세먼지 이동경로, 한국에 미치는 피해에 관한 인과관계 분석 등은 미세먼지 문제 해결에 아주 중요한 과제이다. 아울러, 중국을 협상테이블로 끌어들이기 위해서는 중국에 대한 책임문제 등을 거론하는 정치적 압박보다는, 양국의 과학자들간 순수한 연구가 이뤄질 수 있는 환경이 조성되어야 한다. 마지막으로, 전문가들은 다양한 이해관계자들의 참여를 3순위로 평가했다. 월경성 대기오염문제 해결을 위해서는 중앙정부뿐 아니라, 지방정부, 산업계, 시민단체들간 협력도 활발히 이뤄져야 할 것이다. ; The fine dust is one of the biggest concerns for Korean peoples. According to a survey conducted by Gallup Korea in 2017, 82% of respondents felt uncomfortable with fine dust. The problem is that much of the fine dust concentrations comes from China. It was found that 39% of PM10 and 48.8% of PM2.5 were originated from outside of Korea, including China as studied by the Seoul Institute and Anyang University in 2014. When exposed to fine dust for a long time, the immune system is rapidly weakened, and it can be exposed to various diseases such as cardiovascular and skin diseases as well as respiratory diseases. In particular, PM2.5 may penetrate deep into the bronchi and lung in the human body and cause various diseases. In this regard, this study aims to analyze, identify, and rank policy criteria and alternatives to solve the transboundary fine dust problem in the Northeast Asia region. In the first section, a comprehensive literature review was used to identify four key criteria and thirteen policy alternatives that considered important indicators. In the second section, AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) analysis was implemented to rank the importance of each criterion and alternative to developing an integrated assessment framework. The AHP survey was conducted by a total of 26 participants from four expert groups including government officials, researchers, professors, and NGOs between August 1, 2018, and September 30, 2018. The consistency ratio of 26 respondents in total was 0.05 (5%), and the consistency ratio of all 26 was below 0.1. From the weight estimation results, the experts chose the diplomatic approach (.291) as a top priority and followed with the policy-based approach (.267), the technological approach (.264), and the international legal approach (.179). Consistent with previous studies, this study confirmed that the international legal approach should be pursued in the long term. Among the thirteen policy alternatives, the experts preferred the efficiency or unification of existing environmental cooperation organizations (.1045) first and followed with the cooperation in scientific research of the fine dust between China and Korea (.1040), the establishment of various stakeholder governance (.0983), and setting a binding reduction target (.0946). Among the 13 policy alternatives, the lowest four variables are the polluter pays principle (.0526), the cross-border environmental impact assessment (.0490), the state responsibility system (.0419), and the international litigation (.0356). This study will be helpful to suggest policies that should be prioritized in reducing the transboundary fine dust concentrations from China. The 26 experts ranked the efficiency or unification of existing cooperation organizations first. Of the existing cooperation examples, the Tripartite Environment Ministers Meeting (TEMM) has played an important role as a substantial policy-making body on environmental issues among China, Japan, and Korea to some extent. Therefore, the TEMM should be actively utilized to find practical alternatives. On top of that, the second-ranking was the cooperation in scientific research of the fine dust between China and Korea since it is necessary to provide scientific analysis and evidence data on the movement path of fine dust. The key is how to bring China to the table of cooperation. In order to bring China into cooperation, it is necessary to create an environment in which the expert groups of both countries can conduct pure joint research without taking into account the political pressure. Lastly, experts ranked the establishment of various stakeholder governance third. Given the complexity of the international environmental problems, the issue of the transboundary air pollution requires the involvement of various social sectors such as central governments, local governments, industries, and NGOs. ; Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Research Background 1 1.2. Purpose and Necessity of Research 3 1.3. Subject and Scope of Research 5 Chapter 2. Analytical Framework 8 2.1. Theoretical Background: Approaches to International Environmental Problems 8 2.1.1. Normative Approach: International Environmental Law 8 2.1.2. Diplomatic Approach 11 2.1.3. Technological Approach 14 2.1.4. Policy-based Approach 16 2.2. Literature Review 18 Chapter 3. Case Study 22 3.1. Investigation and Analysis of Domestic Efforts 22 3.1.1. Fine Dust Concentrations in Korea 22 3.1.2. Domestic Efforts to deal with the Transboundary Air Pollution Problem in Northeast Asia 25 3.2. Air Quality Management in China 30 3.3. Overseas Case Study 34 3.3.1. Trail Smelter Arbitration Case 34 3.3.2. The Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollutants 37 3.3.3. Haze Pollution in Southeast Asia 41 Chapter 4. Survey Research 44 4.1. Overview of AHP Evaluation Model 44 4.1.1. Basic Concepts and Characteristics 44 4.1.2. AHP Evaluation Method and Procedures 45 4.2. AHP Analysis Framework 48 4.2.1. AHP Hierarchy 48 4.2.2. The Conceptual Definition of Hierarchy 50 4.3. Survey Research 54 4.3.1. Questionnaire Design 54 4.3.2. Survey Subjects and Data Collection 55 4.3.3. Reliability of the Survey Results 57 Chapter 5. Results 58 5.1. Priority Analysis by Level 1 58 5.1.1. Characteristics of Survey Respondents 58 5.1.2. Priority Analysis of Criteria 60 5.2. Priority Analysis by Level 2 64 5.2.1. International Legal Approach 64 5.2.2. Diplomatic Approach 68 5.2.3. Technological Approach 72 5.2.4. Policy-based Approach 76 5.3. Integrated Priority Analysis 80 5.3.1. Overall Analysis 80 5.3.2. Analysis of Policy Alternatives by an Expert Group 84 Chapter 6. Conclusion 92 6.1. Summary 92 6.2. Policy Implications and Suggestions 93 6.3. Limitations 97 Bibliography 98 Appendices 103 Abstract in Korean 115 ; Master

Efforts related to the safety and performance of oil sands tailings storage and transportation facilities have traditionally focused on preventing catastrophic failures and are well defined by government legislation and industrial best practices. However, a recent death related to ground hazards near oil sands tailings facilities, dykes, and transport systems signals the need for improved worker safety during daily operations near these facilities. Ground hazards are known and understood by geotechnical experts, but a breakdown in communication occurs with respect to informing frontline workers. This final report serves to provide a thorough review of the research completed as part of the creative sentencing project resulting from that fatality. It represents an unprecedented collaboration and initiative between the oil sands industry, regional contractors, the Province of Alberta, and the University of Alberta. The outcomes of this research project are increasing the discussion of worker safety in tailings by the: (1) creation of seven tailings specific, so called, Bow Tie Diagrams that graphically provide a means to showcase hazards, threats, consequences and controls, (2) interviews with 158 frontline workers, leaders and regional contractors to determine the viewpoint of internal stakeholders, (3) development of a generalized framework for ground hazards in the oil sands tailings operations, (4) creation of ground hazard photo databases for summer, winter and spring that include descriptions of the ground hazards, potential consequences, precursory conditions and temporal factors, (5) inaugural Tailings Safety Symposium to promote collaboration between oil sands owner companies and regional contractors, and (6) presentation of this research to 12 diverse interdisciplinary audiences across Canada. A holistic approach to operations and worker safety that includes managing the dynamic tailings work environment, job tasks, human factor considerations, and the potential for unknown hazards so that workers are better able to control all hazards in their work environments. Of particular concern are ground hazards in oil sands tailings operations as they not always apparent and pose a threat to workers with no training relevant to ground hazards when working near tailings facilities, dykes, and transport systems. Over the two-year research project, data were collected from four sources: the Energy Safety Canada tailings hazard inventory; incident databases related to the oil sands tailings operations; interviews with tailings workers, regional contractors, and leadership; and a ground hazard assessment conducted by the University of Alberta. These four datasets were compared to determine similarities and differences and then provide recommendations for enhancement of the current hazard identification tools and controls for ground hazards. Process safety management tools such as the Bow Tie Risk Assessment Method were used to cluster the tailings hazard inventory and identify areas for enhanced controls. Energy Safety Canada subject matter experts reviewed the bow tie diagrams to ensure applicability to tailings operations. The final bow tie diagrams showed a heavy reliance on administrative controls (56% of the controls mentioned were administrative) such as training, permits, and hazard assessment to protect worker safety. This value was confirmed by engineers who indicated that engineering controls and elimination and substitution methods are implemented in the design phase, but administrative controls are the primary method to mitigate hazards in the field during daily operations. Tailings incident databases from multiple companies were analyzed to determine what incidents are actually happening in the tailings operations and what is being reported. The data were categorized by hazard type, with a focus on incidents caused by or that could cause ground hazards. Incidents in the ground hazard category include slips, trips, and falls; stuck or sunk equipment; pipeline leaks; and reported ground hazards (i.e., berm breaches, washouts, and over-poured cells). It was determined that almost a quarter (23%) of the reported incidents related to ground hazards. Interviews were also completed with 158 frontline tailings workers, safety personnel, engineers, supervisors, leadership, and regional contractors. Interviewees were asked about the hazards they see in the tailings operations, what solutions or changes they would like to see implemented, and what "words of wisdom" they would pass down to new workers. Workers are aware of the unique, dynamic environment in which they work; however, incidents still occur. One of the reasons incidents are occurring is a lack of information or training regarding tailings specific hazards. Given the lack of training on tailings specific hazards, a framework was developed to discuss ground hazards in the oil sands tailings operations. This framework includes definitions of the four main ground hazards identified by the University of Alberta during their site visits: soft ground, surface erosion, subsurface erosion, and slope instability. To accompany this framework, three ground hazard photo databases have also been created. The photos were taken in three seasons (summer, winter, and spring) of representative tailings facilities, dykes, and transport systems. The hazards in tailings operations are seasonal, indicating the importance for multiple site visits and differentiation between times of the year. How these ground hazards manifest, potential consequences, precursory conditions, and temporal factors are discussed in the figures. Another deliverable of this project was the dissemination of information. The results of this research were presented numerous times to the Energy Safety Canada Tailings Safety Task Force at their office in Fort McMurray. This task force has representation from all of the major oil sands operators and regional contractors. Participation from members was invaluable in terms of providing expert information for the project. Information provided at these meetings was shared with the respective organizations represented by these participants. This type of collaboration regarding tailings related safety in the oil sands is unprecedented, and is set up to continue after the conclusion of this project. On November 29, 2018, the results of this research were also presented to the most important stakeholders—the tailings workers, contractors, and leadership—at an inaugural Tailings Safety Symposium. The 105 people in attendance represented 15 organizations. The findings from the project were presented to the group and feedback on next steps was solicited through group brainstorming methods. In addition to the local oil sands community, this research has also been presented 12 times to diverse audiences at academic and industrial conferences and workshops, including the Canadian Institute of Mining Convention 2018, Petroleum Safety Conference 2018, Canadian Chemical Engineering Conference 2017 and 2018, GeoEdmonton 2018, and 2018 Geohazards 7. The attendees at these presentations provided valuable feedback on the project at every stage of the research process. The full list of academic presentations can be found in Appendix G along with the accepted abstracts. This research will continue to be disseminated after submission of this report as the work has been accepted for presentation at two conferences in 2019: the Society for Risk Analysis and the Center for Risk, Integrity and Safety Engineering Symposium. Based on the analysis of the collected data and discussions with subject matter experts at Energy Safety Canada eight recommendations were developed. The recommendations are: (1) increased communication within industry, (2) increased communication within companies, (3) enhancements to hazard identification tools, (4) critically evaluate current operations, like the operation of spill boxes, (5) increase resources, (6) tailings-specific training, (7) regional standardization, and (8) enhancements to incident databases. Energy Safety Canada has already begun the process of implementing these recommendations with the oil sands tailings industry by taking the following actions: setting up continued meetings of the tailings safety task force, creating smaller working groups to address regional training, alignment of standards on all sites, pipeline leak best practices, spill box operation best practices, working on water and ice best practices, and engaging with emergency response teams to ensure competency for successful emergency response plans. They have also proposed a monthly call for companies (owners and contractors) to discuss lessons learned and share incidents. This type of collaboration regarding safety is unprecedented in industry, and the continued partnership will significantly improve personal safety in the tailings. Hopefully, other industries will see this project as a case study to begin their own collaborations.

The purpose of the article is to present the specific relationship between the EU, which is a unique international organisation, and its Member States, which are the source of integration and, paradoxically, its natural limit. The article contains an analysis of provisional measures imposed on Poland by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) as an example of a judicial and autonomous control mechanism concerning Member States and their obligations under EU law. Case European Commission v. Poland (2017) serves as a central element of the considerations. On 27 July 2017, the CJEU imposed a temporary injunction against logging in the Polish Bialowieza Forest, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and the last old-growth forest in Europe, while the case is being tried with the final Court decision expected in December 2017. Nevertheless, the Polish minister of the environment said on 31 July that the Polish government will ignore the ruling and that the logging will continue in tune with the "protective measures" for the forest, since the Bialowieza Forest seems to be under attack from the Spruce Bark Beetle. This species of beetle is a pest which colonises primarily spruce trees (Ips typographus for the lovers of the Latin language). The assumption made in the article is that provisional measures (applied under EU procedural law) have dogmatic roots in the tradition of civil proceedings in Member States. What is involved here are national procedures aimed at securing a claim in certain circumstances which establish a prima facie case on the inefficiency of the future decision. The specificity of provisional measures results from the specificity of EU law, which, in order to be effective, requires a judicial review. Provisional measures are one of the tools to guarantee its effectiveness. Despite relatively strict conditions for the applicability of provisional measures by the CJEU, they can help ensure effectiveness of UE law. The measures imposed to stop the destruction of the Białowieża Forest can be an example here. ; The following paper constitutes a part of the research conducted within the framework of the statutory research at the Faculty of Law of the University of Warsaw. ; Robert Grzeszczak: r.grzeszczak@wpia.uw.edu.pl ; Mateusz Muchel: m.muchel@wpia.uw.edu.pl ; Robert Grzeszczak - University of Warsaw ; Mateusz Muchel - University of Warsaw ; Annexes to the Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council: A new EU Framework to Strengthen the Rule of Law, Annex I: The Rule of law as a foundational principle of the Union (Brussels, 11.3.2014, COM(2014) 158, final. ; Azoulai, L. "Integration through law" and us. (2016). International Journal of Constitutional Law, 14(2), 449–463. ; Belgium v. European Commission, T131/16 (19 July 2016), EU:T:2016:427. ; Cambridge Healthcare Supplies v. European Commission T-137/00 R (31 October 2000). ; Comité Central d'Entreprise de la SA Vittel and Comité d'Etablissement de Pierval v. European Commission, T-12/93 R (6 July 1993). ; Comité Central d'Entreprise de la Société Générale des Grandes Sources and others v. European Commission, T-96/92 R (15 December 1992). ; Commission Regulation (EU) No 312/2014 of 26 March 2014 establishing a Network Code on Gas Balancing of Transmission Networks (BAL NC). ; Consolidated versions of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (OJ C 326, 26.10.2012). ; Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of Rome (4 November 1950). Retrieved from: https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Convention_ENG.pdf. ; Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora (OJ 1992 L 206, p. 7), as most recently amended by Council Directive 2013/17/EU of 13 May 2013 (OJ 2013 L 158). ; Czachór, Z. (2013). Kryzys i zburzona dynamika Unii Europejskiej [Crisis and disturbed dynamics of the European Union]. Warszawa: Dom Wydawniczy i Handlowy ELIPSA. ; Directive 2009/147/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on the conservation of wild birds (OJ 2010 L 20). ; Euroalliages v. European Commission, T-132/01 (8 July 2003). ; European Commission acts to defend judicial independence in Poland. (n.d.) Retrieved from: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-17-5367_en.htm. ; European Commission v. Poland C-441/17. (2017). ECLI:EU:C:2017:877. ; Evonik Degussa v. European Commission, C162/15 PR (2 March 2016). EU:C:2016:142 ; Grzeszczak, R. & Karolewski, I.P. (2017). Bialowieza Forest, the Spruce Bark Beetle and the EU Law Controversy in Poland. Retrieved from: http://verfassungsblog.de/bialowieza-forest-the-spruce-bark-beetle-and-the-eu-law-controversy-in-poland/ ; Habermas, J. (2005). Faktyczność i obowiązywanie. Teoria dyskursu wobec zagadnień prawa i demokratycznego państwa prawnego [Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy]. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar. ; Hänseler GmbH v. European Commission, T-83/00 R, (31 October 2000). ; Hans-Martin Tillack v. European Commission, T-193/04 (4 October 2006). ; Iżykowski, M. (1985). Przesłanki zabezpieczenia powództwa. Palestra, 29/11(335). ; Jack Hanning v. European Parliament, C 176/88 R (11 July 1988). ; Jakubecki, A. (2017). Kodeks postępowania cywilnego. Komentarz aktualizowany. Tom II [Code of Civil Procedure. Comment updated. Vol. II]. Warszawa: C. H. Beck. ; Kingdom of Belgium v. European Commission, C-142/87 R (15 June 1987). ; Kmieciak, Z. (2010). Postępowanie administracyjne i sądowoadministracyjne a prawo europejskie. Wolters Kluwer. ; Lambert and others v. France. 2015, June 5. European Court of Human Rights, No 46043/14. ; Lenaerts, K., Arts, D., Maselis, I & Bray, R. (2006). Procedural Law of the European Union. London: Sweet and Maxwell. ; Poland approves large-scale logging in Europe's last primeval forest (2016, March 26). The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/mar/26/poland-approves-large-scale-logging-in-europes-last-primevalforest. ; Poland v. European Commission, T883/16 R (21 July 2017). ECLI:EU:T:174. ; Rosas, A. & Arnati L. (eds.). (2012). EU Constitutional Law. An introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ; Satya Prakash v. Commission of the EAEC, C-65-63 R (25 June 1965). ; Shapiro, M. (1980). Comparative Law and Comparative Politics. Southern California Law Review, 53(2), 537-542. ; Shaw, J., More, G. (1995). New Legal Dynamics of European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ; Sofrimport SARL v. European Communities, C-152/88 (10 June 1988). ; Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice, provided for in article 14 of the Covenant of the League of Nations (Journal of Laws of 1923, no 106, item 839). ; Statute of the International Court of Justice. Retrieved from: http://www.icj-cij.org/en/statute. ; The Act of 17 November 1964 – Code of Civil Procedure (Journal of Laws of 2018, item. 155, as amended). ; UNESCO Word Heritage Centre, Outstanding Universal Value, 02.04.2018 Retrieved from: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/33 ; Weatherill, S. (1995). Law and Integration in the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ; Weiler, J.H.H. (1991). The Transformation of Europe. The Yale Law Journal, 100(8), 2403-2483. ; WHC.17/41.COM/18 Decisions adopted by the World Heritage Committee at its 41st session (Cracow, Poland). ; Wyrok Sądu Najwyższego [Judgment of the Supreme Court], No. V CZ 105/12. (2013, April 17). ; Żurek, K. (2000). Środki tymczasowe jako przejaw funkcjonowania efektywnej ochrony prawnej w systemie prawnym Unii Europejskiej. In. Biernat, S. (Ed.), Studia z prawa Unii Europejskiej. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. ; 2 ; 1 ; 21 ; 35

This dissertation deals with the old topic of EU law regarding access by individuals to the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) to challenge the validity of Union acts. The study is based in two landmark judgments rendered by the CJEU in 1986, i.e. Les Verts and Johnston, and it argues that the bridge between these two decisions has not been fully built in the CJEU's case-law, which has left room for uncertainties, ambiguities and insufficiencies in what concerns the judicial protection of private parties vis-à-vis the EU. In light of the Les Verts judgment, the dissertation argues that the CJEU's case-law is dominated by an objectivist, institutional and systemic approach which has given rise to gaps of judicial protection of private parties in the Union legal order and underlies the inability of the CJEU to fill in such lacunae. In this context, the dissertation stresses (i) the restrictive interpretation of standing requirements of private parties to bring an action for annulment; (ii) the irrelevance of the finding of a breach of the right to effective judicial protection at the Union level; (iii) the generous view to other objective and institutional dimensions of the Union system of judicial review; and the (iv) systemic concerns regarding the docket control of the CJEU combined with a certain view of the Union judicial architecture said to be fundamentally anchored in national judiciaries. Furthermore, it is submitted that the alternative routes to the direct access by individuals to the Union courts put forward by the CJEU have proved inadequate and ineffective, because of the objectivist, institutional and systemic conceptual approach underlying to the CJEU's case-law on the scope and nature of such avenues. At this point, the dissertation discusses the issue of national procedural autonomy, the nature of preliminary references, and the TWD doctrine. Additionally, it is argued that the CJEU's case-law regarding judicial review in the field of the former intergovernmental pillars suggests an institutional and objectivist trend as well. In drawing attention to the objective elements, the institutional preference and the systemic views enshrined in the CJEU's case-law the dissertation brings to the fore institutional guarantees, as a reflex of the objective dimension of fundamental rights. In contrast with the previous approach, it is argued that the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty requires the CJEU to adopt a more subjectivist approach to the issues of judicial protection of individuals in the EU. Such an approach is anchored in the Johnston verdict which laid the first stone regarding such issues in the Union legal order. It is submitted that the new Article 6 TEU involves a paradigm shift regarding fundamental rights protection in the EU. In this context, the dissertation discusses the procedural impact of the formal constitutionalization of the Charter of Fundamental Rights and of the accession to the European Convention on Human Rights. The changes introduced by the Lisbon Treaty regarding judicial review of Union acts at the initiative of individuals are discussed in light of said constitutional shift. The dissertation puts forward several proposals regarding the interpretation of Article 19 TEU and Articles 263(4) and 275 TFEU — taking into consideration the recent GC's decision in the case of Inuit — in light of the pro actore approach which should arguably underlie to the CJEU's case-law in this regard. Lastly, the issue of a more generous approach to direct access by individuals to the Union courts is discussed in view of the CJEU's workload concerns. The possibility of a European certiorari, among other possible judicial reforms, is analysed therein. ; A presente dissertação, que tem por objeto o acesso dos particulares ao Tribunal de Justiça da União Europeia (TJUE) — um tema clássico de Direito da União Europeia — assenta em duas decisões fundamentais proferidas pelo TJUE, em 1986, nos casos Les Verts e Johnston. Considera-se aqui que a "ponte" entre os dois referidos acórdãos não foi totalmente estabelecida na jurisprudência do TJUE, abrindo espaço para incertezas, equívocos e insuficiências no que diz respeito à tutela jurisdicional dos particulares na União Europeia. À luz do acórdão Les Verts, a dissertação começa por considerar que a jurisprudência do TJUE adota uma abordagem objetivista, institucional e sistémica que tem dado origem a lacunas na proteção jurisdicional dos particulares, e justifica a incapacidade do mesmo tribunal no suprimento das referidas lacunas. Neste contexto, chama-se a atenção para (i) a interpretação restritiva das condições em que aos particulares é permitido intentar uma ação de anulação; (ii) a irrelevância do argumento fundado na violação do direito fundamental à tutela jurisdicional efetiva na apreciação da admissibilidade de ações de anulação; (iii) a abordagem generosa que o TJUE tem adotado relativamente a outras dimensões objetivistas e institucionais do sistema de controlo jurisdicional da validade de atos da União; e (iv) as preocupações sistémicas relativas ao controlo do volume de processos que o TJUE tem de decidir, associadas a uma certa visão da arquitetura judiciária europeia, considerada fundamentalmente ancorada nas jurisdições nacionais. A acrescer a estas considerações, chama-se ainda a atenção para o facto de os meios de tutela alternativos ao acesso direto dos particulares aos tribunais da União se demonstrarem inadequados e ineficazes, precisamente em virtude da abordagem objetivista, institucional e sistémica que subjaz à jurisprudência do TJUE no que diz respeito ao âmbito e à natureza jurídica dos referidos meios de tutela. A este propósito, a dissertação discute, em particular, o princípio da autonomia processual dos Estados-membros, a natureza jurídica do mecanismo do reenvio prejudicial e o sentido e alcance da doutrina TWD. Acrescenta-se ainda que a jurisprudência do TJUE relativamente ao controlo jurisdicional da validade de atos da União no domínio dos chamados "pilares intergovernamentais" sugere igualmente uma tendência objetivista e institucional. Salientando os elementos objetivos, a preferência institucional e a visão sistémica que decorrem da jurisprudência do TJUE nesta matéria, a dissertação chama à colação a figura das garantias institucionais, enquanto reflexo da dimensão objetiva dos direitos fundamentais. Rompendo com a abordagem anterior, considera-se então que a entrada em vigor do Tratado de Lisboa impõe que o TJUE adote uma orientação dita subjetivista relativamente à tutela jurisdicional dos particulares na União Europeia. Esta nova abordagem funda-se em primeira linha no acórdão Johnston que lançou a primeira pedra nesta matéria na ordem jurídica da União. Na verdade, o novo artigo 6.º do Tratado da União Europeia implica uma mudança de paradigma constitucional no que diz respeito à proteção dos direitos fundamentais na União Europeia. Neste contexto, a dissertação discute o impacto processual da constitucionalização formal da Carta dos Direitos Fundamentais da União, e bem assim da adesão à Convenção Europeia dos Direitos do Homem. À luz da referida mudança de paradigma constitucional, analisam-se as alterações introduzidas pelo Tratado de Lisboa no que respeita ao controlo da validade de atos da União por iniciativa dos particulares. A este propósito, tomando em consideração a recente decisão do Tribunal Geral no caso Inuit, a dissertação propõe diversas soluções relativas à interpretação dos artigos 19.º do Tratado da União Europeia e 263.º § 4 e 275.º do Tratado relativo ao Funcionamento da União Europeia à luz do princípio pro actore que deverá alegadamente orientar a jurisprudência do TJUE nestas matérias. Por último, é discutida a questão do alargamento do acesso dos particulares ao TJUE tendo em conta as preocupações veiculadas pelo tribunal relativamente ao aumento do volume de processos que pode ameaçar comprometer o adequado funcionamento do sistema judicial da União. Aqui, analisa-se a possibilidade de criação de um mecanismo europeu de certiorari, juntamente com outras reformas jurisdicionais que têm sido objeto de debate e reflexão na comunidade jurídica.

The scope of this thesis is to searching the potential ofthe maritime traffic in the Black Sea, the good application of the INCOTERMS in this region and the opportunities of maritime transport with the others seas. The research project conducted in this thesis uses qualitative methods: interviews with people that working in the maritime transport in the Black Sea that were made through e-mail to get a practical view on the topic, statistics and studies makes by me in the practice. The results indicate that there are no outstanding obstacles for the development of the commercial maritime traffic in the Black Sea and that the maritime companies of the world are very interested to start a large process to export and import in this region, ofcourse applying correct the INCOTERMS. Also, we analyze in this study the im portance of the Bosporus Strait that connecting the Black Sea with the Mediterrean Sea and offers big opportunities to the global maritime transport. The studies in this field of maritime traffic conducted us to find out what are the standards in the maritime trade in the Black Sea but also in comparison with the Mediterrean Sea, Baltic Sea and Caspian Sea. The Black Sea basin presents various challenges and offers numerous opportunities. Ps a result, its development requires special consideration by policy makers. The central question of this paper is given the difference in legal and political systems in the presence, more geo strategically considerations, building on the commercial development from existing business practices. Mercantile custom plays an important role in international commercial law, whether that is as a source of or merelyas an element of the new law merchant. Trade usages and practices tend to be linked to a specific location, trade or port in which they are used. Es pecially in the context of trade term s, differences in interpretation detract from their harmonization function. The latest edition of the ICC INCOTERMS was carried out in 2010 when the INCOTERMS. Two major innovations are the num ber of rules and their classification. Under previous INCOTERM revis ions, term s were grouped in order of increasing responsibilityon the seller, now were classified according to the mode of trans port. There are 11 rules instead of13.INCOTERMS 2010 includes two new rules, Delivered atTerminal (DAT) and Delivered at Place (DAP), and eliminates the Delivered at Frontier (DAF), Delivered Ex-Ship (DES), Delivered Ex-Quay (DEQ) and Delivered Duty Unpaid (DDU) designations. DAT replaces the current DEQ, while DAP replaces DAF, DES and DDU. The option of applying one or another INCOTERM of the delivery conditions or practices known worldwide should consider a number of criteria, such as the following: the ratio of currency and foreign currency contract for payment of transportation, insurance and other charges related to delivery; market situation and the charges of air and land transport, participation in international conventions on transport, which involves preferential rates oftransport, customs outlets in markets or supplies. In the case of a saturated market, where there is a strong competition, the exporter can earn a segment of this market, providing certain favorable conditions to the importer within the meaning of risk and minimal costs that the latter must bear. Delivery condition is one of the essential terms are agreed between international contract partners, thereby regulating the transfer actually goods and the seller to the buyer risks, including legal consequences and general economic. Since the implementation ofthe each entry in the various delivery methods, costs, which can't be neglected, their enrollment contract specifications require is especially importantto establish who and what pays any omission of this view mayor cancel benefits buying or selling expected at closing. We hope that this thesis may be able to help the future importers and exporters in the global maritime traffic. ; L'abast d'aquesta tesi es buscar el potencial del transit marítim al Mar Negre, la bona aplicació dels INCOTERMS en aquesta regió i les oportunitats del transport marítim amb el mar altres. El projecte de recerca dut a terme en aquesta tesi utilitza els mètodes qualitatius: entrevistes amb persones que treballen en el transport marítim al Mar Negre, que es van realitzar a traves de correu electrònic per obtenir una visió practica sobre el tema, les estadístiques i els estudis fa per mi en la practica. Els resultats indiquen que no hi ha obstacles pendents per al desenvolupament del tràfic comercial marítim al Mar Negre i que les companyies marítimes del món estan molt interessats a iniciar un llarg procés per exportar i importar en aquesta regió, per suposat l'aplicació de corregir els INCOTERMS. A més, s'analitzen en aquest estudi la importància de l'estret del Bòsfor que connecta el Mar Negre amb el Mar Mediterrani i ofereix grans oportunitats per al transport marítim mundial. Els estudis en aquest camp del transit marítim que ens va portar a terme per esbrinar quines son les normes en el comerç marítim al Mar Negre, sinó també en comparació amb el Mar Mediterrani, Mar Bàltic i el Mar Caspi. La conca del Mar Negre presenta diversos desafiaments i ofereix nombroses oportunitats. Com a resultat d'això, el seu desenvolupament requereix una consideració especial pels responsables politics. La pregunta central d'aquest treball es dóna la diferencia de sistemes jurídics i politics en presencia, més consideracions geo estratègica, basant-se en el desenvolupament comercial de les practiques comercials existents. Mercantil costum juga un paper important en el dret comercial internacional, ja sigui com a font d'o simplement com un element de la nova llei comercial. Usos i practiques comercials, tendeixen a estar vinculat a un lloc específic del comerç,o el port en que s'utilitzen. Especialment en el context dels termes comercials, les diferencies d¿interpretació en detriment de la seva funció d¿harmonització. L'ultima edició dels Incoterms ICC es va dur a terme el201 0, quan els INCOTERMS. Dos grans innovacions son el nombre de normes i la seva c1assificacio. En anteriors revisions INCOTERM,els termes es van agrupar per tal d'augmentar la responsabilitat sobre el venedor, ara es classifiquen segons la manera de transport. Hi ha 11 normes en lloc de 13. INCOTERMS2010 inclou dues noves regles, lliurats a la Terminal (DAl) i lliurat en el lloc (DAP), i elimina la Delivered at Frontier (DAF), Delivered Dutysobre Vaixell (DES), Delivered Ex-Quay(DEQ) i L1iuratsense pagar (DDU) designacions. DAT substitueix l'actual DEQ, mentre que DAP reemplac;a DAF,DES i DDU. L¿opció d'aplicar un 0 altre INCOTERM de les condicions de lliurament 0 les practiques conegudes a tot el mon hauria de considerar una sèrie de criteris, com ara les següents: la relació de la moneda i els contractes en moneda estrangera per al pagament de transport, assegurances i altres costos de lliurament, el mercat situació i els càrrecs de transport aeri i terrestre, la participació en les convencions internacionals sobre el transport, el que implica taxes preferencials de transport, punts de venda de duanes en els mercats o subministraments. En el cas d'un mercat saturat, on hi ha una forta competència, I'exportador pot guanyar un segment d'aquest mercat, proporcionant certes condicions favorables per a l'importador en el sentit del risc i els costos mínims que aquests han de suportar. Forma de subministrament es un dels termes essencials del contracte acordat entre els socis internacionals, de manera que la regulació de la transferència de bens i en realitat el venedor al comprador els riscos, incloses les conseqüències legals i econòmiques en general. Esperem que aquesta tesi pot ser capaç d'ajudar els futurs importadors i exportadors en el tràfic marítim mundial. ; Postprint (published version)

The scope of this thesis is to searching the potential ofthe maritime traffic in the Black Sea, the good application of the INCOTERMS in this region and the opportunities of maritime transport with the others seas. The research project conducted in this thesis uses qualitative methods: interviews with people that working in the maritime transport in the Black Sea that were made through e-mail to get a practical view on the topic, statistics and studies makes by me in the practice. The results indicate that there are no outstanding obstacles for the development of the commercial maritime traffic in the Black Sea and that the maritime companies of the world are very interested to start a large process to export and import in this region, ofcourse applying correct the INCOTERMS. Also, we analyze in this study the im portance of the Bosporus Strait that connecting the Black Sea with the Mediterrean Sea and offers big opportunities to the global maritime transport. The studies in this field of maritime traffic conducted us to find out what are the standards in the maritime trade in the Black Sea but also in comparison with the Mediterrean Sea, Baltic Sea and Caspian Sea. The Black Sea basin presents various challenges and offers numerous opportunities. Ps a result, its development requires special consideration by policy makers. The central question of this paper is given the difference in legal and political systems in the presence, more geo strategically considerations, building on the commercial development from existing business practices. Mercantile custom plays an important role in international commercial law, whether that is as a source of or merelyas an element of the new law merchant. Trade usages and practices tend to be linked to a specific location, trade or port in which they are used. Es pecially in the context of trade term s, differences in interpretation detract from their harmonization function. The latest edition of the ICC INCOTERMS was carried out in 2010 when the INCOTERMS. Two major innovations are the num ber of rules and their classification. Under previous INCOTERM revis ions, term s were grouped in order of increasing responsibilityon the seller, now were classified according to the mode of trans port. There are 11 rules instead of13.INCOTERMS 2010 includes two new rules, Delivered atTerminal (DAT) and Delivered at Place (DAP), and eliminates the Delivered at Frontier (DAF), Delivered Ex-Ship (DES), Delivered Ex-Quay (DEQ) and Delivered Duty Unpaid (DDU) designations. DAT replaces the current DEQ, while DAP replaces DAF, DES and DDU. The option of applying one or another INCOTERM of the delivery conditions or practices known worldwide should consider a number of criteria, such as the following: the ratio of currency and foreign currency contract for payment of transportation, insurance and other charges related to delivery; market situation and the charges of air and land transport, participation in international conventions on transport, which involves preferential rates oftransport, customs outlets in markets or supplies. In the case of a saturated market, where there is a strong competition, the exporter can earn a segment of this market, providing certain favorable conditions to the importer within the meaning of risk and minimal costs that the latter must bear. Delivery condition is one of the essential terms are agreed between international contract partners, thereby regulating the transfer actually goods and the seller to the buyer risks, including legal consequences and general economic. Since the implementation ofthe each entry in the various delivery methods, costs, which can't be neglected, their enrollment contract specifications require is especially importantto establish who and what pays any omission of this view mayor cancel benefits buying or selling expected at closing. We hope that this thesis may be able to help the future importers and exporters in the global maritime traffic. ; L'abast d'aquesta tesi es buscar el potencial del transit marítim al Mar Negre, la bona aplicació dels INCOTERMS en aquesta regió i les oportunitats del transport marítim amb el mar altres. El projecte de recerca dut a terme en aquesta tesi utilitza els mètodes qualitatius: entrevistes amb persones que treballen en el transport marítim al Mar Negre, que es van realitzar a traves de correu electrònic per obtenir una visió practica sobre el tema, les estadístiques i els estudis fa per mi en la practica. Els resultats indiquen que no hi ha obstacles pendents per al desenvolupament del tràfic comercial marítim al Mar Negre i que les companyies marítimes del món estan molt interessats a iniciar un llarg procés per exportar i importar en aquesta regió, per suposat l'aplicació de corregir els INCOTERMS. A més, s'analitzen en aquest estudi la importància de l'estret del Bòsfor que connecta el Mar Negre amb el Mar Mediterrani i ofereix grans oportunitats per al transport marítim mundial. Els estudis en aquest camp del transit marítim que ens va portar a terme per esbrinar quines son les normes en el comerç marítim al Mar Negre, sinó també en comparació amb el Mar Mediterrani, Mar Bàltic i el Mar Caspi. La conca del Mar Negre presenta diversos desafiaments i ofereix nombroses oportunitats. Com a resultat d'això, el seu desenvolupament requereix una consideració especial pels responsables politics. La pregunta central d'aquest treball es dóna la diferencia de sistemes jurídics i politics en presencia, més consideracions geo estratègica, basant-se en el desenvolupament comercial de les practiques comercials existents. Mercantil costum juga un paper important en el dret comercial internacional, ja sigui com a font d'o simplement com un element de la nova llei comercial. Usos i practiques comercials, tendeixen a estar vinculat a un lloc específic del comerç,o el port en que s'utilitzen. Especialment en el context dels termes comercials, les diferencies d¿interpretació en detriment de la seva funció d¿harmonització. L'ultima edició dels Incoterms ICC es va dur a terme el201 0, quan els INCOTERMS. Dos grans innovacions son el nombre de normes i la seva c1assificacio. En anteriors revisions INCOTERM,els termes es van agrupar per tal d'augmentar la responsabilitat sobre el venedor, ara es classifiquen segons la manera de transport. Hi ha 11 normes en lloc de 13. INCOTERMS2010 inclou dues noves regles, lliurats a la Terminal (DAl) i lliurat en el lloc (DAP), i elimina la Delivered at Frontier (DAF), Delivered Dutysobre Vaixell (DES), Delivered Ex-Quay(DEQ) i L1iuratsense pagar (DDU) designacions. DAT substitueix l'actual DEQ, mentre que DAP reemplac;a DAF,DES i DDU. L¿opció d'aplicar un 0 altre INCOTERM de les condicions de lliurament 0 les practiques conegudes a tot el mon hauria de considerar una sèrie de criteris, com ara les següents: la relació de la moneda i els contractes en moneda estrangera per al pagament de transport, assegurances i altres costos de lliurament, el mercat situació i els càrrecs de transport aeri i terrestre, la participació en les convencions internacionals sobre el transport, el que implica taxes preferencials de transport, punts de venda de duanes en els mercats o subministraments. En el cas d'un mercat saturat, on hi ha una forta competència, I'exportador pot guanyar un segment d'aquest mercat, proporcionant certes condicions favorables per a l'importador en el sentit del risc i els costos mínims que aquests han de suportar. Forma de subministrament es un dels termes essencials del contracte acordat entre els socis internacionals, de manera que la regulació de la transferència de bens i en realitat el venedor al comprador els riscos, incloses les conseqüències legals i econòmiques en general. Esperem que aquesta tesi pot ser capaç d'ajudar els futurs importadors i exportadors en el tràfic marítim mundial. ; Postprint (published version)

In East Africa 70-80 % of the population is subsistence farmers. The rural health system is often poorly equipped both with personnel and medicines, and many depend on the use of medicinal plants for their primary health care. Malaria is the single most serious cause of morbidity, mortality and poverty, partly because the parasite causing the disease, Plasmodium falciparum, has developed resistance towards the most common and affordable medicines, and the fact that a large part of the population is malnourished. In East Africa many plants are used in the treatment of malaria, but most of them are poorly investigated for effect and safety. Bark and roots of trees are often used for medicine, and some of the trees are locally threatened because of population increase and deforestation. Traditional medicine has received increased attention from governments in Tanzania and Uganda. In Tanzania laws and regulations on management of natural resources and traditional medicine, which are in line with the Convention on Biological Diversity, are now in place. However, important ecosystems for medicinal plants are heavily degraded. In Uganda laws and regulations for traditional medicine are now under debate in the government. Experiments on germination and seedling growth for two Ugandan medicinal trees, Mitragyna (Hallea) rubrostipulata and Sarcocephalus latifolius, was conducted in controlled environments. Both needed light to germinate, Mitragyna rubrostipulata had a temperature optimum at 25°C with 79 % germination, while germination for Sarcocephalus latifolius after 28 days was around 60 % for the temperatures 20-35°C. A germination field experiment failed, indicated that these species need assistance from nursery to be able to establish in degraded areas. The framework tree species method was chosen to conserve and gain more knowledge about local medicinal trees. In this method 25-40 different local woody species are raised in nursery and planted in a single event in a mixed stand. The intention is to encourage regeneration of degraded forest. We raised and planted 27 mainly indigenous woody species in three plots in April 2008, and monitored survival and growth for 13 months. Eleven species turned out to be excellent framework species, while eight others were acceptable. Some of the important medicinal trees we failed to cultivate, partly because they have become so rare that we did not find seeds. Total antioxidant activity (AOA) in 35 Ugandan fruits and vegetables were measured using the Ferro Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) method. The results showed large variation in AOA from 72.5 ± 13.5 (Syzygium cuminii seeds) to 0.09 ± 0.05 (Curcubita maxima fruit) mmol/100 g fresh weight. Antioxidant activity per serving was calculated, and the food with heighest AOA per serving were pomegranat (Punica granatum), Canarium schweinfurthii, guava (Psidium guajava), mango (Mangifera indica) and tree tomato (Cyphomandra betacea) with values from 8.91 to 3.00 mmol/serving. AOA for Ugandan mango in this study was five times higher than values found in another study of mangoes bought in Norway. In Uganda the intake of antioxidants can be relative easily increased by adding more of the fruits that are abundant in the fruiting seasons and green leafy vegetables. Raw extracts from tree medicinal plants that are used to treat malaria in Uganda were tested for antioxidant (DPPH, FRAP, Total phenols) and anti-plasmodial activity. The water extract of Mitragyna rubrostipulata showed highest anti-plasmodial activity (IC50= 1.95 μg/ml), and high antioxidant activity as well. Thirteen other extracts showed high anti-plasmodial activity ranging from 2.12 to 3.63 μg/ml (chloroquine control: IC50= 8 μg/ml). There was high correlation between the different antioxidant assays. In March – April 2009 twenty-eight traditional birth attendants and healers from Mbarara District in Western Uganda were interviewed about how they use plants to treat malaria. Altogether they used 57 different plant species from 27 families. Asteraceae was most common, with 17 species used, followed by Fabaceae (8) and Lamiaceae (5). Leaves were the most commonly used plant part, and in most cases fresh leaves were either pounded and juice squeezed out, or decoction were made for oral intake. More than 80 % of the recipes included Vernonia amygdalina, a species used for treatment of malaria all over Africa, and for which effect has been documented. ; I Øst Afrika er 70-80 % av befolkningen selvforsyningsbønder. Det lokale helsesystemet er ofte dårlig bemannet og utstyrt, og mange baserer seg på den tradisjonelle bruken av medisinplanter for å behandle vanlige sykdommer. Malaria er den viktigste enkeltårsaken til sykdom, død og fattigdom, delvis fordi parasitten som forårsaker sykdommen har utviklet resistens overfor de vanligste og rimeligste medisinene, og fordi en stor del av befolkningen er under- eller feilernært. Mange planter blir brukt til behandling av malaria, men de fleste er dårlig undersokt for effekt og sikkerhet. Bark og røtter av trær brukes ofte medisinsk, og noen trær er lokalt truet på grunn av befolkningsøkning og avskoging. I Tanzania og Uganda har den tradisjonelle medisinen fått økende oppmerksomhet fra myndighetene. Tanzania har nå lovverket på plass for forvalting av natur ressurser og praktisering av "Traditional Medicine" i samsvar med Konvensjonen om Biologisk Mangfold, mens i Uganda er fortsatt disse lovene under debatt. Viktige økosystem for medisinplanter er ødelagte. Spirings- og vekstforsøk for to medisinske trær, Sarcocephalus latifolius og Mitragyna (Hallea) rubrostipulata ble utført i kontrollerte omgivelser. Begge trengte lys for a spire, Mitragyna rubrostipulata hadde temperaturoptimum for 25°C med 79 % spiring, mens spiring for Sarcocephalus latifolius etter 28 dager var rundt 60 % for temperaturene 20-35°C. Såforsøk i felt var mislykket og tyder på at gjenetablering av disse artene i degraderte omrader er avhengig av oppal i planteskole. "The framework tree species method" ble valgt for å bevare og få bedre kjennskap til lokale medisinske trær. Denne metoden innebærer oppal og utplanting av 25-40 forskjellige treslag samtidig med den hensikt å fremme regenerering av skog. Vi plantet ut 27 hovedsakelig lokale treslag i tre felt i april 2008, og registrerte overlevelse og vekst i et år. Elleve arter viste meget god overlevelse og vekst, mens åtte flere hadde akseptabel vekst. Noen viktige medisinske trær har vi foreløpig ikke klart å oppformere, delvis fordi de har blitt så sjeldne at vi ikke klarte å finne frø. Total antioksidant aktivitet (AOA) i 35 ugandiske frukt og gøonnsaker ble malt ved hjelp av FRAP (Ferro Reducing Ability of Plasma). Resultatene vist stor variasjon i AOA fra 72,5 ± 13,5 (Syzygium cuminii fro) til 0,09 ± 0,05 (Curcubita maxima frukt) mmol/100 g fersk vekt. Antioksidant aktivitet per porsjon ble kalkulert, og de matvarene som hadde høyest AOA per porsjon var granateple (Punica granatum), Canarium schweinfurthii, guava (Psidium guajava), mango (Mangifera indica) og tretomat (Cyphomandra betacea) med verdier fra 8,91 til 3,00 mmol/porsjon. AOA for Ugandisk mango i dette forsøket var fem ganger sa høy som verdier målt i mango kjøpt i Norge. Inntak av antioksidanter kan relativt lett økes ved å innta mer av de matvarene som har høy AOA, og som mange steder er tilgjengelige i overflod i fruktsesongen. Råekstrakter fra tre medisinplanter (Mitragyna rubrostipulata, Vernonia adoensis and Zanthoxylum chalybeum), som brukes i Uganda til behandling av malaria, ble testet for antioksidant (DPPH, FRAP, Total fenoler) og anti-plasmodial aktivitet. Vi fant at vannekstraktet av Mitragyna rubrostipulata hadde høyest anti-plasmodial aktivitet (IC50= 1,95 μg/ml), samt høy antioksidant aktivitet. Tretten andre ekstrakter hadde høye anti-plasmodiale aktiviteter med verdier mellom 2,12 til 3,63 μg/ml (klorokin kontroll: IC50= 8 μg/ml). Vi fant høy korrelasjon mellom de forskjellige antioksidant-testene. I mars - april 2009 ble 28 tradisjonelle fødselshjelpere fra Mbarara distrikt i det vestlige Uganda intervjuet om hvordan de bruker planter for a behandle malaria. De brukte til sammen 57 forskjellige arter fra 23 familier. Korgplantefamilien var den vanligste, med hele 17 arter, dernest erteblomstfamilien (8) og leppeblomstfamilien (5). Blader av urtene var den vanligste plantedelen brukt, og i de fleste tilfeller ble enten friske blader knust og plantesaften presset ut, eller det ble laget avkok av ferske eller tørkede plantedeler. Over 80 % av oppskriftene innbefattet Vernonia amygdalina, som er brukt til behandling av malaria over store deler av Afrika, og hvor effekt er dokumentert.

Dottorato di ricerca in Scienze e tecnologie per la gestione forestale e ambientale ; Fresh water is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential to sustain life and with a great economic value in all its competing uses and interactions with natural ecosystems as they strictly depend on water above all. Population and economies under rising growing lead to an increase in water demand while its availability remains constant in time. So that drought is actually an insidious hazard of nature for countries experiencing medium to high water stress due to its scarcity and to changed climate conditions showing a decreased amount of precipitation and higher temperature values. Drought is a severe problem in the Mediterranean basin: international conventions and Institutions such as the World Bank and the International Water Forum all consider the area in need of special attention due to problems resulting from its vulnerability to drought and its requirements for better water management. Moreover the European Community policy is directly involved in water scarcity issues, encouraging project development and actions to mitigate the effects of drought and to investigate measures to avoid or reduce drought risk in Mediterranean regions. The project MEDDMAN is a transnational approach in the field of drought and water management involving competent national authorities, leading research institutes and regional authorities and financed by European Union according to its Interreg III B MEDOCC policy. The DAF Department, Department of Environment and Forestry, Agrarian Faculty, University of Tuscia in Viterbo, has been involved in this project with a study area on Marta River Basin, located in the northern part of Latium region. The project's target is to develop an integrated system, capable of evaluating the state of surface water and groundwater resources in the MEDOCC regions preserving and improving the economic growth, developing efficient tools for sustainable water resources exploitation. Special attention is given to the environmental impacts of extreme meteorological and hydrological events, which affect the means of development and best interest of the locals. The focus is on the understanding of the 'water system' dynamics and functioning, enhancing the capability to predict its behavior in view of changes (including climate change), and underpinning its sustainable management and development. A simulation model at catchment scale, has been implemented for Marta river basin using SWAT (Soil Water Assessment Tool) code, developed in 90's by Dr. Jeff Arnold for USDA-ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. Swat is a comprehensive model that requires a diversity of information and produce reliable results with a rich dataset at disposal (morphological, soil, climatic, hydrologic data). It enables water balance estimation and models the loading of water, sediments and nutrients from land areas in a watershed or to the stream network from sources not associated with a land area and referred to as point sources, such as treatment plants. i The simulation period covers the years 1999-2006. The model was calibrated for the period 1999-2002 and then validated for the period 2003-2006. The implemented model shows a substantial reliability and accuracy in providing the watershed response in terms of discharge flowing and timing pointing out a rapid rebound on it as a consequence of heavy rainfall events. Statistical tests confirmed the truthfulness of its results. A good correspondence between observed and simulated values can be obtained also regarding nutrients movement and processes even if the available data were not so complete and comparable in terms of nitrogen and phosphorous, and their compounds, concentrations. Surely, the nitrate concentrations found in the monitoring campaigns carried out by the Regional Agency for Environmental Protection (ARPA Lazio) are quite well represented by model results. Such a hydrological and nutrient transport simulation model, can be certainly a powerful and reliable tool for water and natural resources planning in order to achieve a rational and prudent management of them taking into account anthropic needs (water demand, agricultural activities, wastewater treatment plants, hydroelectric power production and so on) but also ecosystems preservation (ichthyic life requirements, river Minimum Flow Requirement, biological communities and so on) and economic aspects allowing to evaluate and compare benefits, disadvantages and consequences for each suggested or hypothesized technical solution on watershed. For the particular characteristics and past of Marta basin, the implemented SWAT model can provides an overview of its multifaceted response to climatic and human pressures and also an estimation of the future available water resources quantity and quality. To have a general overview of the whole basin hydrologic behavior, a seawater wedge simulation model has been implemented for the coastal alluvial aquifer of Maremma Laziale applying Sharp_sar code (Santini, 2008) modified version of SHARP (Essaid, 1990). When the width of the transition zone is small relative to the thickness of the aquifer, saltwater and freshwater can be assumed as immiscible fluids separated by a sharp interface and this approach reproduces the general position, shape and behavior of the interface. SHARP model couples the freshwater and saltwater domains through the interfacial boundary condition of continuity for flux and pressure. With a simulation period of 10 years, Sharp_sar model was implemented on Maremma Laziale coastal aquifer and the results show that after of a pumping period of 10 years, saltwater intrusion might occur in the area between Fiora river and Arrone stream. The initial condition was set using the Badon-Ghyben (1889) e Herzberg (1901) laws to place the initial interface between fresh and salt water so that to ensure the model results after 10 years of simulation. ii The interface appears located along the coastline without showing clear signs of intrusive phenomena taking place in the middle and southern part of the coastal aquifer, while a retreat of the fresh water is clear in the northern part of it up to 1.2 km inland, in the area between Fiora river and Arrone stream and then confirming what emerged from the study for the establishment of coastal environmental state "(Chiocchini et al., 2005). Even with several uncertainties on number of existing wells, since it's not mandatory to declare a private well, on pumping amounts and periods the model results point out a supposed critical area with a particular vulnerability to saltwater intrusion phenomena. Other smallest areas in southern part of the coastal aquifer seem to be interested by saltwater intrusion phenomena falling in Tarquinia municipality. Coupling a SWAT model for hydrologic and nutrients transport simulation and investigation with a saltwater interface simulation model, such as SHARP_sar, for the coastal area of this basin, give the opportunity to take into account the several and different aspects and issues connected with the whole watershed behavior and evolution. A correct planning and management of the available natural resources involve a conscientious water bodies exploitation, with respect to habitats and local animal and plants requirements, avoiding saltwater intrusion phenomena and environmental damage, accomplishing people needs, economic, agricultural and tourist development and income, but, above all, ensuring citizens and buildings safety. In the local and actual context, regarding past and present events in the study area, an incisive and suddenly action from government is hoped in order to restore equilibrium conditions and environmental health for watershed. Going on in making information and investigation results available to all the stakeholders and people involved, directly or indirectly, in Marta river basin management, could allow an increase in awareness and consciousness and lead to quickening planning actions and works in a shared and advantageous way for all. Especially with regards to Minimum Flow Requirement, in relation with the water amount deviated for hydroelectric power generation, a rational regulation of the sluice-gates located on Marta river at the exit of lake Bolsena, is needed to ensure ichthyic life and ecosystem preservation together with simple turbines volumes required to correctly working. A multifaceted and integrated approach could certainly be applied in such a complex problem- solving, with the help of hydrologic and nutrients transport simulation models, saltwater intrusion position and movement simulation models and building all the data and results in a GIS platform as to provide a real and concrete Decision System Support.

ÖZETBu tezin amacı, Bologna Süreci esaslarının, Türk Yüksek Öğrenim Sistemi' nde dört yıllık lisans öğrencilerine verilen İngilizce ders içeriklerine uygulanmasındaki etkileri incelemektir. Bu inceleme Yıldız Teknik ve Sakarya Üniversite' lerde dört yıllık lisan eğitimi alınan öğrenciler için verilen zorunlu İngilizce ders içerikleri üzerine geliştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, Avrupa Birliği (AB) tarafından bir eğitim reform hareketi olarak başlatılan Bologna Süreci' nin genişlemesini ve Türkiye' nin 2001 yılında sürece dahil olmasını takip eden dönemde, zorunlu İngilizce derslerinin Bologna temel hedeflerini gerçekleştirmedeki rolü üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu bakımdan, tez Bologna Süreci temel hedefleri olan öğrenci ve akademik kadro hareketiliği ve mezunların iş bulabilirliği konusunda, İngilizce dil öğreniminin rolü konusuna odaklanmaktadır. Sürecin ana özelliklerinin yanısıra, 'yeterlilikler', 'yeterlilikler çerçeveleri', ve yeterliliklerleri oluşturan temel unsurlar gibi önemli kavramları içeren bir bölüm Bologna Süreci resmi dökümanlarıyla açıklanmakta ve irdelenmektedir. Tezin içerisinde yer alan kavramlar yukarıda adı geçen iki üniversiteden elde edilen verilerin değerlendirilmesinde yardımcı olmak için kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışma, aynı zamanda, müfredat hazırlama aşamasında bahsedilen temel unsurlar ile zorunlu İngilizce dersleri arasındaki bağlantının önemini, bütün üniversitelerin lisans öğrencileri için İngilizce dil yeterliliklerini Türk Ulusal Yeterlilikler Çerçevesi ile birlikte tüm Avrupa Yüksek Öğrenim Alanında da tanımlanmış olması gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Tezin en önemli bölümü, Bologna Süreci temel prensiplerinin lisans düzeyinde verilen İngilizce derslerinin müfredat incelemesi kısmından elde edilen sonuçların değerlendirilmesi için ayrılmıştır. Ulaşılan sonuçların ışığında, Türk Yüksek Öğretim Sistemindeki lisans öğrencileri için hazırlanan zorunlu İngilizce derslerinin müfredatlarında Bologna Süreci' nden sonra görülen değişiklikler ya da yeni uygulamalar kapsamlı bir şekilde incelenmektedir. ABSTRACTThis thesis aims at analysing the implementation of the Bologna Process principles on the content of English language courses for four-year Bachelor Degree students in the Turkish Higher Education. This analysis is built on the curricula of compulsory English courses offered in two Turkish Universities which are Yıldız Technical University and Sakarya University. Following the extension of the Bologna Process, started as an educational reform by the EU, and Turkey's involvement in 2001, the contribution of compulsory English language courses for fulfilment of the major Bologna objectives has been emphasized in this present study. In this respect, this thesis focuses on the role of English language teaching/ learning in working towards the Bologna Process main objectives which are mobility of the students and academic staff and employability of the graduates. The background of the Bologna Process as well as its key features is explained and discussed through the official documents, including the reference points for some important concepts such as qualifications, qualifications frameworks, and the core key components of qualifications. The concepts presented in this thesis are aimed at helping the evaluation of the results obtained from the case studies taking place in two Turkish Universities mentioned above. This study then defines the relationship between these core elements and compulsory English courses while designing course curricula, suggesting that all universities should describe the English language qualifications for Bachelor Degree students throughout the European Higher Education Area as well as within the context of Turkish National Qualifications Framework. In particular, the important part of the thesis is then devoted to the evaluation of the results obtained from the curricula analysis part relevant to the implementation of the Bologna Process principles on English language teaching at Bachelor's Degree. In the light of the findings, the changes and new implementations seen in the curricula of compulsory English courses offered for Bachelor Degree students in Turkish Higher Education after the Bologna Process have been comprehensively explored. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page NoÖZET.iiiABSTRACT.ivTABLE OF CONTENTS.vTHE LIST OF TABLES.xTHE LIST OF FIGURES.xiiTHE LIST OF GRAPHS.xiiiTHE LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.xivINTRODUCTION.1CHAPTER 1I.THE BOLOGNA PROCESS VIS-À-VIS A LITERATURE REVIEW COUPLED WITH THE OBJECTIVES OF THE PROCESS AND AN OVERVIEW OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING IN HIGHER EDUCATION IN EUROPE.101.1Overview of the Bologna Process……………………………….101.1.1 Main Legal Documents of the Bologna Process………….12 1.1.1.1Lisbon Recognition Convention…………………131.1.1.2Sorbonne Declaration…………………………….141.1.1.3Bologna Declaration………………………………151.1.1.4Lisbon Strategy………………………………….151.1.1.5Prague Communiqué…………………………….161.1.1.6Graz Declaration………………………………….171.1.1.7Berlin Communiqué………………………………171.1.1.8Glasgow Declaration…………………………….181.1.1.9Bergen Communiqué…………………………….181.1.1.10Lisbon Declaration……………………………….191.1.1.11London Communiqué…………………………….201.1.1.12 Leuven/ Louvain – la - Neuve Communiqué…….211.1.2 Aims and Objectives of the Bologna Process………….231.1.2.1Purposes and Action Lines of the Bologna Process.241.1.2.2The Relations between Languages and Mobility as an Objective of the Bologna Process…………….251.1.2.3The Relations between Languages and Employability as an Objective of the Bologna Process…………………………………………….271.2Teaching English in Higher Education in Europe………………291.2.1English Language Teaching in European Higher Education in Early Beginnings………………………….301.2.2Widespread Use of English in Europe in Relation to the Bologna Process…………………………………………30CHAPTER 2II.AN OVERALL ANALYSIS OF QUALIFICATIONS CONCEPT IN THE CONTEXT OF THE BOLOGNA PROCESS WITH SPECIFIC REFERENCE TO THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE QUALIFICATIONS IN HIGHER EDUCATION…………….342.1 Qualifications……………………………………………………352.1.1The Key Concepts of Qualifications………………………362.1.1.1 Levels of Higher Education……………………….372.1.1.2 Workload………………………………………….382.1.1.3 Quality…………………………………………….402.1.1.4 Profile…………………………………………….412.1.1.5 Learning Outcomes and Dublin Descriptors………432.1.2 Qualifications Frameworks……………………………….492.1.2.1 European Overarching Qualifications Frameworks.502.1.2.1.1 The Overarching Framework for the European Higher (QF – EHEA Framework)……………………………………….502.1.2.1.2 European Qualifications for Lifelong Learning Framework (EQF - LLL)……………….512.1.2.2 National Qualifications Frameworks in Europe….552.1.2.2.1Countries Developing National Qualifications Frameworks……………562.1.2.2.1.1 The Irish National QF…….582.1.2.2.1.2The Scottish Credit and QF (SCQF)…………………….592.1.2.2.1.3 The Australian QF.612.2 Language Qualifications in Higher Education in Europe with Reference to Language Qualifications Defined in Europe…….622.2.1 European Language Portfolio………………………….662.2.2 The Implementation of ELPs in English Language Programmes in Three Participant Countries…………….69CHAPTER 3III.ANALYSIS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF BOLOGNA REFORMS ON ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING IN TURKISH UNIVERSITIES WITH THE EVALUATION OF THE CURRICULA OF ENGLISH COURSES AVAILABLE IN YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY AND SAKARYA UNIVERSITY……………………………………………………….753.1 Overview of the Bologna Process Implementation in the Turkish Higher Education System……………………………………….753.1.1 Qualifications Frameworks and Recognition in the Bologna Process in Turkey…………………………….783.1.2The Preparation of Turkish National Qualifications Framework Regarding English Courses Offered in Turkish Universities…………………………………….803.2Teaching English as a Foreign Language; Language Policy in Turkish Higher Education……………………………………….813.3The Improvements and Changes in the Curricula of Compulsory English Courses with Regard to the Bologna Process in Two Distinguished Turkish Universities…………………………….833.3.1 General Description of Yıldız Technical University and Its English Language Teaching Policy…………………….863.3.2 Curriculum Design Analysis of Compulsory English Courses Offered by the Modern Languages Department…………………………………………….883.3.2.1 9051031 (9101021) Advanced English I………….883.3.2.1.12005 – 2006 (Fall Semester) Course Training Programme Form………….923.3.2.1.22006 – 2007/ 2007 – 2008/ 2008 – 2009 (fall Semester) Course Training Programme Form……………………….943.3.2.29051032 (9101022) Advanced English II………….953.3.2.2.12005 – 2006 (spring Semester) Course Training Programme Form…….983.3.2.2.22006 – 2007/ 2008 – 2009 (spring semester) Course Training Programme Form…………………………………….993.3.2.2.3Departmental Outputs (Outcomes) for 9051032 Advanced English II Course………………………………….993.3.2.2.4Annual Activity Reports for Academic Years (9051031 – 9051032)…………….1013.3.2.2.52005 – 2006 Annual Activity Report for 9051031 – 9051032………….………….1013.3.2.2.62006 – 2007 Annual Activity Report for 9051031 – 9051032…………………….1023.3.2.3 9052031 (9102021) Advanced English III/ Reading and Speaking in English.1053.3.2.3.12004 – 2005/ 2005 – 2006/ 2006 – 2007/ 2008 – 2009 (fall semester) Course Training Programme Forms………….1073.3.2.3.2 Departmental Outputs (Outcomes) for the Advanced English III Reading and Speaking in English Course (9052031)….1083.3.2.3.3Annual Activity Reports for Academic Years (9052031)……………….………1093.3.2.3.42005 – 2006 Annual Activity Report for 9102021(Advanced English III), 9052031 (Reading and Speaking in English)……………………………….1093.3.2.3.52006 – 2007 Annual Activity Report for 9102021(Advanced English III), 9052031 (Reading and Speaking in English)………………………………1103.3.2.4 9053032 (9102021) Advanced English IV/ Business English……………………………….1113.3.2.4.1Departmental Outputs (Outcomes) for the Advanced English IV – Business English Course (9053032)…………….1143.3.2.4.2Annual Activity Reports for Academic Years (9053032)…….1153.3.2.4.32005 – 2006 Annual Activity Report for 9102022 (Advanced English IV) 9053032 (Business English)….1163.3.2.4.42006 – 2007 Annual Activity Report for 9102022 (Advanced English IV) 9053032 (Business English)………….1163.3.3 General Description of Sakarya University and Its English Language Teaching Policy……………………………….1173.3.3.1 Curriculum Design Analysis of Compulsory English Courses Offered by the Department of Foreign Languages….1193.3.3.2English I/ English II…………………………….1203.4 A Critical Evaluation of the Data Obtained from the Analyses of the Curricula of Compulsory English Courses in Relation to the Bologna Process…………………………………………….125CONCLUSION………………………………………………………132WORKS CITED…………………………………………………….147

For many developing countries, natural resource exports such as oil, diamonds and copper continue to be important drivers for economic growth and provide a unique opportunity for generating revenues for much-needed infrastructure and human development. Dependence on extractive resources, however, may also increase the likelihood of underdevelopment, fragility and conflict. The challenges for managing these resources efficiently are likely to expand, as a growing number of developing countries and fragile states emerge as oil and mineral producers. Thus, there is a need to gain a better understanding of the factors that may help prevent violent conflict in resource rich countries. This paper proposes that one way of gaining such understanding and insight is to "conflict-sensitize" the Extractive Industries Value Chain (EIVC), and use it as a framework for conflict prevention in resource-rich countries. In this context, the report's main objective is to examine the potential opportunities for conflict prevention along the extractive industries value chain. Such a body of knowledge can help the World Bank, the UN and EU, as well as client countries and other partners, in their planning and coordination of complementary activities when implementing their programmes and projects, particularly when working in the same resource-rich countries. This paper aims to demonstrate the feasibility and challenges faced by adopting a conflict-sensitive approach within the World Bank's EI Value Chain. The methodology used was a combined desk review and in-depth interviews with regional and country specialists, especially in governance/conflict prevention and extractive industries (Annex 1). The emphasis is on qualitative analysis. The four countries that were desk reviewed for the project, including Chile, Peru, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), and Zambia, are all copper producers and were selected due to their heavy dependence on revenues from mining. This book is arranged as follows: (i) part one explains extractives, conflict prevention and the value chain; (ii) part two is about the EI value chain as framework for conflict prevention; (iii) part three talks about emerging themes and recommendation; and (iv) part four describes the four country examples and the emerging lessons.