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Criminologists continue to debate fundamental issues about the nature of their work. Some of the issues were built into the field by the criminal anthropologists who founded it a century ago. By examining the work of major American criminal anthropologists—a nearly forgotten group—one can identify the origins of three enduring problems: criminology's difficulties in (1) establishing its disciplinary boundaries; (2) defining its methods: and (3) deciding whether its primary goal is crime control or the production of knowledge with no immediate use‐value. The study of criminology's roots in criminal anthropology cannot settle these debates, but it can put them in historical perspective and clarify their substance.

Livre de 208 pages ; International congresses took on particular importance at the end of the nineteenth century. Numerous, diverse, and varied, these forums for communication, legitimacy, and power became essential for ideas, movements, and individuals as places to exchange views and, especially, to make their existence known. What were these congresses about? Were they primarily about curiosity, necessity, legitimacy, gaining political advantage--or about research ?The advantages of international congresses are so numerous and varied that each involves its own set of motivations. Through this case study of the international congresses of criminal anthropology — an analysis requisite to an understanding of the internal and external life and evolution of an intellectual movement — I will identify the various facets of these congresses and the stakes involved in their content, form and attendance. I will also demonstrate the structuring role that these forums played, both nationally and internationally, in the development of the discipline and even more so in the development of a certain notion of a juridical "Europe" and the foundations of a juridical "international. ; Le congrès international revêt à la fin du XIXème siècle une importance particulière. Par son abondance, sa diversité, sa variété, ce lieu de communication, lieu d'assise et de pouvoir, devient pour une pensée, un thème, pour un mouvement et pour des hommes, un objectif incontournable pour échanger et surtout, pour exister. En fait que s'y joue-t-il ? De la curiosité, de la nécessité, de la légitimité, ou disposer d'un atout politique ? Est-ce la recherche ? Pour chacun, la palette des motivations est variée, tant le congrès international est porteur de nombreux et divers avantages. A travers l'étude spécifique des congrès internationaux d'anthropologie criminelle, analyse nécessaire pour comprendre la vie et l'évolution d'un mouvement de pensée en sa forme interne et dans son rayonnement extérieur, il s'agira de révéler les facettes et les enjeux ...

Livre de 208 pages ; International congresses took on particular importance at the end of the nineteenth century. Numerous, diverse, and varied, these forums for communication, legitimacy, and power became essential for ideas, movements, and individuals as places to exchange views and, especially, to make their existence known. What were these congresses about? Were they primarily about curiosity, necessity, legitimacy, gaining political advantage--or about research ?The advantages of international congresses are so numerous and varied that each involves its own set of motivations. Through this case study of the international congresses of criminal anthropology — an analysis requisite to an understanding of the internal and external life and evolution of an intellectual movement — I will identify the various facets of these congresses and the stakes involved in their content, form and attendance. I will also demonstrate the structuring role that these forums played, both nationally and internationally, in the development of the discipline and even more so in the development of a certain notion of a juridical "Europe" and the foundations of a juridical "international. ; Le congrès international revêt à la fin du XIXème siècle une importance particulière. Par son abondance, sa diversité, sa variété, ce lieu de communication, lieu d'assise et de pouvoir, devient pour une pensée, un thème, pour un mouvement et pour des hommes, un objectif incontournable pour échanger et surtout, pour exister. En fait que s'y joue-t-il ? De la curiosité, de la nécessité, de la légitimité, ou disposer d'un atout politique ? Est-ce la recherche ? Pour chacun, la palette des motivations est variée, tant le congrès international est porteur de nombreux et divers avantages. A travers l'étude spécifique des congrès internationaux d'anthropologie criminelle, analyse nécessaire pour comprendre la vie et l'évolution d'un mouvement de pensée en sa forme interne et dans son rayonnement extérieur, il s'agira de révéler les facettes et les enjeux ...

Livre de 208 pages ; International congresses took on particular importance at the end of the nineteenth century. Numerous, diverse, and varied, these forums for communication, legitimacy, and power became essential for ideas, movements, and individuals as places to exchange views and, especially, to make their existence known. What were these congresses about? Were they primarily about curiosity, necessity, legitimacy, gaining political advantage--or about research ?The advantages of international congresses are so numerous and varied that each involves its own set of motivations. Through this case study of the international congresses of criminal anthropology — an analysis requisite to an understanding of the internal and external life and evolution of an intellectual movement — I will identify the various facets of these congresses and the stakes involved in their content, form and attendance. I will also demonstrate the structuring role that these forums played, both nationally and internationally, in the development of the discipline and even more so in the development of a certain notion of a juridical "Europe" and the foundations of a juridical "international. ; Le congrès international revêt à la fin du XIXème siècle une importance particulière. Par son abondance, sa diversité, sa variété, ce lieu de communication, lieu d'assise et de pouvoir, devient pour une pensée, un thème, pour un mouvement et pour des hommes, un objectif incontournable pour échanger et surtout, pour exister. En fait que s'y joue-t-il ? De la curiosité, de la nécessité, de la légitimité, ou disposer d'un atout politique ? Est-ce la recherche ? Pour chacun, la palette des motivations est variée, tant le congrès international est porteur de nombreux et divers avantages. A travers l'étude spécifique des congrès internationaux d'anthropologie criminelle, analyse nécessaire pour comprendre la vie et l'évolution d'un mouvement de pensée en sa forme interne et dans son rayonnement extérieur, il s'agira de révéler les facettes et les enjeux ...

This article traces the rise and fall of psychiatric evaluation in criminal trials from the School of Criminal Anthropology of the late nineteenth century to the current Italian justice system. Influenced by positivism and by specific theories on human evolution, Cesare Lombroso considered criminal action as the result of organic causes excluding any kind of legal autonomy and responsibility of the accused. The Positive School of Penal Law he founded with Enrico Ferri and Raffaele Garofalo profoundly inspired the Rocco Code, on which the current Italian Penal Code is still based, albeit with revisions and repeals. Drafted in 1930 during the fascist government (1922&ndash ; 1943), the latter has also suffered from racial ideology. In order to assess potential mental illnesses that would exclude the responsibility of the accused, to determine their level of dangerousness and to establish the corresponding security measures introduced by the Rocco Code, Italian criminal justice consolidated the link between penal law and psychiatric instruments. Such faith in psychiatric evaluation, however, has been particularly questioned by the increasing frequency of judicial processes involving members of different cultural communities in Italy since the 1970s. Thus, the predominantly pathological aspects evaluated by forensic psychiatrists have often proved to be conceptually and methodologically inadequate to take fully into account the differences between cultures, as well as the different social and cultural conditions affecting the defendant&rsquo ; s behaviour. This paper argues that cultural anthropology is particularly suited as an instrument capable of disclosing the cultural implications of the legal process and encourages the use of cultural expertise as an important tool for the inclusiveness and understanding of diversity.

International audience ; This article traces the rise and fall of psychiatric evaluation in criminal trials from the School of Criminal Anthropology of the late nineteenth century to the current Italian justice system. Influenced by positivism and by specific theories on human evolution, Cesare Lombroso considered criminal action as the result of organic causes excluding any kind of legal autonomy and responsibility of the accused. The Positive School of Penal Law he founded with Enrico Ferri and Raffaele Garofalo profoundly inspired the Rocco Code, on which the current Italian Penal Code is still based, albeit with revisions and repeals. Drafted in 1930 during the fascist government (1922-1943), the latter has also suffered from racial ideology. In order to assess potential mental illnesses that would exclude the responsibility of the accused, to determine their level of dangerousness and to establish the corresponding security measures introduced by the Rocco Code, Italian criminal justice consolidated the link between penal law and psychiatric instruments. Such faith in psychiatric evaluation, however, has been particularly questioned by the increasing frequency of judicial processes involving members of different cultural communities in Italy since the 1970s. Thus, the predominantly pathological aspects evaluated by forensic psychiatrists have often proved to be conceptually and methodologically inadequate to take fully into account the differences between cultures, as well as the different social and cultural conditions affecting the defendant's behaviour. This paper argues that cultural anthropology is particularly suited as an instrument capable of disclosing the cultural implications of the legal process and encourages the use of cultural expertise as an important tool for the inclusiveness and understanding of diversity.

International audience ; This article traces the rise and fall of psychiatric evaluation in criminal trials from the School of Criminal Anthropology of the late nineteenth century to the current Italian justice system. Influenced by positivism and by specific theories on human evolution, Cesare Lombroso considered criminal action as the result of organic causes excluding any kind of legal autonomy and responsibility of the accused. The Positive School of Penal Law he founded with Enrico Ferri and Raffaele Garofalo profoundly inspired the Rocco Code, on which the current Italian Penal Code is still based, albeit with revisions and repeals. Drafted in 1930 during the fascist government (1922-1943), the latter has also suffered from racial ideology. In order to assess potential mental illnesses that would exclude the responsibility of the accused, to determine their level of dangerousness and to establish the corresponding security measures introduced by the Rocco Code, Italian criminal justice consolidated the link between penal law and psychiatric instruments. Such faith in psychiatric evaluation, however, has been particularly questioned by the increasing frequency of judicial processes involving members of different cultural communities in Italy since the 1970s. Thus, the predominantly pathological aspects evaluated by forensic psychiatrists have often proved to be conceptually and methodologically inadequate to take fully into account the differences between cultures, as well as the different social and cultural conditions affecting the defendant's behaviour. This paper argues that cultural anthropology is particularly suited as an instrument capable of disclosing the cultural implications of the legal process and encourages the use of cultural expertise as an important tool for the inclusiveness and understanding of diversity.