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A letter report issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO identified federal programs that supported economic development, focusing on: (1) the programs that more directly fund economic development activities, including the level of financial support that they provide; and (2) comparing selected aspects of these programs, such as program applicants, to identify areas of potential overlap."

Traditional urban economic development policies are oriented toward economic growth. These policies assume that growth of private investment & employment is the only goal of development policy. A few cities are implementing economic development policy based on a "social return" model, ie, one that targets unmet social needs & looks for a social return on public investment. Examples include linkage of downtown development with low-income housing & setting aside jobs for minority residents on city-based construction projects. AA

The authors show that court enforcement uncertainty hinders economic development using sharp variation in judiciaries across Native American reservations in the United States. Congressional legislation passed in 1953 assigned state courts the authority to resolve civil disputes on a subset of reservations, while tribal courts retained authority on unaffected reservations. Although affected and unaffected reservations had similar economic conditions when the law passed, reservations under state courts experienced significantly greater long-run growth. When the authors examine the distribution of incomes across reservations, the average difference in development is due to the lower incomes of the most impoverished reservations with tribal courts. The authors show that the relative underdevelopment of reservations with tribal courts is driven by reservations with the most uncertainty in court enforcement.

What is the role of entrepreneurship in economic development? At a minimum the answer should be able to explain the role of entrepreneurs in the structural transformation of countries from low income, primary-sector based societies into high-income service and technology based societies. More broadly though, it should also be able to explain the role of entrepreneurs in the opposite pole of stagnating development (including conflict) and in high innovation-driven growth. Although economic development lacks a 'general theory' of entrepreneurship, which could encompass a variety of development experiences, much progress has been made in extending the understanding of entrepreneurship in the process of development. This paper surveys the progress with the purpose of distilling the outlines for a more general theory of entrepreneurship in economic development. Entrepreneurship in developing countries remains a relatively under-researched phenomenon, so by surveying the current state of research, and by discussing the role of entrepreneurship in dual economy models of structural transformation and growth, a secondary objective of this paper is to identify avenues for further research. Finally, the policy implications from the economic literature suggest that a case for government support exists, and that this should focus on the quantity, the quality, and the allocation of entrepreneurial ability. Many routinely adopted policies for entrepreneurship, such as provision of credit and education, are shown to have more subtle effects, not all of which are conducive to growth-enhancing entrepreneurship. – entrepreneurship ; economic development ; small business

Economic development and deliberate policy to accelerate its pace are relatively recent concepts, but the facts of development and economic policies to bring it about are, of course, ancient. Mercantilist, Colbertian, cameralism Smithian policies, all had in mind what now is called development; and much of the discussion of the stages of growth with which German economists during the nineteenth century were so preoccupied is obviously a preoccupation with growth at a time at which pure theory concentrated on the allocation of resources and on slowly developing an intellectual apparatus of which one could cease to be ashamed.

Examining Board: Prof Rick van der Ploeg, supervisor, University of Oxford Prof. Russell Cooper, EUI Prof. David Levine, Washington University in St. Louis Prof. Massimo Morelli, Columbia University and EUI ; Defense date: 29 November 2010 ; The difficulties and obstacles faced by the poorer nations of the global economy on the path to development are extremely diverse. It is the aim of this thesis to address some of the interesting questions related to the key obstacles. As such, this thesis is neither wholly empirical or theoretical, macro or micro and instead may be viewed as an eclectic mix of approaches and ideas that go some way toinvestigating the challenges faced by the world's least developed economies. The first chapter explores the varying effects of aspects of institutional quality on different categories of economic volatility, introducing a unique exogenous instrument for political aspects of the institutional bundle. The second chapter investigates the theory behind the largely failed policy of import substitution industrialisation and promotes a policy of diversification across production in the primary commodity sector within developing countries; specifically that this type of diversification can insulate developing economies from the effects of highly volatile primary commodity prices. The third chapter develops the general equilibrium model of appropriation and production of Grossman and Kim (1996) in order to investigate the effect that the pointiness of the contested resource can have on conflict intensity. The fourth and final chapter extends the discrete time, overlapping generations model of Chakraborty and Das (2005), demonstrating that the inclusion of child mortality reinforces the persistence and prevalence of child labour.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- List of Illustrations -- List of Tables -- List of Boxes -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction: Africa in Changing Perspective -- Part I Analyzing the African Experience -- 1 Dimensions of Development: Geography, Ecology, History -- 2 Concepts of African Economic Development: Growth, Structural Change, Poverty and Gender -- 3 Development Theories, Political Economy and Governance -- 4 Economic Institutions and Planning for Development -- Part II Human Resources in Africa -- 5 Demography -- 6 Income Distribution and Human Needs -- 7 Human Development: Education and Health -- 8 Labor and Livelihoods: Formal and Informal -- 9 Urbanization, Migration and Regional Development -- Part III Sustaining African Economic Development -- 10 Environment and Climate Change -- 11 Agriculture and Rural Development -- 12 Natural Resources -- 13 The Industrial Sector -- 14 Infrastructure, Communications, Services and Tourism -- 15 Macroeconomic Management, Debt and Structural Adjustment Plans -- Part IV Africa and the International Economy -- 16 Trade and Economic Development -- 17 Multinational Corporations and Foreign Direct Investment in Africa -- 18 Development Assistance: The African Record -- 19 The Changing Role of China in Africa -- 20 International Migration -- Index of Names -- Subject Index