Suchergebnisse

AbstrakBusana adat adalah harta kultural yang dimiliki suatu bangsa.Seiring dengan perkembangan zaman, busana adat mengalami kemunduran dalam hal pemakaian. Hal itu akan mengancam kelestariannya.Di beberapa wilayah Jawa Tengah dan DIY busana adat mulai diperhatikan untuk dilestarikan pemakaiannya. Namun demikian, pakem busana adat itu sendiri masih belum begitu jelas.Salah satu pakem yang dapat digunakan untuk merunut dan menjadi acuan adalah manuskrip.Serat Tatakrama Kedhaton. Serat ini merupakan salah satu manuskrip beraksara dan berbahasa Jawa krama alus yang ditulis oleh Pakubuwana IV dari Keraton Surakarta.Deskripsi busana adat dan perbedaan pemakaian atribut serta busana untuk para pejabat di Keraton menunjukkan adanya pemilahan stratifikasi sosial dan ekonomi yang cukup baik.Demikian pula perbedaan tatakrama yang diatur untuk para pejabat di keraton Surakarta menunjukkan adanya perhatian yang tinggi terkait dengan kedisiplinan.Penghilangan tatakrama dengan melakukan sembah dari pejabat keraton yang lebih rendah kepada pejabat yang lebih tinggi, menunjukkan adanya upaya Pakubuwana IV untuk mengembalikan pandangan pejabat keraton tentang hakiki kesetiaan dan upaya meluruskan pada siapa manusia menyembah.Hal ini disebabkan Pakubuwana IV merupakan seorang raja Surakarta yang sangat taat dalam ajaran agama Islam.Kata Kunci: social, politik, adat, tata karma, Serat Tatakrama Kedhaton AbstractThe traditional clothes is the assets of nation. In several region of Central Java and Yogyakarta, the people begin to pay attention on it. But, the standard of its usage wa not explicit. One of the instruction was used as the sources is Serat Tatakrama Kedhaton. This letter was written in Javanese script by Pakubuwana IV from Keraton Surakarta. This research will descrbe how the usage of traditional clothes, from the history of the name, the usage, who used it, and the meaning of the traditional clothes.Keywords: tradition, Serat Tatakrama Kedhaton

Since voters are often swayed more by the personal image of politicians than by party manifestos, they may cast votes that are in opposition to their policy preferences. This results in the election of representatives who do not correspond exactly to the voters' own views. An alternative voting procedure to avoid this type of election failure is proposed in [Tangian 2016a, Tangian 2016b]. It is based on the approach implemented in internet voting advice applications, like the German Wahl-O-Mat, which asks the user a number of questions on topical policy issues; the computer program, drawing on all the parties' answers, finds for the user the best-matching party, the second-best-matching party, etc. Under the proposed alternative election method, the voters cast no direct votes. Rather, they are asked about their preferences on the policy issues as declared in the party manifestos (Introduce nationwide minimum wage? Yes/No; Introduce a speed limit on the motorways? Yes/No, etc.), which reveals the balance of public opinion on each issue. These embedded referenda measure the degree to which the parties' policies match the preferences of the electorate. The parliament seats are then distributed among the parties in proportion to their indices of popularity (the average percentage of the population represented on all the issues) and universality (frequency in representing a majority). This paper reports on an experimental application of this method during the election of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Student Parliament on July 4-8, 2016. The experiment shows that the alternative election method can increase the representativeness of the Student Parliament. We also discuss some traits and bottlenecks of the method that should be taken into account when preparing elections.

General Election as a means to realize the ideal of democracy does not merely aim to determine who will get the position in the parliament but it also should represent the sovereignty of the people. In the 2009 General Election, however, parliamentary threshold was prevailed and implemented. This regulation is included on Article 202 The General Election Act number 10/2008 which stated that political party of General Election participant must fulfil at least an amount of 2.5% of total valid national vote to be included in the representation determination of the House of Representative.A number of Indonesian peoples objected the rule. This is because parliamentary threshold deemed to be potentially demolished the political right of the people. Besides, the implementation of parliamentary threshold in bottom level considered to have some potential horizontal conflict because, for example, if someone voted as a selected candidate but they do not fulfil the parliamentary threshold, this particular candidate cannot obtain a seat in the parliament. This can be seen in the petition of judicial review to the Constitution Court regarding this parliamentary threshold regulation.It can be concluded that the relevance of parliamentary threshold to democratic General Election execution can not be separated from the mechanism and reasons in determining the the amount of threshold numbers in said rule. Requirement for determining the threshold is not merely based on a reason to strengthen presidential system chosen by the Indonesian people. In this case, the people's voice should not be represented merely by the parliamentary number having position in the House of Representative. If this happens, then there will be some concerns of the emergence of political interest to strengthen the position of a particular political party in the parliament.

Giotto painted facts. This was immediately clear to his contemporaries. Filippo Villani wrote that the figures in Giotto's paintings perform actions "with such precision that they actually seem to be talking, crying, rejoicing". This observation needs to be considered in its proper context. First of all, to paint "facts" means to capture human actions in a fixed instant – because, of course, painting movements is simply impossible: in painting, "you cannot paint even the shaking of the head we use in the West for 'no'". Secondly, Giotto had to paint facts that in most cases do not follow what we, broadly speaking, call the "laws of nature". Giotto had to paint mostly sacred history,6 so prophetic dreams, miracles, apparitions, resurrections, ascensions. These "facts" are, for the most part, not facts at all; they are not part of "reality" as we consider it, or even as Giotto's contemporaries considered it. More than anything, these "facts" are a suspension of reality. So, Giotto painted facts that happened, and happened in reality, even though they happened in reality as a suspension of reality. Third, the facts painted by Giotto are ones known to everybody. Giotto's clients as well as his audience knew – of course, to various degrees – the stories of Isaac, Joachim, the Virgin Mary, Christ and St Francis. Giotto's paintings are certainly part of a narration (in Assisi there is even text below the paintings that explains the stories), but the informative content of these paintings is non-existent. Giotto's paintings do not communicate any new information; rather, they just repeat what is already known. The presupposition of all of this art is that everyone already knows everything.

การวิจัยครั้งนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์ (1) เพื่อศึกษารูปแบบการอบรมเลี้ยงดูของนักเรียนชั้นมัธยมศึกษาปีที่ 1 (2) เพื่อศึกษาเปรียบเทียบความสามารถในการเอาชนะอุปสรรคของนักเรียนที่มีรูปแบบการอบรมเลี้ยงดูที่แตกต่างกัน กลุ่มตัวอย่างที่ใช้ในการวิจัยเป็นนักเรียนชั้นมัธยมศึกษาปีที่ 1 สังกัดกรุงเทพมหานคร ภาคเรียนที่ 2 ปีการศึกษา 2557 จำนวน 385 คน ที่ได้มาโดยวิธีการสุ่มแบบหลายขั้นตอน (multi stage random sampling) เก็บรวบรวมข้อมูลด้วยแบบสอบถาม สถิติที่ใช้ในการบรรยายข้อมูลประกอบด้วย ค่าเฉลี่ย ส่วนเบี่ยงเบนมาตรฐาน ค่าสูงสุด ค่าต่ำสุด และสถิติที่ใช้ทดสอบความแตกต่างระหว่างกลุ่ม คือ การวิเคราะห์ความแปรปรวนทางเดียว (One-way Analysis of Variances) โดยทดสอบความแตกต่างรายคู่ ด้วยวิธี Tamhane พบว่า รูปแบบ การอบรมเลี้ยงดู สามารถจัดกลุ่มได้ 4 กลุ่ม คือ การอบรมเลี้ยงดูที่เน้นแบบปล่อยปละละเลย การอบรมเลี้ยงดูที่เน้นแบบประชาธิปไตย การอบรมเลี้ยงดูที่เน้นแบบเข้มงวดกวดขัน และการอบรมเลี้ยงดูแบบผสมผสาน และนำผลจากข้อค้นพบในส่วนนี้ ไปจัดกลุ่มเพื่อเป็นตัวแปรอิสระ คือ รูปแบบการอบรมเลี้ยงดูต่อไป และจากผลการศึกษา พบว่า นักเรียนที่มีรูปแบบการอบรมเลี้ยงดูต่างกัน มีความสามารถในการเอาชนะอุปสรรคต่างกันอย่างมีนัยสำคัญทางสถิติที่ระดับ .05 โดยนักเรียนที่อยู่ในกลุ่มการอบรมเลี้ยงดูที่เน้นแบบประชาธิปไตยมีความสามารถในการเอาชนะอุปสรรคสูงกว่านักเรียนที่อยู่ในกลุ่มการอบรมเลี้ยงดูที่เน้นแบบปล่อยปละละเลย การอบรมเลี้ยงดูแบบผสมผสานและการอบรมเลี้ยงดูที่เน้นแบบเข้มงวดกวดขัน ตามลำดับA COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ADVERSITY QUOTIENT OF MATTHAYOM SUEKSA ONE STUDENTS DIFFERING IN PARENTING STYLES IN SCHOOLS UNDER THE JURISDICTION OF THE BANGKOK METROPOLITAN ADMINISTRATION In this thesis, the researcher examines (1) selected Matthayom Sueksa One students who differ in the parenting style in which they were raised.The researcher thereupon compares (2) the adversity quotients (AQs) of these students. Using the multi-stage random sampling method, the researcher selected a sample population of 385 Matthayom Sueksa One students enrolled in the second semester of the academic year 2014 in schools under the jurisdiction of the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA). Using techniques of descriptive statistics. In respect to standard deviation, the maximum and minimum values were concomitantly computed. Insofar as inferential statistics is concerned, the researcher tested differences between groups using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique. The researcher applied the multiple comparison method developed in Yosef Hochberg and Ajit C. Tamhane's Multiple Comparison Procedures. Findings are as follows: The parenting styles can be grouped into four groups as follows: 1) Laissez-faire 2) Democratic 3) Autocratic 4) Blended. The students under investigation who differed in the parenting style in which they were raised, exhibited corresponding differences in adversity quotient (AQ) at the statistically significant level of .05. The students who were raised in the democratic parenting style displayed AQs at a higher level.

Posisi perempuan di mata hukum saat ini belum mendapatkan tempat yang menguntungkan. Walaupun perempuan sudah mempunyai status sosial yang cukup mulia, tetapi mereka masih perlu mendapatkan pemahaman yang lebih tentang sosial, politik dan hukum.Keadaan ini juga sangat berpengaruh terhadap kaum perempuan yang menuntut pelepasan diri dari nilai-nilai hukum yang bersifat diskriminatif antara, peran, hak, dan kewenangan kaum lelaki dibanding dengan kaum perempuan. Mereka berpendapat bahwa hukum itu tidak memberi peran hak dan derajat yang sama antara pria dengan perempuan dalam kehidupan, sosial budaya, politik,ekonomi dan juga dalam kehidupan rumah tangga serta harta perkawinan dan warisan.Berpijak dari yang telah diuraikan penelitian iniakan mengkaji bagaimanakah Kedudukan Janda Cerai Mati pada masyarakat bagaimanakah Perlindungan HukumTerhadapKedudukanJanda Cerai MatiMenurut Hukum Islam, Undang-Undang Perkawinan, danHukum Nasrani yang BerbasisNilaiKeadilan.TujuanPenelitianUntuk mengetahui bagaimana kedudukan Janda cerai mati pada Masyarakat danUntuk mengetahui bagaimana perlindungan hokum terhadap janda cerai mati menurut hukum Islam, Undang-Undang Perkawinan, danHukum Nasrani yang Berbasis Keadian.Metode pendekatan yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini adalah metode yuridis normatif. Kedudukan janda cerai mati disebagian masyarakat masih dipandang cenderung negatif. Budaya Patriarki yang dianut dalam masyarakat seakan mengakibatkan posisi janda ditempatkan dalam posisi rendah dibandingkan dengan mereka yang bersuami. Perlindungan hukum terhadap kedudukan janda memiliki konsep yang berbeda-beda. Position woman in the eyes of the previous law are currently favorable for Places Not to get. Although Women Already have Social Status Sufficient noble, but they Still Need to get a greater understanding of the social, political and singer hukum.Keadaan Also very influential Against Women Yang demanded the Company Company Yourself From Values That law is discriminatory BETWEEN, Role, rights, and authority of men compared to ...

Kabupaten Cilacap merupakan penghasil utama udang di perairan Selatan Jawa dan sebagian besar merupakan hasil tangkapan nelayan skala kecil. Namun demikian, saat ini (periode tahun 2004 – 2010) terjadi penurunan produksi udang rata-rata sekitar 7,61%. Kondisi ini harus dicermati dengan serius oleh stakeholders perikanan terkait. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tingkat peran stakeholders perikanan dalam pengelolaan sumberdaya udang skala kecil. Peran ini akan menentukan bentuk ko-manajemen untuk diterapkan dalam pengelolaan udang. Metode yang digunakan adalah structural equation modelling (SEM). Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa pemerintah, nelayan, dan swasta mempunyai peran yang positif dalam mendukung pengelolaan perikanan udang skala kecil di perairan Kabupaten Cilacap dengan nilai EE masing-masing 0,484, 6,873, dan 2,622, namun pihak swasta yang terbukti memiliki peran secara nyata terhadap pengelolaan perikanan udang (P < 0,05).Cilacap Regency, Central Java Province is the main producer of shrimp in the waters of the South Java which was dominated by the small-scale fishermen. However, currently (in the period from 2004 to 2010) the shrimp production has been declining at an average around 7,61%. This condition should be considered seriously by the relevant fisheries stakeholders. This study aimed to analyze the role of fishery stakeholders in managing of small-scale shrimp resource. The stakeholders are an important role in the establishment of co-management which being applied in the management of shrimp fisheries. The structural equation modeling (SEM) was used in the analysis. The results of the analysis showed that the government, fishermen, and the private sectors had a positive role in supporting the management of small-scale shrimp fisheries in the waters of Cilacap Regency (EE value search 0,484, 6,873, and 2,622), however, only the private sector have significantly affected on the shrimp fisheries management (P <0,05, namely 0,004).

Abstract Background In Japan, new HPV immunizations have dropped dramatically after repeated adverse media reports and a June 2013 temporary suspension of the government's recommendation for the vaccine. The aim of the present study was to develop an efficient strategy to improve HPV immunization coverage across Japan. Methods We conducted an internet survey in Japan of mothers of 12–16 year-old girls who were unvaccinated as of May, 2015. The goal was to gather behavioral information from the mothers to develop a strategy for improving Japanese HPV immunization coverage. Results Valid survey answers were obtained from 2060 mothers. The survey found that a hypothetical restart of a governmental recommendation for the vaccine would induce 4.1 % of all the mothers surveyed to be more likely to encourage vaccination of their daughters, without any other preconditions. This initial result would be followed by a moderate spread of vaccinations to these daughters' close friends and acquaintances, hypothetically resulting in a total vaccination rate of 21.0 % of the targeted age-eligible girls. As a second critical step for improving vaccinations, an educational information sheet integrating the concepts of behavioral economics for changing behaviors was found to be significantly effective for persuading mothers with poorer decision-making facilities, who would otherwise prefer to wait to first see the vaccination of other girls of the same age as their daughter. Conclusions Following what we foresee as the inevitable restart of the Japanese government's recommendation for receiving the HPV vaccine, we expect to first see vaccinations occurring in a very small group of girls, the daughters of the most willing mothers, which will be roughly 4 % of those eligible for government paid vaccinations. This will be .

The accurate identification of dangerous areas with high accident rates allowing governmental agencies responsible for improving road safety to properly allocate investment in critically accident prone road sections. Given this immediate need, this study aims to determine which segments are prone to accidents as well as the development of a hazard ranking of the accident prone road sections located within the city limits of Ocaña, Colombia, through the use of quantile regression. Based on the estimated model corresponding to quantile 95, it was possible to establish causal relationships between the frequency of accidents and characteristics such as length of the road section, width of the roadway, number of lanes, number of intersections, average daily traffic and average speed. The results indicate a total of seven accident prone road sections, for which a hazard ranking was established. ; La identificación acertada de sitios peligrosos a accidentalidad permite a las entidades gubernamentales, encargadas de realizar mejoras a la seguridad vial, una adecuada destinación de las inversiones a los tramos viales verdaderamente críticos; dada esta necesidad inmediata, la presente investigación se enfoca en determinar los tramos propensos a accidentes y la posterior elaboración de un ranking de peligrosidad efectuado a los tramos críticos encontrados en el perímetro urbano de Ocaña (Colombia), utilizando Regresión Cuantil (RC). A partir del modelo estimado correspondiente al cuantil 95 fue posible establecer relaciones de causalidad entre características como longitud del tramo vial, ancho de calzada, número de carriles, número de intersecciones, tránsito promedio diario y velocidad media con la frecuencia de accidentes, determinándose un total de 7 tramos críticos a los cuales se les estableció un ranking de peligrosidad.

The article discusses the evolution of the design of metrical books in Tobolsk diocese in XVIII −early XX centuries. The relevance of the study due to the fact that the study of evolution of metricalbooks in Tobolsk diocese in the XVIII − early XX centuries, identification and analysis of factors thatdetermine a change in its content and design, promotes understanding of the laws of the church recordkeeping. Attention is paid to the analysis of the form of metrical books Tobolsk diocese XVIII − earlyXX centuries. The results of the comparative analysis of metrical books of births with the legislationthat led to the conclusions about the evolution of the form of these documents. Particular attention ispaid to the degree of implementation of legislation regulating the rules of metrical books in the Tobolskdiocese in the XVIII − early XX centuries. It is proved that the practice of record keeping in the parishchurch was subjected to regulate the impact, constantly improved, enriched by new elements. ; В статье рассматривается вопрос об эволюции оформления метрических книг в Тобольскойепархии в XVIII — начале ХХ веков. Актуальность исследования обусловлена тем, что исследо-вание эволюции оформления метрических книг в Тобольской епархии в XVIII — начале ХХ вв.,выявление и анализ факторов, определяющих изменение в их содержании и оформлении, содей-ствует пониманию закономерностей развития церковного делопроизводства. Уделяется вниманиеанализу формуляра метрических книг Тобольской епархии XVIII — начала XX веков. Представ-лены результаты сопоставительного анализа развития форм метрических книг с требованиямизаконодательства, которые позволили сделать выводы об эволюции формуляра этих документов.Особое внимание уделяется степени реализации законодательных норм, регламентирующихправила оформления метрических книг в Тобольской епархии в XVIII — начале ХХ веков. До-казано, что практика делопроизводства в приходских церквях подвергалась регламентирующемувоздействию, постоянно совершенствовалась, пополнялась новыми элементами.

This paper considers the impact of transfer credits on the GPA of college–university transfer students. The data come from the academic records of students enrolled at 2 different campuses at an undergraduate university in Ontario across a 4-year period. The results from multivariate regression analyses show that the number of transfer credits is significantly associated with a higher GPA, controlling for student status (part time/full time), campus of study, cohort, semester of study, and previous college background. Further analysis suggests that the credit–GPA relationship is nonlinear, peaking at 6 transfer credits. These findings can be used to help inform individuals and institutions about the past performance of students as further refinements to transfer policies between institutions are undertaken. ; Cet article évalue l'effet du transfert de crédits sur la moyenne pondérée cumulative (MPC) des étudiants qui transfèrent des crédits du collège à l'université. Les données proviennent des dossiers académiques d'étudiants de premier cycle inscrits à deux différents campus d'une université ontarienne sur une période de quatre ans. Les résultats d'analyses multivariées régressives montrent que le nombre de crédits transférés est lié de façon significative à une MPC plus élevée, ce qui devient une mesure de contrôle du statut de l'étudiant (temps partiel/temps plein), du campus d'étude, de la cohorte, du semestre d'étude et du collège de provenance. Une analyse plus poussée du transfert étudiant collège/université suggère que la relation crédit-MPC n'est pas linéaire et qu'un maximum de six crédits est transféré. Tandis qu'on raffine les politiques de transferts entre établissements, il est possible d'utiliser ces résultats pour mieux informer les individus et les établissements quant à la performance passée des étudiants.

Kiran Desai, Kaybın Türküsü adlı romanında duygusal ve yeri geldikçe fiziksel acılarla dolu bir dünya sergiler. Romanın başlangıcından sonuna kadar bir ümitsizlik duygusu egemendir. Romanın neredeyse bütün öğelerinde kasvetli bir atmosfer gözlenir. Politik istikrarsızlık, bölgedeki zorlu hava şartları ve karakterlerin fiziksel ve duygusal acıları trajik bir havanın oluşmasına neden olur. Roman genel olarak Himalaya eteklerinde politik bir istikrarsızlığın sürdüğü Kalimpong adındaki bölgede geçer. Bölgede yaşayan Nepal kökenliler Hint hükümetine karşı kendi hakları için savaşırken diğer gurupları mağdur etmekten çekinmezler. Kalimpong'un yerli halkı hem polisin hem de asilerin baskısı altında kalırlar. Bu bağlamda politik istikrarsızlık bölgede yaşayan tüm gurupların ıstırap çekmesine neden olur. Bölge halkının karşılaştığı bir başka zorlukta zorlu hava koşullarıdır. Kesintisiz muson yağmurları döneminde yaşam çekilmez bir hale gelir. Son olarak romandaki asıl kasvetin nedeni romandaki karakterlerin dramlarıdır. Büyük, küçük neredeyse tüm karakterlerin mutsuz bir yaşam sürdükleri gözlenir. Hemen hepsi az ya da çok bir dram sürecinden geçer. Hor görülme, boşa çıkan hayaller, aşk acısı, sevdiklerini kaybetme gibi temalar Kaybın Türküsü'ndeki umutsuz atmosferin nedenleri arasındadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kaybın Türküsü, Acı, Umutsuzluk, Hüzün. ; Kiran Desai represents a world full of emotional and partly physical sorrow in The Inheritance of Loss. From the very beginning of the novel until the end the feeling of pessimism embraces you. The gloomy atmosphere is embedded in almost all aspects of the novel. The political unstableness, the harsh natural conditions of the territory, the physical and emotional pains of characters lead to a tragic atmosphere. The story mostly takes place at Kalimpong, which lies at the foothill of Himalayas. Kalimpong goes through a political turmoil. The Nepali minority struggle for their rights. However, they do not hesitate to behave unjustly toward other groups during their strife. Both ...

Free range egg producers face continuing problems from injurious pecking (IP) which has financial consequences for farmers and poor welfare implications for birds. Beak trimming has been practised for many years to limit the damage caused by IP, but with the UK Government giving notification that they intend to ban beak trimming in 2016, considerable efforts have been made to devise feasible housing, range and management strategies to reduce IP. A recent research project investigated the efficacy of a range of IP reducing management strategies, the mean costs of which came to around 5 pence per bird. Here, the results of the above project's consumer survey are presented: consumers' attitudes to free range egg production are detailed showing that, whilst consumers had a very positive attitude towards free range eggs, they were especially uninformed about some aspects of free range egg production. The contingent valuation technique was used to estimate the price premium consumers would be prepared to pay to ensure that hens do not suffer from IP: this was calculated as just over 3% on top of the prevailing retail price of free range eggs. These findings reinforce other studies that have found that whilst consumers are not generally well-informed about certain specific welfare problems faced by animals under free range conditions, they are prepared to pay to improve animal welfare. Indeed, the study findings suggest that producers could obtain an additional price premium if they demonstrate the welfare provenance of their eggs, perhaps through marketing the eggs as coming from birds with intact beaks. This welfare provenance issue could usefully be assured to consumers by the introduction of a mandatory, single, accredited EU-wide welfare-standards labelling scheme.

This paper aims to showed the inclination that occur in democratic process associated with the presence democratization in the "Era Reformasi". This era begin as soon as the end of Suharto regime in 1998 that considered to brought Indonesia into democratic period which also occur in the local level. One thing that considered as effort to achieve democracy is the implementation of Decentralization via the Regional Autonomy that was regulated thru some regulations, where today the new law is the Law No. 23 year 2014. That Laws gives more opportunity to the local people to manage their area based on their objectives context. It makes some local issues including local identity became important aspect in the regional social political dynamics including in the regional election. Through the directly electoral system where people vote became the most important factor of the results, some local context then becomes prominent aspects in the process. When a region occupy by non-moslem or the Christian as like as the Toraja lands consequently issues related to the Christianity becomes important thing during the election. That condition than becomes problematic for the non-mosleem people that also have rights to vote or to be voted based on the democracy values and the laws with the fact that they are the minority in that regions. Pictures from the Toraja regional election then showed tendency on how the moslem people positioned theirselves as minority in the political dynamics of the Christian majority land and what its implication to the social politics construction in this regions. Finally fact from toraja's land will show whether a unique condition as the contextual experience of the mosleem community as minority in particular region while in fact they are the majority in the nation.

Since voters are often swayed more by the personal image of politicians than by party manifestos, they may cast votes that are in opposition to their policy preferences. This results in the election of representatives who do not correspond exactly to the voters' own views. An alternative voting procedure to avoid this type of election failure is proposed in [Tangian 2016a, Tangian 2016b]. It is based on the approach implemented in internet voting advice applications, like the German Wahl-O-Mat, which asks the user a number of questions on topical policy issues; the computer program, drawing on all the parties' answers, finds for the user the best-matching party, the second-best-matching party, etc. Under the proposed alternative election method, the voters cast no direct votes. Rather, they are asked about their preferences on the policy issues as declared in the party manifestos (Introduce nationwide minimum wage? Yes/No; Introduce a speed limit on the motorways? Yes/No, etc.), which reveals the balance of public opinion on each issue. These embedded referenda measure the degree to which the parties' policies match the preferences of the electorate. The parliament seats are then distributed among the parties in proportion to their indices of popularity (the average percentage of the population represented on all the issues) and universality (frequency in representing a majority). This paper reports on an experimental application of this method during the election of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Student Parliament on July 4–8, 2016. The experiment shows that the alternative election method can increase the representativeness of the Student Parliament. We also discuss some traits and bottlenecks of the method that should be taken into account when preparing ...